@incollection{, 4DFCD1C6AD084D9046B21DCC8CFB3B4B , author={{BarrYounker} and {Auburn University at Montgomery}}, journal={{Global Journal of Human Social Sciences}}, journal={{GJHSS}}2249-460X0975-587X10.34257/GJHSS, address={Cambridge, United States}, publisher={Global Journals Organisation}1366776 } @book{b0, , title={{Black in blue: A study of the Negro policeman}} , author={{ Alex } and { N }} , year={1969} , publisher={Meredith} , address={New York} } @book{b1, , title={{Investigating racial profiling by the Miami-Dade Police Department: A multimethod approach}} , author={{ GPAlpert } and { RGDunham } and { MRSmith }} , year={2007} } @incollection{b2, , title={{}} , journal={{Criminology & Public Policy}} 6 } @incollection{b3, , title={{The other -authoritarianism personality}} , author={{ BAltemeyer }} , booktitle={{Advances in experimental social psychology}} , editor={ MPZanna } , year={1998} 30 } @book{b4, , title={{}} , author={{ SanDiego }} , publisher={Academic Press} } @book{b5, , title={{Minorities and the police}} , author={{ DBayley } and { HMendelsohn }} , year={1969} , publisher={Free Press} , address={New York} } @incollection{b6, , title={{Quick on the draw: Implicit bias and the second amendment}} , author={{ ABenforado }} , journal={{Oregon Law Review}} 89 , year={2010} } @incollection{b7, , title={{Gender inequality and gender difference in authoritarianism}} , author={{ MJBrandt } and { PJHenry }} , journal={{Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin}} 38 , year={2012} } @book{b8, , title={{The behavior of law}} , author={{ DJBlack }} , year={1976} , publisher={Academic Press} , address={New York} } @incollection{b9, , title={{Shared perceptions: Black police officers discuss continuing barriers in policing}} , author={{ KBolton }} , journal={{Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies Et Management}} 26 , year={2003} } @incollection{b10, , title={{Police discretionary behavior: A study of style}} , author={{ LWBrooks }} , booktitle={{Critical issues in policing: Contemporary readings}} , editor={ RGDunham GPAlpert } Prospect Heights, IL , publisher={Waveland Press} , year={2001} , note={4th ed.} } @book{b11, , title={{Working the street: Police discretion and the dilemmas of reform}} , author={{ MBrown }} , year={1988} , publisher={Russell Sage Foundation} , address={New York} } @incollection{b12, , title={{Race and officer decision making: Examining differences in arrest outcomes between Black and White Officers}} , author={{ RABrown } and { JFrank }} , journal={{Justice Quarterly}} 23 1 , year={2006} } @incollection{b13, , title={{Race and officer decision making: Examining differences in arrest outcomes between Black and White Officers}} , author={{ RABrown } and { JFrank }} , journal={{Justice Quarterly}} 23 1 , year={2006} } @incollection{b14, , title={{Patterns of authoritarianism between Generations}} , author={{ DFBush } and { Gallagher } and { BJIii } and { WWeiner }} , journal={{The Journal of Social Psychology}} 116 , year={1982} } @incollection{b15, , title={{Police officer selection: a critical review of the literature}} , author={{ EBurbeck } and { AFarnham }} , journal={{Journal of Police Science and Administration}} 13 , year={1985} } @incollection{b16, , title={{The role of race in predicting job attitudes of patrol officers}} , author={{ EBuzawa }} , journal={{Journal of Criminal Justice}} 9 , year={1981} } @incollection{b17, , title={{The evolution of higher education in law enforcement: preliminary findings from a national study}} , author={{ DCarter } and { DASapp }} , journal={{Journal of Criminal Justice Education}} 1 , year={1990} } @incollection{b18, , title={{Formal education and police officer performance}} , author={{ WCascio }} , journal={{Journal of Police Science and Administration}} 5 , year={1977} } @incollection{b19, , title={{Double marginality of black policemen: A reassessment}} , author={{ VCampbell }} , journal={{Criminology}} 17 , year={1980} } @incollection{b20, , title={{Racial profiling and police subculture}} , author={{ JChan }} , journal={{Canadian Journal of Criminology}} 53 , year={2011} } @book{b21, , title={{Police Background Characteristics and Performance, R-999-DOJ}} , author={{ BCohen } and { JChaiken }} , year={1972. August} , address={The New York City Rand Institute} } @book{b22, , title={{The Negro law enforcement officer in Texas (Criminal Justice Monograph, 1)}} , author={{ DACole } and { GGKellingerg } and { CMFriel } and { HBFt Kerper }} , year={1969} , address={Huntsville, TX} Sam Houston State University, Institute of Contemporary Corrections and the Behavioral Sciences } @incollection{b23, , title={{Age differences in conservatism: Evidence on the mediating effects of personality and cognitive style}} , author={{ ICornelis } and { AVan Hiel } and { ARoets } and { MKossowska }} , journal={{Journal of Personality}} 77 , year={2009} } @book{b24, , title={{}} , author={{ JCorrell } and { BWittenbrink } and { BPark } and { CJudd } and { MSadler } and { TKeesee }} , year={2007} } @incollection{b25, , title={{Across the thin blue line: Police officers and racial bias in the decision to shoot}} , journal={{Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}} 92 } @incollection{b26, , title={{The USA: The next big thing. Police 26}} , author={{ JCrank } and { CKadleck } and { CKoski }} , journal={{Practice and Research}} 11 , year={2010} } @incollection{b27, , title={{University vs. non-university graduated policeman: Study of police attitudes}} , author={{ AFDalley }} , journal={{Journal of Police Science and Administration}} 3 , year={1975} } @incollection{b28, , title={{Education and authoritarianism among English-and Afrikaans-speaking White South Africans}} , author={{ JHDuckitt }} , journal={{The Journal of Social Psychology}} 132 , year={1992} } @book{b29, , title={{Black police in America}} , author={{ MDulaney }} , year={1996} , publisher={Indiana University Press} , address={Bloomington} } @incollection{b30, , title={{African American police women: An exploration of professional relationships}} , author={{ MDodge } and { MFt Pogrebin }} , journal={{Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies Management}} 24 , year={2001} } @incollection{b31, , title={{Further exploration of the demeanor hypothesis: The interaction effects of suspects' characteristics and demeanor on police behavior}} , author={{ REngel } and { JSobol } and { R&worden }} , journal={{Justice Quarterly}} 17 , year={2000} } @incollection{b32, , title={{Women police in Weimar: Professionalism, politics, and innovation in police organizations}} , author={{ EFairchild }} , journal={{Law and Society Review}} 21 , year={1987} } @book{b33, , title={{The impact of organizational, individual and situational factors on police behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation}} , author={{ RFriedrich }} , year={1977} University of Michigan } @book{b34, , title={{A Study of the Relationship Between College Education and Police Performance in}} , author={{ JCFinnegan }} , year={1976. August} , address={Baltimore, Maryland} } @incollection{b35, , title={{Who shoots? A look at officer race and policing shooting}} , author={{ JFyfe }} , journal={{Journal of Police Science and Administration}} 9 , year={1981} } @incollection{b36, , title={{Police use of deadly force: Research and reform}} , author={{ JFyfe }} , journal={{Justice Quarterly}} 5 , year={1988} } @book{b37, , title={{}} , author={{ MGächter } and { DSavage } and { BTorgler }} , year={2011} } @incollection{b38, , title={{}} , journal={{Gender Issues}} 26 } @incollection{b39, , title={{Characteristics associated with the prevalence and severity of force used by the police}} , author={{ JGarner } and { CMaxwell } and { CHeraux }} , journal={{Justice Quarterly}} 19 , year={2002} } @book{b40, , title={{Split-second decisions: Shootings of and by the Chicago Police}} , author={{ RGeller } and { KFt Karales }} , year={1981} , address={Chicago} Chicago Law Enforcement Group } @book{b41, , title={{Deadly force: What we know-A practitioner's desk-reference on police involved shootings}} , author={{ WGeller } and { MScott }} , year={1992} , address={Washington, DC} Police Executive Research Forum } @incollection{b42, , title={{Patterns of entry, professional identity and attitudes toward crime-related education: a study of criminal justice and criminology faculty}} , author={{ JGreene } and { TBynum } and { VWebb }} , journal={{Journal of Criminal Justice}} 12 , year={1984} } @incollection{b43, , title={{Patterns of interaction in a police patrol bureau: Race and gender barriers to integration}} , author={{ RHaarr }} , journal={{Justice Quarterly}} 14 , year={1997} } @book{b44, , title={{Statistical methods for social scientists}} , author={{ EAHanushek } and { JEFt Jackson }} , year={1977} , publisher={Academic Press} , address={New York} } @book{b45, , title={{Driving while Black: Racial profiling on our nation's highways}} , author={{ DAHarris }} , year={1999} , publisher={American Civil Liberties Union} , address={NY} } @book{b46, , title={{Profiles in injustice: Why racial profiling cannot work}} , author={{ DAHarris }} , year={2002} , publisher={The New Press} , address={NY} } @incollection{b47, , title={{The police 47. view of biased based policing}} , author={{ RIoimo } and { RTears } and { LMeadows } and { JBecton } and { MCharles }} , journal={{Police Quarterly}} 10 , year={2007} } @book{b48, , title={{}} , author={{ RalphEIoimo } and { Becton } and { J;Bret } and { Meadows } and { ALeslie }} } @incollection{b49, , author={{ RachelSTears } and { Charles } and { TMichael }} , booktitle={{The Citizen View of Bias-Biased Policing}} Winter , year={2008} 3 } @book{b50, , title={{}} , author={{ RalphEIoimo }} } @book{b51, , title={{}} , author={{ BretJBecton } and { Meadows } and { ALeslie }} } @book{b52, , title={{}} , author={{ RachelSTears }} } @incollection{b53, , title={{Comparing the Police and Citizen Views on biased Policing}} , author={{ MichaelTCharles }} , journal={{Criminal Justice Studies: A Critical Journal of Crime}} 22 , year={2009} , publisher={Law, and Society} } @incollection{b54, , title={{Gender moderates the impact of need for structure on social beliefs: Implications for ethnocentrism and authoritarianism}} , author={{ MKemmelmeiser }} , journal={{International Journal of Psychology}} 45 , year={2010} } @incollection{b55, , title={{The performance of college educated police: a study of self-rated police performance measures}} , author={{ JTKrimmel }} , journal={{American Journal of Police}} 15 , year={1996} } @book{b56, , title={{Black police, white society}} , author={{ SLeinen }} , year={1984} , publisher={New York University Press} , address={New York} } @incollection{b57, , title={{Gender-related individual differences and psychological adjustment in terms of the Big Five and circumplex models}} , author={{ RLippa }} , journal={{Journal of Personality and Social Psychology}} 69 , year={1995} } @incollection{b58, , title={{The travails of the Detroit police-victims experiment: assumptions and important lessons}} , author={{ AJLurigio } and { DPRosenbaum }} , journal={{American Journal of Police}} 11 , year={1992} } @incollection{b59, , title={{Outsiders within the station house: The impact of race and gender on black policewomen}} , author={{ SEMartin }} , journal={{Social Problems}} 41 , year={1994} } @book{b60, , title={{Driving while Black is part of the burden of being Black}} , author={{ VMartin }} , year={1999. July 13} A11 , address={Baltimore Sun} } @incollection{b61, , title={{Race and every-day policing: A research perspective}} , author={{ SMastrofski } and { RParks } and { CDejong } and { R&worden }} , journal={{Criminology}} , year={1998. August} , note={Paper presented at the 12th International Congress on} } @incollection{b62, , title={{Law enforcement in a time of community policing}} , author={{ SDMastrofski } and { REWorden } and { JBSnipes }} , journal={{Criminology}} 33 , year={1995} } @incollection{b63, , title={{A comparison of attitudes between men and women police officers: A preliminary analysis}} , author={{ JMcgeorge } and { JWolfe }} , journal={{Criminal Justice Review}} 1 , year={1976} } @incollection{b64, , title={{The -antidemocratic personality? revisited: A crossnational investigation of working-class authoritarianism}} , author={{ JLNapier } and { JTJost }} , journal={{Journal of Social Issues}} 64 , year={2008} } @book{b65, , title={{Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence. Committee to Review Research on Police Policy and}} , editor={Practices. W. Skogan & K. Frydl} , year={2004} , publisher={National Academies Press} , address={Washington, DC} National Research Council. , note={Committee on Law and Justice, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education} } @incollection{b66, , title={{Women on patrol: An analysis of differences in officer arrest behavior}} , author={{ KNovak } and { RBrown } and { JFrank }} , journal={{International Journal of Police Strategies and Management}} 34 , year={2006} } @incollection{b67, , title={{Black police in America}} , author={{ EPalmer }} , journal={{Black Scholar}} 5 , year={1973. October} } @book{b68, , author={{ LParker } and { JDonnelly } and { JGerwitz } and { JMarcus } and { VKowalewski }} , title={{Higher education: its impact on police attitudes, Police Chief}} , year={1976} 43 } @incollection{b69, , title={{Why old people believe: Age, sex, and conservatism}} , author={{ JRay }} , journal={{Political Psychology}} 6 , year={1985} } @book{b70, , title={{}} , author={{ RMRegoli } and { WAMiracle }} , year={1980} } @incollection{b71, , title={{}} , journal={{Professionalism Among Criminal Justice Educators. Joint Commission on Criminology and Criminal Justice Education Standards}} } @incollection{b72, , title={{Causes of police behavior revisited}} , author={{ ERiksheim } and { SChermak }} , journal={{Journal of Criminal Justice}} 21 , year={1993} } @book{b73, , author={{ RRRoberg } and { JKuykendall }} , title={{Police Management}} Roxbury, MA , publisher={Roxbury Publishing Company} , year={1997} , note={2nd ed.} } @incollection{b74, , title={{Analysis of relationships among higher-education, belief systems, and job performance of patrol officers}} , author={{ RRRoberg }} , journal={{Journal of Police Science and Administration}} 6 , year={1978} } @incollection{b75, , title={{Women in the police: Integration or separation?}} , author={{ PRemmington }} , journal={{Qualitative Sociology}} 6 , year={1983} } @incollection{b76, , title={{Police officers: the relationship of college education for police officers}} , author={{ BESanderson }} , booktitle={{The Police Chief}} , year={1977} 44 } @book{b77, , title={{Issues and trends in police professionalism. Criminal Justice Monograph, College of Criminal Justice}} , author={{ ADSapp }} , year={1978} , address={Huntsville, TX} Sam Houston State University } @incollection{b78, , title={{Causes of police behavior: The current state of quantitative research}} , author={{ LWSherman }} , journal={{Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency}} 17 , year={1980} } @book{b79, , title={{Justice without trial}} , author={{ JHSkolnick }} , year={1966} , publisher={Wiley} , address={New York} } @book{b80, , title={{Community policing, Chicago style}} , author={{ WGSkogan } and { SMHartnett }} , year={1997} , publisher={Oxford University Press} , address={New York} } @incollection{b81, , title={{Explaining police bias: A theory of social conditioning and illusionary correlation}} , author={{ MSmith } and { GAlpert }} , journal={{Criminal Justice and Behavior}} 34 , year={2007} } @book{b82, , title={{Community accountability, minority threat, and police brutality: An examination of civil rights criminal complaints}} , author={{ BWSmith } and { MDHolmes }} , year={2003} } @incollection{b83, , title={{}} , journal={{Criminology}} 41 } @book{b84, , title={{Police agency characteristics and arrest decisions}} , author={{ DASmith } and { JRKlein }} , editor={G. P.} , year={1983} } @book{b85, , title={{Evaluating performance of criminal justice agencies}} , editor={Whitaker & C. D. Phillips} , address={Beverly Hills; Sage} } @book{b86, , title={{The effects of training and education on police attitudes and performance: a preliminary analysis}} , author={{ DCSmith } and { EOstrom }} , editor={Jacob, H.} , year={1974} , publisher={Sage Publications} , address={Beverley Hills, CA} , note={The Potential for Reform of Criminal Justice} } @incollection{b87, , title={{Authoritarianism in policemen who are college graduates and non-college police}} , author={{ ABSmith } and { BLocke } and { AFenster }} , journal={{Criminology and Police Science}} 61 , year={1970} , note={Journal of Criminal Law} } @book{b88, , title={{Police officer attitudes toward peers, supervisors, and citizens: A comparison between field training officers and regular officers}} , author={{ IYSun }} , year={2002} } @incollection{b89, , title={{}} , journal={{American Journal of Criminal Justice}} 27 } @incollection{b90, , title={{Gender differences in policing: An analysis of Taiwanese officers' attitudes}} , author={{ ISun } and { DChu }} , journal={{Police Practice and Research}} 9 , year={2008} } @incollection{b91, , title={{Police officer's attitudes towards their role and work: A comparison between Black and White Officers}} , author={{ IYSun }} , journal={{American Journal of Criminal Justice}} 28 1 , year={2003} } @incollection{b92, , title={{The impact of situational, officer, and neighborhood characteristics on police behavior: A multilevel analysis}} , author={{ ISun } and { BPayne }} , booktitle={{Paper presented at the annual meeting of American Society of Criminology}} Chicago , year={2002. November} } @incollection{b93, , title={{A longitudinal study of attitude shifts among black and white officers}} , author={{ JTeahan }} , journal={{Journal of Social Issues}} 31 , year={1975} } @book{b94, , title={{Career experiences of African American police executives: Black and blue revisited}} , author={{ RAThompson }} , year={2003} , publisher={LFB Scholarly Publishing} , address={New York} } @incollection{b95, , title={{A comparison of behavioural styles of college graduate police v. non-college-going police officers}} , author={{ RCTrojanowicz } and { TNicholson }} , journal={{Police Chief}} 43 , year={1976} } @incollection{b96, , title={{The role of college education in decision making}} , author={{ JMTrojanowicz } and { RCTrojanowicz }} , journal={{Public Personnel Review}} , year={1972. January} } @book{b97, , title={{Trust in the law: Encouraging public cooperation with the police and courts}} , author={{ TomRTyler } and { JYuen } and { Huo }} , year={2002} , publisher={Russell-Sage Foundation} , address={New York} } @incollection{b98, , title={{Observations on the making of policemen}} , author={{ JVan Maanen }} , journal={{Human Organization}} 32 , year={1973} } @book{b99, , title={{The police in America: An introduction}} , author={{ SWalker } and { CMKatz }} , year={2002} , publisher={McGraw-Hill} , address={New York} , note={th} } @incollection{b100, , title={{Black-White differences in attitudes toward job characteristics}} , author={{ CWeaver }} , journal={{Journal of Applied Psychology}} 60 , year={1976} } @incollection{b101, , title={{Perceptions of racial profiling: Race, class, and personal experience}} , author={{ RWeitzer } and { SATuch }} , journal={{Criminology}} 40 2 , year={2002} } @book{b102, , title={{Situational and attitudinal explanations of police behavior: A theoretical}} , author={{ REWorden }} , year={1989} }