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\vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Rou-Jui Sophia Hu} \affil[1]{ Cheng Shiu University} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 11 December 2012 Accepted: 4 January 2013 Published: 15 January 2013} \maketitle \begin{abstract} By extending the findings of Hu?s (2001) investigation on how socio-psychological variables and EFL students? English language proficiency are related, this study examines the demographic significance between different target groups and the subsequent implications towards predictions of EFL proficiency, thereby further assisting EFL practitioners. Stepwise multiple regression analyses reveal that as the predominant factor, self-confidence, accounts for 39% of the variance in determining the prediction of English language proficiency among Taiwanese students in a technological institute. This finding contrasts with that of Hu (2001), in which motivation accounts for the largest determinant among Taiwanese university students. University students slightly outperform technological institute students (Hu, 2007, 2011) in terms of either academic performance or English language proficiency attainment. This phenomenon further diminishes the self-confidence of the technological institute students, ultimately hindering their attempts to increase English language proficiency. For EFL students in a technological institute, self-confidence profoundly impacts their attainment of English language proficiency. \end{abstract} \keywords{socio-psychological variables, stepwise multiple regression analysis, self-confidence, technological institute students, efl.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par ocio-psychological variables have been widely discussed in second language acquisition since the 1970s.\par Considerable research has established a strong correlation between sociopsychological variables and second language acquisition (e. g. \hyperref[b4]{Clement et al., 1994;}\hyperref[b6]{Dornyei, 1990a;}\hyperref[b7]{Dornyei, 1990b;}\hyperref[b9]{Gardner, 1979;}\hyperref[b10]{Gardner, 1982;}\hyperref[b11]{Gardner, 1983;}\hyperref[b8]{Gardner \& Lambert, 1972}; \hyperref[b19]{Labrie \& Clement, 1986)}. With the increased amount of sociopsychological research in a foreign language milieu (e.g. {\ref Clement, Dornyei, \& Noels, 1994;}\hyperref[b6]{Dornyei, 1990a;}\hyperref[b7]{Dornyei 1990b}; \hyperref[b20]{Lin \& Warden, 1998;}\hyperref[b25]{Rahman, 2005;}\hyperref[b32]{Warden \& Lin, 2000}\hyperref[b25]{, 2005)}, most research has focused only on one or two variables, including attitudes or different motivation types.\par However, social and psychological variables in an Asian EFL context have seldom been addressed. This study extends the finding of \hyperref[b14]{Hu's (2001)} study by contrasting different participants to determine English language proficiency attainment of EFL learners, based on socio-psychological factors in an Asian context. a) Background of the Problem As English is a compulsory subject taught in Taiwanese secondary education, language proficiency is required for high school and university admissions. Tertiary education in Taiwan is categorized into universities and technological institutes.\par Students admitted to universities come mainly from senior high schools, while most students admitted to technological institutes come from vocational high schools. English language proficiency of most technological institute students is inferior to that of university students because students with high scores on their high school entrance examinations can select which senior high school they want to attend. However, students scoring low on those examinations normally choose to study at vocational high schools \hyperref[b15]{(Hu, 2007}\hyperref[b16]{(Hu, , 2011))}.\par As is widely assumed, low academic achievement often results in a diminished sense of selfefficacy. Low self-confidence, deactivated motivation, and other interrelated variables may subsequently lead to unsatisfactory English language acquisition skills. Thus, further investigating the relationship between socio-psychological variables and English language proficiency of Taiwanese technological institute students is of worthwhile interest. \section[{II.}]{II.}\par Literature Review a) Socio-psychological variables {\ref Gardner and Lambert (1959)} successfully explained second/foreign language acquisition from a socio-psychological perspective for the first time. Their studies posited that the motivation for language learners to learn a second/foreign language hinge on their attitude towards the target language society and their orientation during language learning. The twelve years study in the Philippines and the United States examined how attitude and motivation influence language proficiency attainment. Notably, \hyperref[b8]{Gardner and Lambert (1972)} identified two orientations towards language learning: integrative and instrumental, which were based on two clusters of attitudes. Socio/affective or sociopsychological perspectives have received increasing attention \hyperref[b5]{(Deci \& Ryan, 1985;}\hyperref[b21]{Maple, 1982;}\hyperref[b22]{Oller et al., 1977;}\hyperref[b27]{Schumann, 1978;}\hyperref[b28]{Spolsky, 1969;}\hyperref[b29]{Stauble, 1978)}. \hyperref[b12]{Gardner (1985)} postulated that second language acquisition combined sociological and psychological variables by intertwining individuals and cross-cultural interactions. \hyperref[b24]{Ramage (1990)} found that his study participants, high school students, when positively and intrinsically motivated to learn, wanted to attend college. \hyperref[b2]{Chang (1997)} demonstrated that as opposed to extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation provided more potential in second language learning through means of creativity and conceptual learning, ultimately fostering an intellectual desire for challenges, as well as a sense of accomplishment.\par Rahman (2005) investigated attitude and motivation orientations of Bangladeshi undergraduate students in a private university towards learning English. According to their results, students focused on English for its utilitarian value, as opposed to integrative motivation. That study further demonstrated that the learners studied English for "instrumental" reasons, as opposed to previous studies, which indicated that "integrative motivation" was the dominant motivational orientation for Bangladesh students to learn English.\par Hu (2001) investigated how socio-psychological variables and English language proficiency of EFL learners are related. Among the proposed sociopsychological variables of motivation, language shock, self-confidence, dominance, attitude, and indirect culture contact, motivation accounted for the greatest variance in determining the English language proficiency of EFL university students. Categorized as integrative motivation, learning interest accounted for 31\% of the variance in predicting English language proficiency of Taiwanese university students \hyperref[b14]{(Hu, 2001)}. \hyperref[b18]{Krashen (2002)} asserted that highly motivated learners with sufficient self-confidence, good self-image, and low level of anxiety are better equipped to succeed in second language acquisition than others. \section[{b) Gardner's social-psychological model of L2 learning}]{b) Gardner's social-psychological model of L2 learning}\par The rationale behind Gardner's socialpsychological model of L2 learning was the belief that the acquisition of an L2 was social-psychological rather than an educational phenomenon \hyperref[b0]{(Au, 1988)} \hyperref[b27]{Schumann (1978)} posited in the acculturation model that in terms of second language acquisition, social and affective factors were the underlying variables. That study further hypothesized that social factors and affective factors merged into a variable which he called acculturation. His term "acculturation" referred to the partial social and psychological merging and/or heterogeneous blending between the learner and target language (TL) group. That model assumed that the extent of linguistic integration varied with the degree of cultural acclimation.\par Social variables have seven embedded elements: dominance pattern, integration strategies (assimilation/preservation/adaptation), enclosure, cohesiveness \& size, congruence, attitude, and intended length of residence. Psychological variables consist of language shock, cultural shock, motivation, and ego-permeability III. \section[{Methodology a) Participants}]{Methodology a) Participants}\par The study participants were sampled from a technological institute in southern Taiwan. Totally, 486 students, 233 male and 253 female from ten classes participated in this study. Their majors varied from social studies, engineering, and business administration. All students had received the six-year standard formal English training in the Taiwanese education system.\par Given the nature of this study, selective subject sampling was necessary. While preferred in terms of generalizability of findings, a random sample would have failed to produce the desired results in the focus of technological institute students' EFL proficiency. \section[{b) Procedure}]{b) Procedure}\par Written permission was received from the students' instructors before the survey was administered. Students were instructed to fill out their background information and express their opinions on a five-point Likert scale. The grammar test and listening comprehension test were undertaken shortly afterwards. All instructions were given in Chinese to ensure comprehension. The survey of the ten classes lasted up to four weeks. \section[{c) Instrument}]{c) Instrument}\par The instrument for measuring sociopsychological variables was a questionnaire. The questionnaire contained fifty-seven statements pertaining to the students' learning motivation, experience regarding language shock, self-confidence, dominance, attitude, and indirect culture contact. Of the six variables, motivation, language shock, dominance, and attitude were variables adopted from Schumann' acculturation model {\ref (1978)}; meanwhile self-confidence and indirect culture contact were two variables adopted from our previous study.\par These six hypothetical variables were selected based on the adjusted needs of the target's foreign language context. The instrument for measuring students' English language proficiency consisted of two 50-question multiple-choice English language proficiency tests: an English grammar test and a listening comprehension test. The grammar test contained grammar and reading comprehension-related questions, while the listening test contained short statements and dialogues. Both tests were taken from the pre-intermediate level General English Proficiency Test (GEPT). As one of the most accessible and reliable English language tests in Taiwan, {\ref GEPT} This observation indicates that the average technological institute student did not reach the threshold of pre-intermediate level, let alone the intermediate one. We can thus infer that the preintermediate level could best quantify the English language proficiency of the study participants.\par Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient for the questionnaire was calculated to determine the internalconsistency reliability, which was computed as .92, indicating that the questionnaire used in this study is a reliable instrument.\par Pearson product-moment correlation analyses were also performed to explore the relationship between socio-psychological statements and students' English language proficiency. \section[{d) Data analysis}]{d) Data analysis}\par Whether two or more variables are related was using Pearson's Product Moment Correlation tests. This approach is the conventional means of computing a correlation coefficient between variables that are linearly related (http://www.le.ac.uk/bl/gat/virtualfc/Stats/pear. html). The correlation coefficient ® varies between +1.00 and -1.00. A higher absolute value of the correlation coefficient implies a stronger relationship between two variables \hyperref[b21]{(Maple, 1982)}. However, a correlational analysis can be viewed as assessing the contribution of an independent variable to a dependent variable; while it typically does not illuminate, in the optimal sense, the reality that most researchers want to study \hyperref[b1]{(Bailey, Onwuegbuzie, \& Daley, 2000;}\hyperref[b31]{Tatsuoka, 1973)}. Due to the situation where most phenomena involve multiple effects, multiple egression was performed in this study as a major analysis approach.\par Stepwise multiple regression is an important means of locating the most significant predictor (sociopsychological) variables within each criterion (English language proficiency) variable. Each variable is entered sequentially and its value is assessed. A variable is retained if it contributes to the model. However, all other variables in the model are then re-tested to determine if they still contribute to the model. Correspondingly, variables that no longer contribute significantly are removed. Thus, this method ensures that the model includes only the smallest possible set of predictor variables. While R denotes a measure of the correlation between the observed value and the predicted value of the criterion variable, R Square (R2) represents the square of the measure of correlation and indicates the proportion of the variance in the criterion variable which is accounted for by the proposed model. In this example, the proportion of the variance in English language proficiency was accounted for by our set of predictor variables (i.e. socio-psychological variables). In essence, knowing the predictor (i.e. sociopsychological) variables allows us to increase the prediction accuracy of our criterion (English language proficiency) variable. The beta value is a measure of how strongly each predictor variable influences the criterion variable. Thus, a higher beta value implies a greater impact of the predictor variable on the criterion variable.\par (http://www.palgrave.com/pdfs/0333734718. pdf)\par IV. \section[{Results}]{Results} \section[{a) Correlational Analysis}]{a) Correlational Analysis}\par According to Table \hyperref[tab_2]{1}, "motivation", "language shock", "self-confidence", "attitude", and "indirect culture contact" had a considerable amount of items correlating with two criterion measures at the .01 level of significance. Among the correlated items, the items from self-confidence "I can sufficiently read English." (SELF22), "I am proficient in English composition." (SELF24), and "I can learn a foreign language." (SELF 18) ranked the highest (.41**), the second highest (.40**), and the fourth highest (.38**) correlation coefficients with one of the criterion measures at .01 level of significance, respectively. Clearly, for the survey subjects, self-confidence is a major criterion in determining their mastery of English. Under Motivation, "I am interested in learning English." (MOTI7) scored the third highest (.39**) correlation coefficient with one of the criterion measures. Interest in learning a foreign language (integrative-oriented motivation) also demonstrated its significance in determining individual mastery of English proficiency. In this study, although 57 items were designed to predict two criterion measures, the stepwise multiple regression program was run only with predictor items correlating at the .01 level of significance. Totally, 33 items correlated at the .01 level of significance with at least one criterion variable. The items were then put into the respective stepwise multiple regression equations of the grammar test and listening test.\par According to Table \hyperref[tab_3]{2}, six entered items accounted for a total of 31.1 \% (R2 at the last step) of variance in the grammar test equation, suggesting a strong predictive power. The first and second entered items were both from the predictor variable of selfconfidence, which accounted for 25 \% of the variance, demonstrating its significant contribution in predicting English language proficiency.\par The remaining items entered were from the variables of motivation and indirect culture contact. According to the non-multicollinearity characteristics of predictor items when applied to stepwise multiple regressions, the entered items showed very distinctive traits from each other. The six entered items were as follows: "I can sufficiently read English." (SELF22), "I am proficient in English composition." (SELF24), "I am interested in learning English." (MOTI7), "I actively participate in intensive English programs to strengthen my English skills." (INDI53), "I want to study in Englishspeaking countries." (MOTI5) and "I frequently read English language magazines." (INDI49). \section[{Model}]{Model}\par According to Table \hyperref[tab_4]{3}, three entered items accounted for 16.5 \% of variance in the listening test equation, indicating a medium effect size. The entered items came from two predictor variables: selfconfidence and motivation. Two variables from selfconfidence were entered at the first and third step, respectively. Again, self-confidence emerged as the most significant predictor variable in the listening test equation. Based on the number of predictor items entered into the sum total of the two regression equations, as well as the change in R2 when entered, the component variables were listed in a descending order of importance:\par 1. Self-confidence: three items entered into two equations (total change in R2 = .39) 2. Motivation: two items entered into two equations (total change in R2 = .08) 3. Indirect culture contact: three items entered into two equations (total change in R2 = .02) V. \section[{Discussion a) Self-confidence}]{Discussion a) Self-confidence}\par Stepwise multiple regression analysis lends support to the strong predictive power of selfconfidence (total change in R2 = .39) with a total of three self-confidence items entered into both of the equations.\par Self-confidence seems to be what Taiwanese technological institute students lacks the most, due to their own perception of academic inferiority \hyperref[b15]{(Hu, 2007}\hyperref[b16]{(Hu, , 2011))}. \hyperref[b4]{Clement, et al. (1994)} assessed the role of linguistic self-confidence, suggesting that anxiety and self-perception of L2 competence can be determinants of L2 achievement, even in contexts lacking in opportunity to use L2. That study further indicated that anxiety and self-confidence in the L2 classroom were intimately linked to educational processes. While investigating EFL proficiency of Taiwanese university students in relation to their socio-psychological factors, \hyperref[b14]{Hu (2001)} indicated that motivation explained the most variance in predicting the English language proficiency of EFL university students. Comparing the findings of \hyperref[b14]{Hu (2001)} and those of this study reveal that self-confidence, not motivation, of technological institute students is the major deciding factor for the successful mastery of foreign language proficiency. For EFL university students, motivation, especially their interest in learning English, played a significant role in predicting their attainment of English language proficiency. However, for technological institute students, selfconfidence preceded motivation and accounted for the greatest variance in the prediction of their English language proficiency. This result corroborates with the observation that the low self-confidence of Taiwanese technological institute students in academic achievements had evidently impeded their English language acquisition skills.\par Above results clearly demonstrate that low self-confidence, language anxiety, and demotivation in a foreign language environment were bounded phenomena. b) Motivation MOTI7 ("I am interested in learning English.") ranked as the highest correlation coefficient among motivational items; it entered both criterion equations at significant levels. \hyperref[b7]{Dornyei (1990b)} noted that intended contact with target language speakers was significantly related to affectively based motivation. Instrumental items (such as MOTI3-"English is useful when travelling.", and MOTI5-"I want to study in Englishspeaking countries.") were also found to correlate with EFL measures. However, neither of the items were sufficiently influential to be entered into the equations. \hyperref[b7]{Dornyei (1990b)} suggested that instrumental goals played a prominent role in acquiring English skills up to an intermediate level. However, \hyperref[b4]{Clement et al. (1994)} asserted that learners whose interest in learning English included sociocultural and nonprofessional considerations demonstrated the highest degree of desired proficiency. That is, those students wished to master the English language rather than acquire only a minimalistic, functional grasp of it.\par According to \hyperref[b4]{Clement et al. (1994)}, even in a context where foreign language learning was largely an academic matter, student motivation remained socially-grounded. We can thus infer that regardless of the motivation, learning without interest ultimately leads to null and void achievements. c) Indirect culture contact Taiwanese foreign language students learn English primarily throughout their school years. However, the average student is often not considered proficient in English, even after the completion of the formal, six-year English language training. The obtained findings showed that not only did all of the survey's indirect culture contact items significantly correlate with EFL measures, two indirect cultural contact items were also found to enter one stepwise multiple regression equation.\par This phenomenon has important implications for EFL practitioners in that students should be encouraged to actively participate in related English activities. Related research has indicated that some learners are more successful than others because they approach learning tasks with more efficient methods \hyperref[b3]{(Chamot, 1987;}\hyperref[b23]{Oxford, 1992;}\hyperref[b26]{Rubin, 1975)}. \hyperref[b17]{Huang and Tzeng (2000)} examined how competent English achievers effectively utilize available learning strategies. They found that nearly all participants adopted active attitudes in seeking input and output opportunities to practice their English. In addition to passively receiving reading and listening materials and instructions provided by their institutions, the study participants also actively searched for additional sources of English input. The respondents were also found to effectively utilize their time by listening to English radio programs, speaking English with friends or during class, reading English language materials, and leaving messages in English. \hyperref[b17]{Huang and Tzeng (2000)} claimed that in environments, such as Taiwan, where English was a foreign language, a sufficient supply of English input and practice opportunities were necessary to fully immerse the students in a meaningful foreign language experience. Additionally, learners needed to become self-motivated to the extent that they could independently seek out English input and practice opportunities to increase their English exposure. \section[{VI.}]{VI.} \section[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par This study thoroughly elucidates the sociopsychological variables for EFL learning among technological institute students in Taiwan. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicates that selfconfidence is the most significant predictor variable of English language proficiency. We believe that the lack of self-confidence stems from the students' history of lower academic performance than that of the average university student. While self-confidence was perceived as an affective state, external supplementation through positive reinforcement, as well as socially interactive encouragement may significantly boost students' selfconfidence. These technological institute students were generally considered to be less academically successful than university students, resulting in a foreign language acquisition impediment.\par For technological institute students, therefore, building self-confidence with a foreign language not only involves the learners' psychological state, but also additional effort on the language practitioners' behalf. \hyperref[b13]{Horwitz and Young (1991)} suggested that increasing students' knowledge of the language-learning process increased their acquisition and self-confidence capabilities. \hyperref[b4]{Clement et al. (1994)} noted that building self-confidence in second language usage would lower learner anxiety and increase self-perceptions.\par Motivation, the second most significant predictor in this study, was also the most significant predictor variable in \hyperref[b14]{Hu (2001)}. Comparing those results demonstrated the significance and viability of academic background based precursors towards English language proficiency of Taiwanese EFL learners. Additionally, senior high school students appeared to be more confident of their academic achievement than their vocational high school counterparts. Although not located as the most significant predictor, motivation was still a significant predictor variable for technological institute students.\par Therefore, motivating students, integratively or instrumentally, was vital when helping them build self-confidence. When equally motivated, a major separator between technological institute students and university students was the confidence stemming from their knowledge base: university students excelled in their existing, broader academic foundation.\par Academically underdeveloped, technological institute students were faced with the additional difficulty of reconstructing a healthy selfconfidence. Moreover, comparing motivation and selfconfidence revealed that the latter was a generally more difficult barrier: motivation could be externally influenced, while constructing self-confidence required a systematic combination of various factors, including psychological, intellectual, and tactile learning experiences.\par The third significant predictor variable -i.e. indirect culture contact -was also noteworthy. Taiwanese language teachers should encourage students to indulge themselves in popular, yet effective English learning strategies, including watching English movies and TV programs (without Chinese language subtitles), as well as learning English songs to further aid them in their learning process. When integrated into the student's learning experience, all of the previous conditions can allow students to become proficient in English as a foreign language.\begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{} \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.03790322580645161\textwidth}P{0.6883064516129033\textwidth}P{0.06975806451612902\textwidth}P{0.05403225806451613\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Socio-Psychological Predictors of EFL Learners' English Language Proficiency}\\ \tabcellsep Socio-psychological Variables\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{English Language Proficiency}\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Variables\tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Grammar Test\tabcellsep Listening\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Test\\ \tabcellsep Motivation\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep I want to be a U. S. immigrant (MOTI1)\tabcellsep ---\tabcellsep ---\\ \tabcellsep I want to get a better job (MOTI2)\tabcellsep ---\tabcellsep ---\\ \tabcellsep English is useful when travelling abroad (MOTI3)\tabcellsep .13**\tabcellsep .10*\\ Year 2013\tabcellsep I want to be able to communicate with foreigners in English (MOTI4) I want to study in English-based countries (MOTI5)\tabcellsep .25** .27**\tabcellsep .22** .25**\\ \tabcellsep I can obtain greater social appreciation (MOTI6)\tabcellsep ---\tabcellsep ---\\ 2 20 2 34\tabcellsep I am interested in learning English (MOTI7)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Volume XIII Issue XIV Version I Global Journal of Human Social Science ( ) G\tabcellsep English is required for my schoolwork (MOTI8) English is a required course (MOTI9) I am interested in English-based cultures (MOTI10) Other reasons:\textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore \textunderscore (MOTI11) Language Shock I can communicate clearly when using English (LANG12) I can do impromptu conversation drills in class (LANG13) I can emulate the teacher's pronunciation in class without feeling anxiety (LANG14) I have no difficulty when speaking in English I don't feel nervous when I don't understand what the addresser says to me in English (LANG16) When the addressee doesn't understand what I have said, I have the courage to say it again (LANG17) Self-confidence I feel that I am talented in learning foreign languages (SELF18) I am talented in acquiring up a foreign language pronunciation (SELF19) I am quick to pick up pronunciation techniques (SELF20) I can quickly learn new vocabulary (SELF21) I can sufficiently read English (SELF22) (LANG15)\tabcellsep .39** ------.32** .26** .30** .25** .18** .23** .38** .31** .29** .33** .41** .32**\tabcellsep .31** ------.24** .15** .20** .19** ---.17** .30** .23** .23** .24** .30** .20**\\ \tabcellsep I can listen to English language radio shows\tabcellsep .37**\tabcellsep .32**\\ \tabcellsep without difficulty (SELF23)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep I am capable of English composition (SELF24)\tabcellsep .40**\tabcellsep .31**\\ \tabcellsep Dominance\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep U. S. government policies can influence that of\tabcellsep ---\tabcellsep .10*\\ \tabcellsep Taiwan's (DOMI25)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep The U. S. economy influences Taiwan's economy\tabcellsep ---\tabcellsep ---\\ \tabcellsep (DOMI26)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.0866504854368932\textwidth}P{0.24344660194174755\textwidth}P{0.1691747572815534\textwidth}P{0.10315533980582524\textwidth}P{0.13616504854368933\textwidth}P{0.11140776699029126\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{predicting grammar test a}\tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{Step Predictor}\tabcellsep F-to-\tabcellsep P\tabcellsep Multiple\tabcellsep R 2\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep enter\tabcellsep \tabcellsep R\tabcellsep \\ 1\tabcellsep SELF22\tabcellsep 100.37\tabcellsep .000\tabcellsep .433\tabcellsep .188\\ 2\tabcellsep SELF24\tabcellsep 72.74\tabcellsep .000\tabcellsep .501\tabcellsep .251\\ 3\tabcellsep MOTI7\tabcellsep 57.75\tabcellsep .000\tabcellsep .535\tabcellsep .286\\ 4\tabcellsep INDI53\tabcellsep 44.99\tabcellsep .002\tabcellsep .543\tabcellsep .295\\ 5\tabcellsep MOTI5\tabcellsep 37.41\tabcellsep .025\tabcellsep .551\tabcellsep .303\\ 6\tabcellsep INDI49\tabcellsep 32.24\tabcellsep .030\tabcellsep .557\tabcellsep .311\\ a\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_3}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.2833333333333333\textwidth}P{0.20305555555555557\textwidth}P{0.1322222222222222\textwidth}P{0.06138888888888888\textwidth}P{0.09916666666666667\textwidth}P{0.07083333333333333\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{predicting listening testb}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{Step Predictor}\tabcellsep F-to-\tabcellsep P\tabcellsep Multiple\tabcellsep R 2\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep enter\tabcellsep \tabcellsep R\tabcellsep \\ 1\tabcellsep SELF23\tabcellsep 60.244\tabcellsep .002\tabcellsep .347\tabcellsep .120\\ 2\tabcellsep MOTI7\tabcellsep 38.518\tabcellsep .001\tabcellsep .386\tabcellsep .149\\ 3\tabcellsep SELF24\tabcellsep 28.985\tabcellsep .004\tabcellsep .407\tabcellsep .165\\ b Model\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{c) Ranking of hypothetical variables}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_4}Table 3 :}\end{figure} \footnote{© 2013 Global Journals Inc. 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