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\title{The Development Syndrome: Differences, Discrimination and the Discourse of Slum}
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             \author[1]{Dr. Sribas  Goswami}

             \affil[1]{  Serampore College}

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\date{\small \em Received: 15 December 2012 Accepted: 31 December 2012 Published: 15 January 2013}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Slums are known as culture of poverty. Thus there is lack of proper shelter, lack of basic requirements such as clean air, clean water, suitable toilets, and electricity. Lack of proper diet affects many, especially the growing children, lack of medical facilities result in spread of diseases, leading to ill health and loss of man-powers, lack of transport results in longer commuting times and longer hours to reach essential destinations. The concept of a slum varies widely from country to country and depends on a variety of defining parameters. Sometimes slums are used interchangeably with squatters. In general, it is considered as a residential area in urban vicinity inhabited by the very deprived who have no access to tenured land of their own, and hence ?squat? on vacant land, either private or public. For the thousands of poor in developing areas in India, especially urban areas have always been a means for improving their quality of life and environment, besides getting superior jobs and incomes. This, in contrast to deteriorating situation in the countryside areas has generated a substantial flow of migrants to cities, mainly in the last three decades. Priorities of urban migrants transform over time, depending on different conditions that they find themselves. The Raipur city is projecting immense development with sky scrapers, fancy flyovers, massive shopping malls and multiplexes. But what are co-existing are poverty, poverty of employment, poverty of shelter, poverty of basic necessities and poverty of access to basic infrastructure like electricity, water, drainage and sanitation. Housing for the poor is so scarce and consequently slums are mushrooming everywhere, with little action on the part of the authorities to ensure cheap housing for the poor. The so called slum rehabilitation authority does precious little by way of locating suitable land and constructing tenements with basic necessities. Poverty can be seen in the form of slum.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{development discourse, stakeholders, marginalized groups, vulnerability, underdevelopment.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
here is no consensus on a definition of urban poverty but two broad complementary approaches are prevalent: economic and sociological understanding. Conventional fiscal definitions utilize income or consumption complemented by a range of other social indicators such as life expectancy at birth, infant mortality, diet, the proportion of the household funds spent on food, literacy, school dropout rates, access to health clinics and drinking water, to categorize poor groups against a common index of material welfare (Wratten 1995; \hyperref[b7]{Satterthwaite 1995)}. Sociological studies of poverty have shown that Author: Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Serampore College, West Bengal, India. e-mail: sribasgoswami@gmail.com people's own idea of disadvantage often differ from those of professional experts. Enormous value is attached to qualitative dimensions. More generally, there has been a widening of the argument on poverty to include more subjective definitions such as vulnerability, power and social exclusion. These concepts have been functional for analyzing what increases the risk of poverty and the underlying reasons why people remain in poverty. Susceptibility is not synonymous with poverty, but refers to powerlessness, insecurity and exposure to risk, shocks and anxiety. Vulnerability is reduced by resources, such as human investment in health and education; productive assets including houses and household equipment; access to community infrastructure; stores of funds, jewellery and gold and claims on other households, the government and global community for resources at times of need (Chambers 1995, cited by Wratten 1995). Social exclusion is seen as a state of ill-being and disablement or disempowerment, incapability which individuals and groups experience. It is manifested in 'patterns of social relationships in which people and groups are denied access to goods, services, activities and resources which are associated with citizenship'  {\ref (ILO, 1996)}.\par
Most studies endeavor to describe urban poverty have focused on drawing out the distinctiveness of urban poverty, often by evaluating rural with urban poverty. However, there is still much deliberation as to whether urban poverty differs from rural poverty and whether policies to address the two should focus on different facet of poverty. In some views, rural and urban poverty are interconnected and there is a need to think both urban and rural poverty together for they have several structural causes in general, e.g. socially constructed constraints to opportunities (class, gender) and macroeconomic policies. Many points to the important connections between the two, as domestic livelihood or survival strategies have both rural and urban components \hyperref[b7]{(Satterthwaite 1995)}. Baker  {\ref (1995)} and Wratten (1995) also reveal this point in terms of rural-urban migration, seasonal labour, allowances and family support networks. Baker (1995) illustrates how urban and rural households adopt a range of diversification strategies, by having one foot in rural activities and another in urban. Urban poverty is a separate category from rural poverty is also challenging because of different yardsticks for defining urban in different countries. The urban-rural segregation is more a continuum rather than a rigid dichotomy.\par
The Raipur city is projecting immense development with sky scrapers, massive shopping malls and multiplexes. But what are co-existing are poverty, shortage of employment, shortage of shelter, lack of basic necessities and poverty of access to basic infrastructure like power, water, drainage and sanitation. Housing for the marginalized sections is so scarce and consequently slums are growing everywhere, with little action on the part of the authorities to ensure inexpensive housing for the poor. The so-called slums rehabilitation authority does precious little by way of locating appropriate land and constructing tenements with basic provisions. Poverty can be seen through the appearance of slum. The development in Raipur creates a paradox; in which on the one hand Raipur is emerging with tremendous growth potential on the other hand number of urban poor is growing with heavy impetus. Slums here may be the byproduct of the development.\par
Here the concern is to explore the development discourse in the form of slums and urban poor. Paradox of economic growth in urban areas is the growing number of urban poor. In spite of Raipur's prominent role in economy of the region, urban population and especially urban poor face serious problems in terms of access to infrastructure, diversity of livelihood opportunities, and basic services. Increasing population pressure resulting in deterioration of physical environment and quality of life further aggravates the problem. In this study, dimensions of urban poverty and key issues for urban poor and those living in slums are discussed in detail. The magnitude of poverty and slums has been discussed in detail as part of this paper.\par
This study presents an overview of the urban poverty in Raipur. More than one third of Raipur's population resides in slums, squatters and other poor settlements. Their contribution to city's economy has been also been growing over the period. In the absence of developed territory and clear policy to address their troubles, the poor suffer from several inadequacies in terms of access to vital services, socio-economic needs. It is needed, therefore, to articulate policies and programmes to mainstream the slum communities with the city, both in terms of infrastructure facilities and social and economic development.\par
The present research broadly comes into the category of urban sociology where an effort is made to understand the problems of poor living slums of Raipur city. As it is known that sociology is an academic and applied discipline that studies society and human social interaction. Sociological investigation ranges from the analysis of short contacts between anonymous individuals on the street to the study of universal social processes. It is the study of the individuals, groups and institutions and their associations that make up human society. Sociology is the study of social living, social transformation, and the social causes and consequences of individual behavior. Sociologists explore the construction of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people act together within these contexts. Since human behavior is formed by social factors, the subject material of Sociology ranges from the close family to the hostile mob; from organized crime to religious cults; from the differentiation of race, gender and social class to the shared beliefs of a general culture. In fact, few fields have such broad scope and relevance for study, theory, and application of knowledge such as urban sociology. Sociology offers many distinctive perspectives on the world, generating original ideas and critiquing the old. The field also offers a variety of research techniques that can be applied to virtually any phase of social life: street crime and delinquency, how people express emotions, welfare or education reform, urban poverty, how families differ and flourish, or problems of harmony and war. Because Sociology addresses the mainly challenging issues of our time, it is a speedily growing field whose potential is increasingly tapped by those who frame policies and create programs. Sociologists understand social inequality, patterns of behavior, forces for societal change and resistance, and how societal systems work.\par
Urban is a common name, from the Latin 'urbanus'. The urban population comprises all persons living in urbanized areas (which contain at least one town of 50,000 and its surrounding closely settled region) and places of 2,500 or more inhabitants outside of urbanized areas. Urban sociology is the sociological study of social life and human interaction in urban areas. During the industrial revolution, sociologists such as Weber and Durkheim focused on the increasing urbanization of societal life and its effects on people's feelings of alienation and anonymity. The Chicago School has a major contribution in the study of urban sociology. Many of their answers have been refined or rejected, but the lasting influence of the Chicago School can still be found in today's teachings. Using sociological supposition, the writer explains many urban problems associated with cultural diffusion, immigration, mob warfare, pollution and more. Spatial / environmental considerations are of primary importance to this discussion. In Urban Sociology, Studs Terkel, Elijah Anderson and Elliot Liebow consider their works with regard to race, poverty, gender and ethics. These works all represent different perspectives on race and urban issues, and provide compelling support against the common stereotypes of the day. This study is pursued through urban sociology perspective.\par
Urbanization is an index of transformation from traditional rural economies to modern industrial one. It is progressive concentration \hyperref[b2]{(Davis, 1965)}   
\section[{( ) c}]{( ) c}\par
The Development Syndrome: Differences, Discrimination and the Discourse of Slum of switch from spread out pattern of human arrangements to one of concentration in urban centers. It is a limited process-a cycle through which a nation pass as they evolve from agrarian to industrial civilization  {\ref (Davis and Golden, 1954)}. He has mentioned three phases in the process of urbanization. Stage one is the initial phase characterized by rural traditional society with predominance in agriculture and dispersed pattern of settlements. Phase two refers to acceleration phase where basic restructuring of the market and investments in social overhead capitals including communications take place. Proportion of urban population gradually increases from 25\% to 40\%, 50\%, 60\% and so on. Dependence on primary sector gradually decline. Third phase is known as terminal stage where urban population exceeds 70\% or more. At this stage level of urbanization \hyperref[b2]{(Davis, 1965)} remains more or less same or constant. Rate of escalation of urban population and entire population becomes same at this terminal stage. 
\section[{II. Selection of Samples for Empirical}]{II. Selection of Samples for Empirical}\par
Study and the Universe Raipur city is located in Central India at Chhattisgarh state. 135 slums are declared formally by the government located in various places within the city boundary. Some of these are situated in the heart of the city. It should be noted that out of 135 slums only few are densely populated whereas others are thinly populated. These slums have 22777 dwelling units with total population 1, 59,120. According to the demographic characteristic a list is prepared on the basis of population size and the list is stratified accordingly with two phases namely East and West phase. Two slums from each phase are taken as sample covered with all the components are selected for in-depth survey. During the process of selection of these slums, following factors are taken into consideration: (a) large population with diversified characteristics: (b) they should have been covered with socio-economic programmes. It is found that large slums are mostly situated in the East and the West part of the city. So samples are taken from the highest populated slums from Eastern and Western phase of the city as these four slums have greater opportunity to represent the slum community of Raipur as a whole. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Sources of data \& Technique and Tools}]{Sources of data \& Technique and Tools}\par
The data have been collected from secondary and primary sources. Interviews: Interviews from the field with respondents, word counselors and slum leaders have been conducted to elicit their opinions and experiences in slum life with the help of interview schedule. 
\section[{IV. Conceptualizing Social and Urban Development}]{IV. Conceptualizing Social and Urban Development}\par
Society develops by building up higher and higher levels of organization. The establishments of each successive new layers of organization occur as an overlay on the foundations of the society's previous achievements. We refer to these essential foundations as the infrastructure for the next stage of development. The term infrastructure is commonly used to refer to the physical infrastructure of roads, ports, navigable rivers, railways and electric power that support economic activity. Here we give extended meaning to the term by including three other levels of infrastructure -social, mental and psychological --that are necessary for further developmental achievements. The social infrastructure consist of all the laws, systems, administrative, commercial, productive and financial organizations like colleges, research institutes, banks, stock exchanges, courts, etc. built up during previous stages of development that serve as a foundation for future progress. The mental infrastructure includes the availability of information, the level of education and awareness in society, the technical knowledge and skills of the workforce. The psychological infrastructure consists of the collective social energy, aspirations, attitudes and values that make the society open to new ideas, responsive to opportunities, willing to change, dynamic and hard working -all of which are essential characteristics for rising to higher levels of development.\par
The infrastructure of highways is a physical organization of linked roads connecting major centers of population, production, trade and consumption making possible the organization of commerce, industry and tourism. The educational infrastructure consists of a network of schools, colleges and training institutions covering different levels and specialized fields making possible the dissemination of acquired knowledge and skills together with research and experimentation. The legal infrastructure includes an interdependent fabric of laws, law-makers, enforcement agencies, judicial authorities, penal institutions and legal practitioners that serve as an essential foundation for maintenance of peace, the organization of civil society and commercial activity. The established fields of knowledge in society are similarly organized into specialized subjects, branches and levels upon which further advances of knowledge are founded. Each successive level of development requires the establishment of an essential infrastructure to support it. This conception underscores the need for multiple levels and types of infrastructure for the successful development of any new activity. The results of any development initiative will depend on the strength and quality of the underlying infrastructure. Supplying missing infrastructures can have a strong energizing effect in society (World Academy of Art and Science, 1999).\par
Economics regards human labor as one of the inputs for production of goods and services and has evolved measures of productivity in terms of the labor cost per unit of output or value of national product. This is a very limited view of the contribution of human beings to social productivity that may be useful in measuring the overall efficiency and sophistication of economic systems, but reveals only a small part of their role in social development. Up to the advent of mechanization, the most prominent role of people in development was through physical labor -hunting in the forests, harvesting the fields, rowing boats, laying bricks for houses and roads. But even during the earliest stages of this process, the input of physical energy was accompanied by an input of manual skill, organizing capacity and intelligent discrimination as well. Over the centuries the physical, social and mental skills of the work force were developed hand in hand with the development of technology, social organization and scientific knowledge. Each advance in the methods of manufacture, transportation, communication, and exchange required a corresponding advance in the capabilities of the work force. Even with the widespread introduction of mechanized technologies during the past 150 years, physical labor remains an essential input for all but a few fully automated production processes. However, the skill and knowledge required today for manual workers to handle materials, operate and maintain machines, conform to work rules, safety regulations and management systems, perform quality audits and coordinate activities far exceed the capacities required even for many of the most highly skilled tasks in earlier centuries. At the same time, the proportion of the work force engaged in manual labor has declined radically with the shift from agriculturebased to industrial and service economies. Attributing social development to technological advances diverts attention from the fact that tremendous increases in the depth and breadth of knowledge and technical skills possessed by scientists, engineers, designers, inventors, technicians and operators at all levels and in all fields are responsible for the development, application, and utilization of these technological advances. Technological advances are not the accomplishments of the machine. They are the achievements of human beings.\par
The remarkable advances in the development of organizations conform to the same principle. It is the continued growth in the capacity of human beings to envisage, design, plan, distribute, systematize, standardize, organize, and integrate actions, systems and organizations into larger, more complex and more productive arrangements which are responsible for the process of social development discussed in this study.\par
Looking forward, we may ask what are the limits then to social development imposed by the paramount role of people in the process? We have seen that energy, knowledge, skills, attitudes, aspirations and organizational capacities are the essential determinants of human productivity. Human energy is based on physical health. It is augmented by peace, political and social freedoms. It is released by opportunities for economic gain and personal advancement. It is elevated in its expressions by education and higher values. Humanity is healthier and better fed today than at any time in the past, yet more than a billion people still live in poverty. The physical improvement in the health and nutritional levels of the poor throughout the world would provide the physical basis for far higher levels of human productivity in the future. With the elimination of wars, the spread of democratic forms of governance and market economies, the political, social and economic conditions needed to release human energies for higher levels of accomplishment are being met today more than at any time in the past. The worldwide revolution of rising expectations is one expression. In many countries today, no more than half of the population has had the benefit of even a rudimentary primary education. No country can yet claim that even a majority of its people is truly well educated. The movement toward universal education at the primary level and advancement of more and more people to higher levels of education is still gaining momentum all over the world. With each successive decade it will add immeasurably to the quality and capabilities of the work force and the development potential of society. Increasing physical security, social freedom, economic opportunity and higher education are powerful forces for the refinement of attitudes and elevation of human aspirations. The cumulative impact of these positive influences will prepare the way for far higher levels and faster rates of social development than have been achieved or conceived of until now.\par
As has been stated earlier, the principles of development are the same for individuals, organizations and societies. The basis for this statement should now be more evident. It is said that the process of development occurs when there is an accumulation of surplus energy, awareness of opportunities and challenges, and a strong aspiration for higher accomplishment. These conditions are applicable to individuals and organizations as they are within the societies. Individuals take initiatives to further their own accomplishments when they accumulate more energy than is needed just for their survival or maintenance of the status quo. This energy gets released when the individual becomes aware of an opportunity or is confronted by a pressing challenge. The intensity of aspiration determines the intensity of the individual's effort to exploit the opportunity or meet the challenge. When the society accepts a new type of activity, it takes steps to organize it and integrate it with other activities of the society, so that other members of the collective can acquire the necessary knowledge, skills and opportunity to take it up. The individual also organizes new behaviors, acquires new skills and knowledge, and integrates them within a total life style. The aspiring entrepreneur consciously designs new systems and organizes the new activities of his business to attract investors, skilled employees and customers. The time comes when the organized activity of the society matures into an institution that can flourish even in the absence of active organizational support. So too, a time comes when the individual's new behavior becomes a natural endowment of personality that the individual expresses naturally and effortlessly. The mature entrepreneur scrutinizes every new information and each situation looking for new opportunities, considers every new contact as a prospective investor, employee or customer, and directs all his knowledge and skill for the growth of his business.\par
The most discernible trend during the physical stage of development is the growth of population. In the physical period, the primary target of society was to ensure the survival of the community in the face of warfare, famine, and epidemic infection. The first result of advancement in agriculture, defense and urban settlements were an increase in population. In the contemporary age of the population explosion, growth of population is frequently viewed as a barrier to growth rather than a measure of it. But in previous centuries, population escalation has always been inadequate by the capability of society to sustain larger numbers of people. The concentration of population in early agricultural settlements led to development of fortified towns, providing physical security from external threats. The creation of towns represents the development of a higher type of physical organization. With few exceptions, these cities were very small by modern standards, rarely exceeding 100,000 population, but more densely populated than the most crowded modern metropolises. The concentration of larger populations increased the occurrence, speed and intensity of social interactions, providing far greater need and opening for economic exchange than occurred in sparsely populated rural areas. It created stress on society to continuously increase food production. It created a growing market for goods and services that encouraged social inventiveness (Macfarlane, Jacobs \& Asokan, 1998).\par
The growth of population center like Raipur in turn depends upon and is facilitated by advances in the physical organization of the arrangement. The town is organized into sectors. Roads were laid, bridges are built, markets are constructed and ports are developed.\par
In some instances aqueducts are built to transport drinking water and sewers are dug to carry away wastes and drain rainwater. This physical infrastructure enabled towns to grow into larger urban centers, further intensifying the number, size and variety of economic interactions. City becomes centers for government, trade, manufacturing, education, recreation and cultural activities. These compactly populated areas where people, capital and information accumulated become powerful engines for development. The population becomes far more aware of what was taking place in other places. Pioneering inventions and innovations are quickly imitated by others. The growing frequency, efficiency, speed, complexity and intensity of human interactions through the organizations of urban communities are the basis for the significant developmental achievements of the physical stage.\par
For the scholar, development is a particular activity of society seen in certain periods. For the social being it is an ever-present, non-stop activity whose force varies with periods and circumstances. This is true of survival, expansion, development and evolution. These are all the same activity at source with varying degrees of energy, intensity, organization, result and aims. That is why we declare that these four phenomena exist in each of them. Evolution can be called as fast moving survival and survival is evolution. Commission for Social Development measured five specific topics: (a) sharing of experiences and practices in social development (b) forging partnerships for social development (c) social responsibility of the private sector (d) impact of employment strategies on social development and (e) policies and role of international financial institutions and their effect on national social development strategies (Commission for Social Development  {\ref Reports, 2003)}.\par
Development begins as a physical action. The power released by the physical is always the lowest and the awareness of the being is also at the lowest in the physical and highest in the brain. The true centre of force is vital. It is vital that energizes the body as well as the mind. Still, the physical labor releases the energy in low volumes. Mind, by lending its understanding to the vital, is capable of energizing it numerous folds. As the development experience started with the physical and essentially remains in that plane, development is necessarily slow and unconscious.\par
"Social development means literacy, education, good heath, and all that goes to make good health possible, like food and nutrition security, drinking water, easy availability of medical and health facilities both preventive and curative and full and productive employment. It means life for the individual in freedom and dignity, free from being discriminated against on the ground of sex, race, colour, religion or caste. It means life in security where the society in which the individual lives lets the individual live in a manner that suits him while at the same time not infringing on other people's\par
The Development Syndrome: Differences, Discrimination and the Discourse of Slum rights. "Social development obviously also means living in economic security, fostered by rapid national economic development accompanied by distributive justice", (Copenhagen, March 1995).\par
Development, says the report (World Development Report, 1992) "is about improving the wellbeing of people, rising living standard and improving education, health, and equality of opportunity. Though economic development is an essential means of enabling development, but in itself it is highly imperfect proxy for progress". Social development can be summarily described as the process of organizing human energies and activities at higher levels to achieve greater results. Development increases the utilization of human potential.\par
Social development consists of two interrelated aspects -learning and application. Society discovers better ways to fulfill its aspirations and it develops organizational mechanisms to express that knowledge to achieve its social and economic goals. The process of discovery expands human consciousness. The process of application enhances social organization.\par
Social development should generate a framework around which all knowledge of the factors, instruments, conditions, agencies and processes of development can be integrated. Rather than singling out a specific set of determinants or giving primacy to a limited set of instruments, it would reveal the nature of the relationships and processes that govern the interaction of all these elements to generate developmental outcome. Rather than generate a linear formula or 'right' perspective, it would make it possible to view the whole field and phenomenon of development from multiple perspectives that are integrated and unified ways of knowing the entire, rather than divided and separate ways of viewing the parts.\par
Traditionally, the concept of development has been mainly considered in terms of economic growth or income. But over the years, perspectives on development and its rationale have changed. A fundamental shift occurred in 1990, with the introduction of the concept of human development (UNDP, 1990). Thus, development began to focus on people with the rationale that improving people.\par
Social So social development have multidimensional aspects, which covers eradication of poverty, promotion of productive employment acceleration of social integration, opportunity of quality education etc. Social well-being is also designated to enable each individual to improve his ability to take charge of his destiny by means of fruitful activities in the economic, social, cultural, moral, and political fields and to participate in the choices and decisions concerning the society in its collective orientation. To achieve these objectives social development policy must focus on the human person, equity, social justice and security together with social cohesion, respect for human rights and nondiscrimination and finally the participation of the people in the whole range of development policies. Social development calls for strategic investments in health, It is widely agreed that preservation of human dignity and fulfillment of basic needs are the foremost duties of every society. While there is wide agreement on this goal, differences of opinion exist on the question of the degree to which these basics should be supplied and, as well, how they should be supplied. These differences allow for different paths of development.\par
From the common denominator "basic needs," one can deduct five basic goals of development: Economic growth to secure food and other requirements for the population; ? Social justice to reduce inequality; ? Employment as means of earning an income but, as well, because of its ethical and social value; ? Participation as political involvement and social sharing; ? Independence as freedom from external domination.\par
While individual societies may have different opinions on the priorities of these goals, in the absence of a general theory of development; one can use the criterion of fulfillment of these goals as a yardstick in development. Development is then understood as a simultaneous progress towards these five goals.\par
The mainstream discussion on urban development addresses issues of economic growth, and the debate on sustainable cities focuses on environmental problems. Both exclude the development concerns of the poor. A new inclusive approach to sustainable cities in India puts the perspective of poor and marginalized sectors at the centre of its vision. People-centred development, or sustainable human development, has gained increasing acceptance over the last 10 years. It emphasizes that development should be broad-based and bottom-up, redistributive and just, empowering and environmentally sustainable; seeking to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED1987). In 1992, United Nations Conference on Environment and Developments (UNCED) Agenda 21 outlined programmes that go beyond ecological sustainability to include other dimensions of sustainable development such as equity, economic growth and popular participation. Indeed, the principles of sustainable human development and Agenda 21 are converging.\par
Techno-managerial approaches to sustainable urban development treat the concept of sustainable cities as a partnership among diverse interest groups. But, as  {\ref Satterthwaite (1996)} comments, the consensus to move towards sustainable cities and sustainable human settlements is at best an illusion, one which allowed the international agencies to claim that they were the leaders in promoting sustainable cities, when in reality they have contributed much to the growth of cities where sustainable development goals are not met.\par
Different groups gave different meaning to the term, but for cities to be genuinely sustainable, Satterthwaite argues that it is necessary to consider the underlying economic, social and political causes of poverty or social exclusion.\par
The move towards a sustainable city has to be based on an inclusive approach comprising four pillars: ? Environmental sustainability. ? Social equity. ? Economic growth with redistribution. ? The political empowerment of the disempowered. This holistic approach incorporates the interests of the poor and the disempowered, challenging the existing systems, whether global or local that has led to unsustainable development. An equitable system could achieve sustainable human development that is employment generating, resource recycling, waste minimizing, socially sustainable and politically just. These four dimensions have to be approached simultaneously in the process of development; at present, one dimension takes precedence over the others within a fragmented and sectoral approach to sustainable development.\par
The urbanization process is widely acknowledged to be associated with increasing levels of national production and higher levels of per capita GDP; poverty remains a persistent feature of urban life in India, both in terms of income and immigrants' living conditions. Economic growth in cities has been found to be insufficient to achieve poverty alleviation. Government action has focused on welfare and habitat improvements under various poverty alleviation programmes but has been unable to make linkages between these improvements and increases in productivity and income for the urban poor. The weaknesses of current policies of poverty alleviation at the national level are due to certain misconceptions about poverty: firstly, that the poor represent a drain on the urban economy rather than a source of productivity; secondly, that poverty can be seen as a welfare question, with income-raising objectives left largely to national economic growth reports and assumed trickledown development processes  {\ref (Kundu, 2003)}. Slums are the byproduct of urbanization.\par
Numerous researchers are concerned with development and change in human societies followed three key trajectories of societal change. The most elementary one, socioeconomic development, has been described as a set of closely linked changes including technological innovation, productivity growth, improving health and life expectancy, increasing incomes, rising levels of education, growing access to information and increasing social complexity. The second process 'value change' comes along with socioeconomic progress\par
The Development Syndrome: Differences, Discrimination and the Discourse of Slum when expanding markets and social mobilization diversify and intensify human activities, such as commercial dealings and civic exchange. These processes strengthen horizontal bargaining affairs and weaken vertical authority affairs that confine human autonomy. Third major process involves a society's political institutions. The most notable development in this field has been a massive trend towards more democracy. This happened in two ways during the past three decades. Most obviously, many authoritarian regimes changed into formal democracies by adopting democratic constitutions in the 'Third Wave of Democratization'. Some of the aspects of development are taken for consideration to measure the level of people participation in this process as stakeholder. Through an empirical study slum dwellers attitude and feedback are recorded regarding development.\par
V. 
\section[{General Outlook of Respondents}]{General Outlook of Respondents}\par
Residing in Various Slums on Development Social development provides innovative, practical solutions that enhance options and opportunities for poor women, men, girls and boys. This can be macro-policies and processes promoting poverty reduction, equity and inclusion, or they can be targeted more directly at poverty reduction and empowerment, such as leading on social protection strategies and community development programmes, action to tackle violence against women and support for enhanced accountability and transparency. Table \hyperref[tab_2]{1} shows a very general view of the respondents with some simplified criteria on social development. Some of the respondents think (42\%) that social development means progress in economic life, for some others it appears as cultural and moral development and the opinion of 38\% respondents is that it consists of many things such as welfare of human beings with every short of opportunity for livelihood. So these are the mixed opinions in the form of gross oversimplification.\par
The aim of social and economic development in their view is to improve the quality of living standards of the people. They think that state government can play a pivotal role in providing the basic minimum requirements of the people. So the social development can also be done through NGOs' active involvement in the process of development. In these slums most people think that social development means economic prosperity in life.  Source: Personal Survey-2012\par
The counselors not only have a larger stake in and commitment to improving the living conditions of their communities, but their own importance in greater domain is decisive factor for the well-being of their communities. Therefore, peoples' involvement and participation play crucial role in bringing about change. Conscious efforts to involve them through the cooperative are made. The counselors are the key persons for implementation of any policy. Some time denial of slum dwellers' participation in the drafting of the various policies and programs for them made by the local leader is noticed. The planning process and the experience with development projects so far indicate that citizens have been totally excluded from the discussion about the location and nature of development projects, their size, their socio-environment impact, the distribution of their costs and benefits. The above table \hyperref[b3]{(4)} shows that 45.33\% respondents are never asked for their demand and requirement by their counselors, whereas only 12\% people have said they are involved for local job some time. 42.67\% respondents have said that some time they are given due importance for the framing plan for development of local slums. In Kota Basti it seems the decision making process is lagging behind than other slums. The peoples' participation in the decision making process is better in Moulipara. 
\section[{VI.}]{VI.} 
\section[{Development of Raipur City and Slums}]{Development of Raipur City and Slums}\par
It is evident that the new groups, who come to the city to search for entry in the development process, create a new type of residential settlement in contradiction to that of the existing urban groups. Since the new groups are mostly constituted of low-income group of rural migrants, they accept whatever accommodations are available or can be quickly stiff with waste materials or with those that can be procured on low costs on open spaces which are unusable or lying vacant. Generally the operation takes place in groups, initially consisting of relatives and kin's or members from the same caste, village, district, region or language. This process involves illegal occupancy or squatting on public or private lands. They take place independently of the authorities charged with external or institutional control of local building and planning. A very noticeable aspect of these settlements is their location to the work places.\par
Another major characteristic of these settlements is their neo-rural or village like pattern since the dwellers in these settlements follow traditional procedures with regard to building and physical development. It seems to be an attempt for reinterpretation of rural life in an urban condition. The process of formation of these autonomous squatter\par
The Development Syndrome: Differences, Discrimination and the Discourse of Slum settlements makes it not only possible for large number of low income group families to get themselves cheap dwellings but also to supply labour force for a variety of urban activities at a lower costs. Thus the processes of producing autonomous settlements are manifestations of normal urban growth and as such the existence of these settlements is not the problem but that they are uncontrolled and their forms are often distorted. Unless there are alternatives for the millions of immigrants to live, these settlements will exist. It cannot also be assumed that unless the alternatives are found, the poor should not be really in the cities, but should wait patiently in the villages until rural and regional development policies can help them.\par
The inhabitants of low-income pockets in urban areas do not form a separate and distinctive social order. Studies of slums show that their composition is varied and that the slum population does maintain strong and close ties with the established formal and informal institutions of the urban system. Further these studies show the pattern of norms and values are similar to those of the larger society. In other words the urban poor including those forms the slums do not entirely belong to the informal sector and therefore cannot be regarded as a clearly distinguishable part of the urban economy.\par
It is the assumption here that the slum life should be understood in its totality. The major features of slum life are its poverty and reality of this poverty is caused by and in its turn brings about a number of other socio-cultural factors. Therefore analyzing the basic features is essential to understand its links with economic, social, cultural, political institutions. Presently the focus is given on macro as well as micro level social development of slums of Raipur city. Here the slum people are also going on under massive development programmes. The root cause of urban slumming seems to lie not in urban poverty but in urban wealth.\par
Slum in Raipur city developed also surrounding city center, where more affluent citizens, who have moved to the city, have abandoned property taken over by the poor. In the city slums spring up throughout the city, wherever there are markets, shops, factories, middle-class homes, and even in posh residential area-any place in need of cheap labor and services. Although the immediate environment deteriorates because of the crowding, pollution, wealthy, and middle-class families, including those who have fallen on hard times, hangs on to their properties. "The root cause of urban slumming seems to lie not in urban poverty but in urban wealth" \hyperref[b9]{(Verma, 2002)}.\par
Marginalized sections in the slum area lack essential services. The reason for this is in the unplanned and prohibited nature of these settlements. Drawing upon the history of development of a slum in the extended Raipur and, in particular, the acquisition of several services in the slum, interpretation are made about the ways in which slum communities develop an union to build their environment and obtain services. Some people within the slum have the organizational ability to negotiate for services in the slum and in the wider city, while others fail. This leads to speed up development in some areas of the slum and slow down in others. However, it is also observed that slums are homogeneous in this case in terms of physical attributes. There are vulnerable groups within a vulnerable community. In Raipur, the distinguishing feature of a slum is kutcha structures, meaning those structures are mainly built of mud brick, bamboo, or thatch. The term, which derives from the word for 'crude' or 'unripe', refers to a house that is makeshift, flimsy, and unfinished, as opposed to pucca, the widely known Indian expression which derives from 'mature' or "cooked" and which means built with good materials and designed to endure. The existing situation in Raipur with regards to land tenure in the slums, occupation and income of the slum residents, education, health, women and girls, children and adult males were understood to develop this concept. While speaking about the social development in slums, multidimensional and multicauses explanations are needed to understand the present context of Raipur city. Hence an effort is made to understand the living condition of poor people in slum areas through this research.\par
With the growth of trade, attention is given to the improvement of systems of communication, and mercantile activities in Raipur received a tremendous stimulus with the opening of railways and other new lines of communications. Naturally the roadways and railways for further improvements, and airport were built. It must be noted that in very recent past the business of Raipur had a very small hinterland comprising only Bilaspur, Bhilai, Nagpur, and a small part of Madhya Pradesh. But the establishment of iron and cement industries in Raipur and its surroundings and the opening of the new lines of communication expanded this hinterland. Nevertheless, urban growth, especially in the capital territory areas, has been exploitative and chaotic, resulting in rising unemployment and low productivity work-sharing in the informal sector, squatting in teeming slums, congestion, encroachment on public space, water and air pollution and deteriorating infrastructure and services. In this context another important aspect is that of the inequality of distribution of resources especially income which has led to the deterioration of the living standards of a section of urban people. This is one of causes of the origins of slums in the city.\par
Slums are scattered across the city in different wards. It is estimated that many slums are located on private lands without access to basic services. The poor, not only habitat the slums of the city but are spread in squatters and informal settlements in small groups near residential colonies, market places, industrial areas, etc., deprived of basic services. This makes them more vulnerable to vicissitudes of nature and periodic threats of eviction, ejection and demolition. Authentic data are not available on the number of such settlements and their population. Another feature is that the Raipur urban agglomeration consists of outgrowth, which is presently not part of the corporation area but inextricably linked with the city both spatially and economically. In all these areas the poor population is very high and all these areas can be considered to be slums without basic infrastructure both physical and social. The number of slums and slum population in Raipur Municipal Corporation are increasing at a faster pace over the decades. The slum population as per 2001 census is over 15, 9120. The slum population has grown up substantially over the last few years and which is exceptionally high. The urban agglomeration, with growth in population is putting heavy demands on services and the urban local bodies are not been able to meet the demands and expectations. 
\section[{VII.}]{VII.} 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
Contemporary discourses in the field of development often focus on the importance that should be given to different economic and social outcomes and the most effective policies to achieve them. Although this discussion has significance, it tends to distract attention from supplementary fundamental issues that need to be addressed, regardless of which goals are accorded the highest priority. A theory of development needs to start not with goals and policies to encourage development, but with knowledge of the indispensable nature and characteristics of development itself, for development is not a set of policies or programs or outcome. It is a process. In the broadest terms applicable to slum societies and historical periods, development can be defined as an upward directional movement of society from minor to superior levels of energy, efficiency, superiority, productivity, comprehension, creativity, mastery, satisfaction and accomplishment. Although the term development is most commonly applied to economic advancement, the term applies equally to political, social and technological progress as well. Indeed, it is extremely complicated to extricate any of these fields of change exclusively from the others, for they are all diverse expressions or dimensions of the wider development of the human collective. However, for the purposes of this discussion, we propose to focus on the field of economic development and consider other fields simply at the points where they most directly interact with and influence economic progress. At the same time, we will try to establish that the same process and the same principles are applicable to all other fields of social life as well. Many factors influence and determine the outcome of this process. There must be a motive force that drives social change, some essential preconditions for that change to occur, barriers that obstruct the process, a variety of resources such as capital and technology which contribute to the process, along with several types and levels of infrastructure that support it. All of these factors need to find an appropriate place in a comprehensive theory. However, there is one central characteristic that most clearly distinguishes development from other forms of social change, but whose importance may not always be appreciated because it is largely non-material in nature. The indispensable nature of the process is the progressive development of social organizations and institutions that harness and direct the social energies for higher levels of accomplishment. It is evident from the study that slum group develops by organizing all the knowledge, human energies and material resources at its disposal to fulfill its aspirations. We will try to look into the several aspects of development for the urban poor and will see how theory is translated it to action.\par
Infrastructural development and civic amenities are required adequately. After bifurcation, Raipur's formation as capital has brought qualitative and quantitative changes among the slum dwellers. Environmental degradation is general phenomenon in slum. Therefore, a system has to be evolved whereby the garbage from slums can be collected from each household and placed in the nearest big garbage collection depots or transaction stations, and after that it can be cleaned by municipal services. Improved hygienic conditions with increased awareness on preventive social medicine can reduce the health hazards in slum residents. It is noted that a bulk number slum dwellers don't believe in casteism, untouchablity system. A very few number of residents feel inferiority complex as they reside in substandard living condition compared with the mainstream society. Raipur slum dwellers are still far from standard quality of life. In Raipur, substantial differences exist among mainstream and slum in terms of mobility, wealth, settlement, facilities, and standard of living etc. Although only a mental outlook cannot alter the structure of opportunities available, it can increase awareness, social skills, knowledge of safe spaces for meeting, and group identification. In order to reduce deeply entrenched gender disparities and enhance women's ability to have a greater voice in decision making about their own lives. They should also devote greater effort to developing group cohesion and to improving communication, negotiation, and decision making skills. As per the data Raipur district stands in fourth position in the state. It has 0.782 education index, and rank is fourth in this regard. Health index is 0.558 and rank is again fourth for this district. Income index is 0.262 with raking six in the state. Finally the HDI is 0.534 for this district.\begin{figure}[htbp]
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\begin{longtable}{P{0.19929378531073447\textwidth}P{0.0480225988700565\textwidth}P{0.06483050847457628\textwidth}P{0.05282485875706215\textwidth}P{0.06483050847457628\textwidth}P{0.0576271186440678\textwidth}P{0.06242937853107345\textwidth}P{0.07443502824858757\textwidth}P{0.06242937853107345\textwidth}P{0.16327683615819208\textwidth}}
Name of\tabcellsep By\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep By\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep By\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep By active\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep Total\\
Slum\tabcellsep feedbac\tabcellsep \tabcellsep asking\tabcellsep \tabcellsep compla\tabcellsep \tabcellsep participatio\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Responden\\
\tabcellsep k\tabcellsep \tabcellsep only\tabcellsep \tabcellsep int only\tabcellsep \tabcellsep n\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ts\\
Kota Basti\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 17.64\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 52.95\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 23.53\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 5.88\tabcellsep 17 (100\%)\\
Kushalpur\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 16.00\tabcellsep 44\tabcellsep 44.00\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 25.00\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 14.66\tabcellsep 100 (100\%)\\
Gandhinagar\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 47.37\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 20.00\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 22.11\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 10.52\tabcellsep 95 (100\%)\\
Moulipara\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep 43.18\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 31.82\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 9.09\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 15.91\tabcellsep 88 (100\%)\\
Total\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 34.00\tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep 33.33\tabcellsep 58\tabcellsep 19.33\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 13.34\tabcellsep 300 (100\%)\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Source: Personal Survey-2012}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.37985751295336784\textwidth}P{0.02532383419689119\textwidth}P{0.02422279792746114\textwidth}P{0.031930051813471506\textwidth}P{0.25433937823834196\textwidth}P{0.029727979274611398\textwidth}P{0.029727979274611398\textwidth}P{0.07487046632124351\textwidth}}
Name of\tabcellsep Always\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep Sometime\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep Never\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep Total\\
Slum\tabcellsep participate\tabcellsep \tabcellsep participate\tabcellsep \tabcellsep participate\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Respondents\\
Kota Basti\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 5.88\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 11.77\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 82.35\tabcellsep 17 (100\%)\\
Kushalpur\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 3.00\tabcellsep 42\tabcellsep 42.00\tabcellsep 55\tabcellsep 55.00\tabcellsep 100 (100\%)\\
Gandhinagar\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 6.32\tabcellsep 46\tabcellsep 48.42\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 45.26\tabcellsep 95 (100\%)\\
Moulipara\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1.14\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 35.23\tabcellsep 56\tabcellsep 63.64\tabcellsep 88 (100\%)\\
Total\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 3.67\tabcellsep 121\tabcellsep 40.33\tabcellsep 168\tabcellsep 56.00\tabcellsep 300 (100\%)\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Source: Personal Survey-2012}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{Table 3 shows that 3.67\% respondents always}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{development programmes. Except Kota Basti people of}\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{participate, 40.33\% respondents some time participate}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{other three slums sometime participate. Regarding}\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{and 56\% people never participate in the development}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{participation of local people in development}\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{programmes of locality. From this table it is seen that for}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{programmes Kota Basti is lagging far behind than other}\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{all slums very few people actively participate in the}\tabcellsep slums.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.15847457627118644\textwidth}P{0.08067796610169492\textwidth}P{0.07203389830508473\textwidth}P{0.09796610169491525\textwidth}P{0.07779661016949152\textwidth}P{0.08932203389830508\textwidth}P{0.07779661016949152\textwidth}P{0.1959322033898305\textwidth}}
Name of\tabcellsep Often\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep Some time\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep Never take\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep Total\\
Slum\tabcellsep takes\tabcellsep \tabcellsep takes\tabcellsep \tabcellsep suggestion\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Respondents\\
\tabcellsep suggestion\tabcellsep \tabcellsep suggestion\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Kota Basti\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 5.88\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 17.65\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 76.47\tabcellsep 17 (100\%)\\
Kushalpur\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 12.00\tabcellsep 29\tabcellsep 29.00\tabcellsep 59\tabcellsep 59.00\tabcellsep 100 (100\%)\\
Gandhinagar\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 15.79\tabcellsep 42\tabcellsep 44.21\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep 40.00\tabcellsep 95 (100\%)\\
Moulipara\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 9.09\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep 61.36\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 29.55\tabcellsep 88 (100\%)\\
Total\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep 12.00\tabcellsep 128\tabcellsep 42.67\tabcellsep 136\tabcellsep 45.33\tabcellsep 300 (100\%)\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
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