Human Capital and Glass Ceiling: Quantile Regression Decomposition of Gender Pay Gap in Korean Labor Market
Keywords:
unconditional quantile regression, glass ceiling, return to education.
Abstract
Conventional estimation methods on analyzing gender pay gap focus on comparing the earnings premium and gender inequality from the view of mean earnings distribution, highlighting human capital factors (e.g. education attainment, career training). However, mean distribution analysis do not reflect the whole perspective of gender earnings. Therefore, in our study, we adopt quantile regression estimation method to measure the impact of human capital (e.g. returns to education) and other social characteristics factors on wage. In addition, Melly2006 wage decomposition method is employed to reveal the pattern of gender earnings gap through overall distributions. We verified the evidence of 'glass ceiling effect' phenomenon in Korean labor market. The finds of our study also imply the female's returns to education are higher than male, and the magnitude is even higher for upper earnings distribution. Furthermore, the estimation results of conditional and unconditional quantile regression present the differential of human capital variables occupy a big part of the explanatory on gender wage gap.
Downloads
How to Cite
References
T. Ahn (2012) Gender wage gap across the wage distribution in Korea. 14(1), 127-149.
J. Albrecht, A. Bjorklund, S. Vroman (2001) Is There a Glass Ceiling in Sweden?. 21(1), 145-177. https://doi.org/10.1086/344126
W. Arulampalam, A. Booth, M. Bryan (2007) Is There a Glass Ceiling over Europe? Exploring the Gender Pay Gap across the Wage Distribution. 60(2), 163-186.
Mehtabul Azam (2012) Changes in Wage Structure in Urban India, 1983-2004: A Quantile Regression Decomposition. 40(6), 1135-1150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.02.002
G. Becker (1971) The Economics of Discrimination.
W. Chi, B. Li (2008) Glass ceiling or sticky floor? Examining the gender earnings differential across the earnings distribution in urban China. 36(2), 243-263.
Joonmo Cho (2014) Glass ceiling in a stratified labor market: Evidence from Korea. 32, 56-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2014.01.003
L. Christofides, A. Polycarpou, K. Vrachimis (2013) Gender wage gaps, 'sticky floors' and 'glass ceilings' in Europe. 21, 86-102.
S. De la Rica, J. Dolado, V. Llorens (2008) Ceilings or floors? Gender wage gaps by education in Spain. 21(3), 751-776.
J. DiNardo, N. Fortin, T. Lemieux, Labor institutions, the wages (1995) A semiparametric approach.
S. Firpo, N. Fortin, T. Lemieux (2007) Decomposing Wage Distributions Using Recentered Influence Function Regressions.
N. Fortin, T. Lemieux, S. Firpo (2009) Unconditional Quantile Regressions. 77(3), 953-973. https://doi.org/10.3982/ecta6822
Markus Frölich, Blaise Melly (2008) Unconditional Quantile Treatment Effects Under Endogeneity. 3288. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1294518
S. Heo (2003) An Empirical Analysis of Gender Wage Differentials in Industries and Occupations. 5(3), 57-74.
H. Kee (2006) Glass Ceiling or Sticky Floor? Exploring the Australian Gender Pay Gap. 82(259), 408-427.
Roger Koenker, Gilbert Bassett (1978) Regression Quantiles. 46(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913643
G. Liu (2001) The Gender Pay Gap in South Korea: Difference and Discrimination. 23(1), 193-232.
T. Lorenz (2014) Changes in the distribution of rental prices in Berlin. 51, 88-100.
José Machado, José Mata (2005) Counterfactual decomposition of changes in wage distributions using quantile regression. 20(4), 445-465. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.788
B. Melly (2006) Estimation of counterfactual distributions using quantile regression. 68(4), 543-572.
Blaise Melly (2005) Decomposition of differences in distribution using quantile regression. 12(4), 577-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2005.05.006
George Messinis (2013) Returns to education and urban-migrant wage differentials in China: IV quantile treatment effects. 26, 39-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2013.03.006
ILO (2012) International Standard Classification of Occupations 2008 (ISCO-08): Structure.
Gary Sandefur, Hyunjoon Park (2007) Educational expansion and changes in occupational returns to education in Korea. 25(4), 306-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2007.10.001
Lorenz Thomschke (2015) Changes in the distribution of rental prices in Berlin. 51, 88-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2015.01.001
Sasiwimon Warunsiri, Robert McNown (2010) The Returns to Education in Thailand: A Pseudo-Panel Approach. 38(11), 1616-1625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.03.002
L. Xiu, M. Gunderson (2014) Glass ceiling or sticky floor? Quantile regression decomposition of the gender pay gap in China. 35(3), 306-326.
Ying Zhuge, Joyce Kaufman, Diane Simeone, Herbert Chen, Omaida Velazquez (2011) Is There Still a Glass Ceiling for Women in Academic Surgery?. 253(4), 637-643. https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0b013e3182111120
Hai Zhong (2011) Returns to higher education in China: What is the role of college quality?. 22(2), 260-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2011.02.002
Published
2015-09-07
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2015 Authors and Global Journals Private Limited
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.