The Relationship of Police Officers Age and Educational Level with their Perception of Bias-Based Policing
Keywords:
bias-based policing, racial profiling, officer2019;s age, officer2019;s educational level
Abstract
In a survey study of police officers in Alabama, this paper assesses how demographic factors of police officers, their reception of training on cultural diversity, and the awareness of their department's written policy on bias-based policing are related to their perception of bias-based policing practices in their department. To achieve the goal of the present study, a survey of 400 officers was used to run multivariate logistic regression analyses. Three variables display significant association with a police officer's perception regarding witnessing bias-based policing practices. Officers with younger age group, higher education, and longer work experience in the department are more likely to say that they have witnessed bias-based policing practices as compared with their counterparts with older age groups, lower education, and shorter work experience.
Downloads
- Article PDF
- TEI XML Kaleidoscope (download in zip)* (Beta by AI)
- Lens* NISO JATS XML (Beta by AI)
- HTML Kaleidoscope* (Beta by AI)
- DBK XML Kaleidoscope (download in zip)* (Beta by AI)
- LaTeX pdf Kaleidoscope* (Beta by AI)
- EPUB Kaleidoscope* (Beta by AI)
- MD Kaleidoscope* (Beta by AI)
- FO Kaleidoscope* (Beta by AI)
- BIB Kaleidoscope* (Beta by AI)
- LaTeX Kaleidoscope* (Beta by AI)
How to Cite
References
N Alex (1969) Black in blue: A study of the Negro policeman.
G Alpert, R Dunham, M Smith (2007) Investigating racial profiling by the Miami-Dade Police Department: A multimethod approach. 6, 25-56.
B Altemeyer (1998) The other -authoritarianism personality. 30, 47-92.
D Bayley, H Mendelsohn (1969) Minorities and the police.
A Benforado (2010) Quick on the draw: Implicit bias and the second amendment. 89, 1-80.
Mark Brandt, P Henry (2012) Gender Inequality and Gender Differences in Authoritarianism. 38(10), 1301-1315.
D Black (1976) The behavior of law.
Kenneth Bolton (2003) Shared perceptions: black officers discuss continuing barriers in policing. 26(3), 386-399.
L Brooks (2001) Police discretionary behavior: A study of style. 117-131.
M Brown (1988) Working the street: Police discretion and the dilemmas of reform.
R Brown, J Frank (2006) Race and officer decision making: Examining differences in arrest outcomes between Black and White Officers. 23(1), 96-126.
D Bush, Iii Gallagher, B Weiner, W (1982) Patterns of authoritarianism between Generations. 116, 91-97.
Elizabeth Burbeck, A Farnham (1985) The Recruit Selection Interview. 58(3), 233-242.
Eva Buzawa (1981) The role of race in predicting job attitudes of patrol officers. 9(1), 63-77.
David Carter, Allen Sapp (1990) The evolution of higher education in law enforcement: Preliminary findings from a national study. 1(1), 59-85.
W Cascio (1977) Formal education and police officer performance. 5, 89-96.
Valencia Campbell (1980) DOUBLE MARGINALITY OF BLACK POLICEMEN. 17(4), 477-484.
J Chan (2011) Racial profiling and police subculture. 53, 75-78.
B Cohen, J Chaiken (1972) Police Background Characteristics and Performance, R-999-DOJ.
Amy Cabrera, Michael Jiroutek, Andrew Thornton, Jennifer Bunn (1969) Wellness Responses During Different Length Match Microcycles in Collegiate Women's Lacrosse. 25(3), 74-81.
I Cornelis, A Van Hiel, A Roets, M Kossowska (2009) Age differences in conservatism: Evidence on the mediating effects of personality and cognitive style. 77, 51-86.
Joshua Correll, Bernadette Park, Charles Judd, Bernd Wittenbrink, Melody Sadler, Tracie Keesee (2007) Across the thin blue line: Police officers and racial bias in the decision to shoot.. 92(6), 1006-1023.
Across the thin blue line: Police officers and racial bias in the decision to shoot. 92, 1006-1023.
John Crank, Colleen Kadleck, Connie Koski (2010) The USA: the next big thing. 11(5), 405-422.
A Dalley (1975) University vs. non-university graduated policeman: Study of police attitudes. 3, 458-468.
John Duckitt (1992) Education and Authoritarianism Among English- and Afrikaans-Speaking White South Africans. 132(6), 701-708.
M Dulaney (1996) Black Police in America.
Mary Dodge, Mark Pogrebin (2001) African‐American policewomen: An exploration of professional relationships. 24(4), 550-562.
Robin Engel, James Sobol, Robert Worden (2000) Further exploration of the demeanor hypothesis: The interaction effects of suspects' characteristics and demeanor on police behavior. 17(2), 235-258.
Erika Fairchild (1987) Women Police in Weimar: Professionalism, Politics, and Innovation in Police Organizations. 21(3), 375-402.
R Friedrich (1977) The impact of organizational, individual and situational factors on police behavior.
J Finnegan (1976) A Study of the Relationship Between College Education and Police Performance in Baltimore, Maryland. 60-62.
J Fyfe (1981) Traffic stop encounters: officer and citizen race and perceptions of police propriety. 35(4), 367-382.
James Fyfe (1988) Police use of deadly force: Research and reform. 5(2), 165-205.
Martin Gächter, David Savage, Benno Torgler (2011) Gender Variations of Physiological and Psychological Strain Amongst Police Officers. 28(1-2), 66-93.
Joel Garner, Christopher Maxwell, Cedrick Heraux (2002) Characteristics associated with the prevalence and severity of force used by the police. 19(4), 705-746.
William Geller, Kevin Karales (1981) Shootings of and by Chicago Police: Uncommon Crises Part I: Shootings by Chicago Police. 72(4), 1813.
W Geller, M Scott (1992) When Police Shootings Kill. 172-196.
Jack Greene, Timothy Bynum, Vincent Webb (1984) Patterns of entry, professional identity, and attitudes toward crime-related education: A study of criminal justice and criminology faculty. 12(1), 39-59.
Robin Haarr (1997) Patterns of interaction in a police patrol bureau: Race and gender barriers to integration. 14(1), 53-85.
Eric Hanushek, John Jackson (1977) Generalized Least Squares. 141-178.
D Harris (1999) Driving While Black: Highways, Shopping Malls, Taxicabs, Sidewalks - What to Do if You Are a Victim of Racial Profiling. 24(2), 263-266.
D Harris (2002) Profiles in injustice: why racial profiling cannot work. 40(01), 40-0360-40-0360.
Ralph Ioimo, Rachel Tears, Leslie Meadows, J Becton, Michael Charles (2007) The Police View of Bias-Based Policing. 10(3), 270-287.
Ralph Ioimo, J Becton, Leslie Meadows, Rachel Tears, Michael Charles (2008) Comparing the police and citizen views on biased policing. 22(2), 123-140.
Ralph Ioimo, J Becton, Leslie Meadows, Rachel Tears, Michael Charles (2009) Comparing the police and citizen views on biased policing. 22(2), 123-140.
M Kemmelmeiser (2010) Gender moderates the impact of need for structure on social beliefs: Implications for ethnocentrism and authoritarianism. 45(3), 202-211.
J Krimmel (1996) The performance of college educated police: a study of self-rated police performance measures. 15, 85-96.
S Leinen (1984) Black police, white society.
Richard Lippa (1995) Gender-related individual differences and psychological adjustment in terms of the Big Five and circumplex models.. 69(6), 1184-1202.
A Lurigio, D Rosenbaum (1992) The Detroit Police Department Radio System. 1(5), 456.
Susan Martin (1994) "Outsider within" the Station House: The Impact of Race and Gender on Black Women Police. 41(3), 383-400.
V Martin (1999) Figure 9: In the figure, the black car is driving away while being chased by a police car (Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3opDcpPxllE&t=50s). Our SSVC model only predicts the driving part.. 11.
Stephen Mastrofski, Robert Worden, Jeffrey Snipes (1998) LAW ENFORCEMENT IN A TIME OF COMMUNITY POLICING*. 33(4), 539-563.
Stephen Mastrofski, Robert Worden, Jeffrey Snipes (1995) LAW ENFORCEMENT IN A TIME OF COMMUNITY POLICING*. 33(4), 539-563.
Joann Mcgeorge, Jerome Wolfe (1976) A Comparison of Attitudes between Men and Women Police Officers: A Preliminary Analysis. 1(2), 21-33.
Jaime Napier, John Jost (2008) The "Antidemocratic Personality" Revisited: A Cross‐National Investigation of Working‐Class Authoritarianism. 64(3), 595-617.
(2004) Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence.
M Anderson (2005) Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence: Edited by Wesley Skogan & Kathleen Frydl. National Research Council Committee to Review Research on Police Policy & Practices, Committee on Law & Justice, Division of Behavioral & Social Sciences & Education. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2004. pp. xiii + 413. $44.95 (hard).. 55(4), 872-874.
Kenneth Novak, Robert Brown, James Frank (2006) Women on patrol: an analysis of differences in officer arrest behavior. 34(4), 566-587.
E Palmer (1973) Black police in America. 5, 19-27.
L Parker, J Donnelly, J Gerwitz, J Marcus, V Kowalewski (1976) Higher education: its impact on police attitudes. 43, 33-35.
John Ray (1985) What Old People Believe: Age, Sex, and Conservatism. 6(3), 525.
R Regoli, W Miracle (1980) Professionalism Among Criminal Justice Educators.
Eric Riksheim, Steven Chermak (1993) Causes of police behavior revisited. 21(4), 353-382.
R Roberg, J Kuykendall (1997) Police Management.
R Roberg (1978) Analysis of relationships among higher-education, belief systems, and job performance of patrol officers. 6, 336-344.
Patricia Remmington (1983) Women in the police: Integration or separation?. 6(2), 118-135.
B Sanderson (1977) Oversight and chief officers' relationships with police authorities, directly elected police crime commissioners, HMIC and the Home Office. 44, 119-176.
A Sapp (1978) Sam Houston State University. 256-261.
L Sherman (1980) Causes of police behavior: The current state of quantitative research. 17, 69-100.
J Skolnick (1966) Justice without trial.
W Skogan, S Hartnett (1997) Community policing, Chicago style.
Michael Smith, Geoffrey Alpert (2007) Explaining Police Bias. 34(10), 1262-1283.
Brad Smith, Malcolm Holmes (2003) COMMUNITY ACCOUNTABILITY, MINORITY THREAT, AND POLICE BRUTALITY: AN EXAMINATION OF CIVIL RIGHTS CRIMINAL COMPLAINTS*. 41(4), 1035-1064.
D Smith, J Klein (1983) Police agency characteristics and arrest decisions. 63-97.
D Smith, E Ostrom (1974) The effects of training and education on police attitudes and performance: a preliminary analysis. 45-81.
A Smith, B Locke, A Fenster (1970) Authoritarianism in policemen who are college graduates and non-college police. 61, 313-315.
Ivan Sun (2002) Police officer attitudes toward peers, supervisors, and citizens: A comparison between field training officers and regular officers. 27(1), 69-83.
Ivan Sun, Doris Chu (2008) Gender differences in policing: an analysis of Taiwanese officers' attitudes. 9(5), 431-443.
Ivan Sun (2003) Police officers' attitudes toward their role and work: A comparison of black and white officers. 28(1), 89-108.
Ivan Sun, Brian Payne, Yuning Wu (2002) The impact of situational factors, officer characteristics, and neighborhood context on police behavior: A multilevel analysis. 36(1), 22-32.
John Teahan (1975) A Longitudinal Study of Attitude Shifts among Black and White Police Officers. 31(1), 47-56.
R Thompson (2003) Career experiences of African American police executives: Black and blue revisited.
R Trojanowicz, T Nicholson (1976) A comparison of behavioural styles of college graduate police v. non-college-going police officers. 43, 57-58.
J Trojanowicz, Robert Trojanowicz (1972) POLICE‐COMMUNITY RELATIONS Problems and Process. 9(4), 401-423.
Tom Tyler, J Yuen, Huo (2002) Trust in the law: Encouraging public cooperation with the police and courts.
John Van Maanen (1973) Observations on the Making of Policemen. 32(4), 407-418.
S Walker, C Katz (2002) The police in America: An introduction.
Charles Weaver (1976) Black-white differences in attitudes toward job characteristics.. 60(4), 438-441.
R Weitzer, S Tuch (2002) Perceptions of racial profiling: Race, class, and personal experience. 40(2), 435-457.
Robert Worden (1989) Situational and Attitudinal Explanations of Police Behavior: A Theoretical Reappraisal and Empirical Assessment. 23(4), 667-711.
Published
2013-11-30
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2013 Authors and Global Journals Private Limited
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.