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\title{The Parental Attitude of Mentally Retarded Children}
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             \author[1]{Dr. Sribas  Goswami}

             \affil[1]{  Serampore College}

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\date{\small \em Received: 8 December 2012 Accepted: 3 January 2013 Published: 15 January 2013}

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Mental retardation is a worldwide problem and in India it is a shocking and alarming fact that approximately 2.5 to 3% of the total populations are mentally retarded. Mental retardation is not only a biological, educational or psychological problem but it is a multi-dimensional problem of a mixture of psycho-social, biological and educational factor. But the public and professional interest in the etiology of mental retardation and their in the problems faced by retarded children and their families has been at best meager and sporadic. This apathy has persisted despite the high incidence of mental subnormal threats the world, a problem which no society can avoid. This study aims to find out the Parental Attitude of Mentally Retarded children in Kolkata. The study reveals that 27 out of 30 parents have shown their favorable parental attitude which is above 50 % of the total. Rest 3 have shown unfavorable parental attitude, which is below 50 % of the total. But those who are even above 50% do not have 100% positive attitude. As the problem is not a biological, social worker should play a significant role in solving this social problem. Therefore this research study is taken.

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 \par
The Parental Attitude of Mentally Retarded Children\par
Dr. Sribas Goswami Abstract-Mental retardation is a worldwide problem and in India it is a shocking and alarming fact that approximately 2.5 to 3\% of the total populations are mentally retarded. Mental retardation is not only a biological, educational or psychological problem but it is a multi-dimensional problem of a mixture of psycho-social, biological and educational factor. But the public and professional interest in the etiology of mental retardation and their in the problems faced by retarded children and their families has been at best meager and sporadic. This apathy has persisted despite the high incidence of mental subnormal threats the world, a problem which no society can avoid. This study aims to find out the Parental Attitude of Mentally Retarded children in Kolkata. The study reveals that 27 out of 30 parents have shown their favorable parental attitude which is above 50 \% of the total. Rest 3 have shown unfavorable parental attitude, which is below 50 \% of the total. But those who are even above 50\% do not have 100\% positive attitude. As the problem is not a biological, social worker should play a significant role in solving this social problem. Therefore this research study is taken.\par
uman Being is endowed with numerous abilities, mental, intellectual, social temperamental, motivational, attitudinal. But still some person is found deficient in some of the abilities. Sociological, biological and various environmental factors are responsible for the deficiency of the children. They suffer even from prenatal stage as a result of which they are born with several disabilities in mental and even in physical aspects. Though these deficiencies are not expected in the society, but it is the reality that these deficient children exist and they cannot be thrown out of the society. The society has the responsibility to take care of the specific deficiencies from which they suffer, and should render maximum effort to consider them sympathetically and provide them the service so that they can utilize their capacity is the maximum and be a part of the mainstream society.\par
Attitude towards disabled as well as origin and development of welfare and rehabilitation services for these special groups of people are not so clear. Familial structure and family conditions of the disabled, particularly of mentally retarded people are not so clear as research activities in this area have not undertaken sufficiently so far in India and particularly in Kolkata.\par
There are several definitions about mentally retarded. \hyperref[b12]{Luria (1963)} defined mental retardation on the basis of essential cause of mental retardation. According to him -Mental Retarded Children? suffer from a severe brain disease while in the uterus of early childhood, and this has disturbed the normal development of the brain and produced serious anomalies in the mental development ?. The mentally retarded children are sharply distinguished from the normal by the range of ideas he can comprehend and by the character of his perception of reality.? Therefore According to Luria any type of brain damage is essential for being mentally retarded. But there are several cases where mentally retarded individual have no damage in the central nervous system. Therefore the definition of Luria is not accepted by all.\par
According to Mental Health Act 1983, -Severe mental impairment means a state arrested or incomplete development of mind which include severe impairment of intelligence and social functioning and is associated with abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible conduct on the part of the person concern.? This legal definition also is accepted neither by the educationist nor by sociologist.\par
In 1983, the latest and the most accepted definition mentally retarded was published by American Association of Mental Deficiency (AAMD). According to this definition, -Mentally retarded refers to significantly sub average general intellectual functioning result in, or associated with concurrent impairment in adoptive behavior and manifested during development period.? Sociologist defines mentally retarded based on failure in social adjustment. According to Tregold (1937), -Mental deficiency is a state of complete mental development of such a kind and degree that the individual is incapable of adapting himself to the normal environment of fellows in such a way as to maintain existence independently of supervisor, control or external support.? necessary to the provision of quality service delivery as well as to direct prescription as research efforts.? The primary aims are directed towards -1. Assisting in the use of an acceptable, uniform system throughout the world.  \hyperref[b0]{(Biswas 1980}). Many factors contribute to the said picture. 1. Role of the family -Delay in the early closeness between mother and mentally retarded child often induces parental inner turmoil, grief, a sense of disappointment and a feelings of guilt and failure, these feelings of guilt and failure these feelings of parents make a child mentally retarded. 2. Influence of community -Because of inability the retarded child is frequently excluded from his neighbourhood and peers leading to further frustration and feeling of inadequacy. 
\section[{Maternal deprivation -The mentally retarded child}]{Maternal deprivation -The mentally retarded child}\par
needs some more amounts of motherly affection and stimulation. Denial of this leads to loss of resources read inner capability of the child whatever he possess. This matter is of particular importance in the problem of early institutionalization. 4. In -different maternal care -Rejection from parents and institutionalization makes a border line case to mild mentally retarded. 5. Increased family size is also a factor for retardation, as each child receives a smaller amount of attention from their parents. 
\section[{Global Journal of Human Social Science}]{Global Journal of Human Social Science}\par
Volume XIII Issue VI Version I Year 2013 Parental attitudes influence the way parents treat their children and their treatment of the children, in turn, influences their children's attitudes toward them and the way they behave. Fundamentally therefore, the parent-child relationship is dependent on the parents' attitudes.\par
If parental attitudes are favorable, the relationship of parents and children will be far better than when parental attitudes are unfavorable. Like all attitudes, the attitudes of parents toward their children are a product of learning. Many factors help to determine what attitudes will be learned, the most common of these are as follows-1. Dream child 2. Early experience with children color parental attitudes toward their own children. 3. Cultural values about the best way to treat children. 4. Parents who enjoy the parental role and are happy and well adjusted to marriage, reflect their favourable attitudes towards their children. 5. When they feel inadequate and unsure of how to bring up their children that reflects towards the unfavourable behavior. 6. Satisfaction of the parents about their child. 7. Broken relationship also makes unfavourable attitudes towards children. 8. React of a child also differ.\par
These are -? Over protectiveness ? Permissiveness ? Indulgence ? Rejection ? Acceptance ? Domination ? Submission to child ? Favoritism ? Parental ambitions.\par
Historical Survey: It is hard to structure the history of special education and welfare for the mentally retarded in the West are obtained either in form of pictorial or as social attitude towards them, because it might be that the subject was not of much interest either to the writers or to those concerned with societal health. Perhaps the earliest written documents about mentally retarded were that of Papyrus of Thebes (552 B.C) which discussed the treatment of intellectually deficient people. \hyperref[b10]{Kolstoe and Frey (1965)} characterized the period of treatment of (Retarded Person) in ancient Greek and Roman civilization -as the era of extermination? a reaction they attribute to society's quest for survival. Both Greek (452 B.C.), Roman (439 B.C.), recorded official references to the condition of mentally retarded.\par
According to L'Abate and Cartis (1975), early Greece used to term ?idiot' to all type of deviancy to the norms. In Greeks deform children were removed from the society and left to die, although some less retarded person survived as slaves of physicians or as prostitute of Sentinel(Keramidas 1976). -The legal system of Athenian and Spartan city state dealt seriously with mental defectives because societal interest was in developing nations free of defectives. The mentally retarded were thought of as an essentially non human and treated accordingly. The laws of Lycurgus called for deliberate abandonment of ?idiots and fools' (mentally retarded) and as a result such persons were thrown off mountains, drowned in the river or simply left to elements to die. They were considered incapable of human compassion. Extermination was generally accepted practice.? (Gearheart 1980) -Rome continued Greece's programme of genocide and the practice of leaving children in open sewers were common.? \hyperref[b9]{(Kaufman, Payne 1975)}.\par
The only concerned for treatment of mentally retarded appears to have been suggested in the East by Confusius (500 B.C) and Zoroaster (400 B.C), who advocated tender care for retarded person. Justianian who's often ignored code suggest some care and treatment \hyperref[b15]{(Repp 1983}). The movement of protection for mentally retarded started in this period. Until 1500 A.D. there were little change occurred in the attitude towards the mentally retarded. Christianity provided the first real hope for the mentally retarded members of the society. The teaching of Christ, with the Catholic Church developing sympathy and compassion for the mentally retarded resulted in isolated instances where society recognized its responsibility. In British India first description of mentally retarded child was found in the writings of Green (1856-57), who was a jungle boy found in a jungle near Nogaon in Assam \&was admitted to Dacca Lunatic Asylum on26th Feb,1842 at an age of 14 years.\par
In India first Asylum for mentally retarded was first established in Madras in 1841  {\ref (Crowford 1914)}.\par
The first school in West Bengal was established for mentally retarded at Jhargram  in Midnapur district. This institute, Bodha Naniketan was later shifted to Belghoria near Kolkata .\par
Attitudes towards mentally retarded in India was not negative like that of Rome and Greece. In ancient India the intellectually weak persons are identified by various terms and was first reported in ?Rig Veda'. According to the laws of Manu disability was the result of misfortune sent by deity, fate, ?Karma', often associated with parental or personal sin.\par
But Manu, specified that the head of the family will be bound to look after the retarded member.\par
In the Pauranic age about 1600 years ago, first scientific thinking developed to train the mentally retarded children in India. As a result World's first special education text named ? Panchatantra' was deviced by an eighty years old scholar, Bishnu Sharma \hyperref[b1]{(Bassom 1954}).\par
In the modern era some researchers tried to seek the parental attitude of traditional Hindu family towards their mentally retarded child and found thatthat most parents accepted their retarded child with philosophical attitude \hyperref[b8]{(Kamath 1951}). 
\section[{To review the parental attitude towards their}]{To review the parental attitude towards their}\par
Mentally Retarded Child 2. To give valid suggestion as to how such differently able children can rehabilitate themselves from their marginalized position by winning that their sincere, love, affection and confidence of their parents. 
\section[{a) Nature of the Study}]{a) Nature of the Study}\par
It is a survey study of involvement of family of Mentally Retarded Children. 
\section[{b) Population \& Sample Size}]{b) Population \& Sample Size}\par
In the present study all the parents of MR Child of Kolkata to special schools and psychiatric clinics are taken as population.\par
The sample consisted of 30 parents (father, mother or other) of Mentally Retarded Children. Subjects were randomly selected from 2 Special Schools situated in Kolkata and Dr. Soumitra Basu's clinics. The specials schools are -(i) Kishalay, Sachin Mitra Lane, Baghbazar, (ii) Alokendu Bodh Niketan, Kankurgachi. Parental age group was 30-60 years and their MR Children were from both genders. Further they were selected from Urban and belonged to different religions and had different income levels. 
\section[{c) Rationale}]{c) Rationale}\par
The main aim of the present work is to find out the parental attitude of Mentally Retarded going Children in a metropolis like Kolkata. It has been observed by many doctors practicing in the field of psychiatry and many NGOs and GOs working in field of Mental Retardation, in the major cities of India like Kolkata that most of the parents have an altogether hostile attitude towards a Mentally Retarded child. Those parents consider them as a perpetual burden, whom they will have to carry throughout their life. They are very much pessimistic about the future of these children. When they think about the future of these Mentally Retarded children they become more anxious and nervous. They always have the habit to discriminate, not positive discrimination, those children with respect to their normal siblings.\par
This type of attitude and behaviour that they exhibit towards their own flesh and blood not only is bizarre in nature but also very very pathetic in approach. It is the parents who should be the main support of these differently able children and if they totally shun and reject them. Then where would they go? Who will act as a prop to them?\par
Well, in order to find answers to these significant questions this particular study has been conducted. It is hoped that this study will definitely give valid reason as to why, do they behave in such a manner with their Mentally Retarded Children. Those reasons might be taken into consideration by the therapist, and programme developers, while rectifying this type of negative attitude of the parents with respect to their Mentally Retarded offsprings and developing programmes for the sound rehabilitation of the children. This scale is used to measure the attitude of parents towards Mentally Retarded Children. The scale consists of 36 questions which were suitable to elicit responses of the parent's attitude towards their Mentally Retarded Child. 
\section[{Global Journal of Human Social Science}]{Global Journal of Human Social Science}\par
Volume XIII Issue VI Version I Year 2013  
\section[{Construction of the Scale}]{Construction of the Scale}\par
The 36 items scale interview schedule was prepared from 53 items expressing parental attitude towards Mentally Retarded Children.\par
While constructing the items care was taken on the following points: 1. The items covered the important structural and functional features of parental attitude towards MR Children. 2. They expressed an opinion rather than a matter of fact. 3. They referred directly to the attitude object in question. 4. They were simple and unambiguous. 5. They covered the entire continuum of attitude towards religion from extreme favorableness to extreme unfavourableness.\par
Each statement was written down on a paper. The judges were asked to give their judgments on 5 point scale. The 1st point was defined as the place for items expressing extreme unfavorable parental attitudes towards MR Children. The 5th point was defined as the place for extremely favorable attitude. The other points expressed equal interval varying degrees of parental attitudes towards MR Children. The judges were informed that those points were equally placed.\par
When the classifications of items were completed the median of the scale values given by the judges were determined. The median position was taken for the score value for an item. Finally from 53 statements, 36 were retained which have the median value more than or equal 3. In the process of final selection of statements care was taken such that all the 5 scale points were covered by the final items. Cut off point of selection is determined of 3.\par
After the scale was prepared it was administered to the subjects whose attitudes to be measured. They were asked to say ?Yes' those items in the scale with which they agreed and say ?No' those items to which they disagreed. 
\section[{a) Scoring}]{a) Scoring}\par
The subjects' attitudes score is the sum of the positive responses which they answered. After percentage (\%) of the responses are taken out.\par
Information received from the parents (target group) were critically examined, cleaned, quantified as far as possible and tabulated systematically.  ( )A\par
While doing this study the researcher has taken into consideration the urban population, of a metropolis like Kolkata, belonging to middle income group and has interpreted the significant aspects related to the study which were observed during tabulation and analysis of the data.\par
During the last 40 years, our society has shown an increasing concern with respect to mental -illness as major social problem. But still today most of the people of this country cannot make out the differences between mentally retarded and mental -illness. Medical, social sciences have made a substantial beginning in the form of researches towards this direction. It has been observed that interest is growing rapidly with respect to the problem of mental retardation. Such rapid growth in interest is involving more and more researchers doing studies on mental retardation which is in terms producing a large accumulation of data on the general condition with which mentally retarded individuals are associated.\par
In this study it is observed that 27 out of 30 parents have shown their favourable parental attitude which is above 50 \% of the total score set for this study. Rest of the 3 have shown unfavourable parental attitude, which is below 50 \% of the total score set for the study. Those parents who have scored above 50\% do not have 100\% positive parental attitude. And one of the reasons of such unfavourable parental attitude is that they are always malcontent about their economic condition. They are of the opinion that if they had more money they could have spend more on their mentally retarded children.\par
As far as treatment of a mentally retarded child is concerned, either they are receiving special treatment in comparison to their siblings. Apart from this the parents are also seen to be over protective in nature with respect to them. In that case it is considered as a negative parental attitude expressed towards them, in the field of psychiatry.\par
In a study by Reference V. Ravindranadan and Raju, S. University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Adjustment and Attitude of Parents of Children with Mental Retardation mentioned that some parents may still feel ashamed of their wards with retardation and consider them as a burden. Others may consider it as their duty to take care of such children. In this particular study it is also observed that the parents of MR Children in an around of the city of Kolkata also consider their children to be burden. In normal scenario we find the vice versa taking place.\par
With respect to hopelessness exhibited by the parents it is to be taken into consideration that hopelessness of the parents is dangerous for the parents as well as for the children. Due to hopelessness they have a tendency to exhibit negative feeling or indifferent attitude.\par
It is also found that parents withdraw from the society due to insulting and unpleasant comments made by the so called well-wishers regarding their differently able child \& which are not like the comments made to their normal counterparts.\par
Again it is seen that, at the back of the mind, of those parents of the mentally retarder children, that their expectations regarding their children would never be fulfilled. The frustrations resulting in the un-fulfillment of their expectations is due to the -demolition of expectancies? rather than being disabled. It is not difficult to imagine the extreme shock and disappointment that almost all the parents experienced when they are informed that their child is disabled. As this throw a cold blanket over the hopes and dreams of the parents and the parents have to rebuild their world in the light of this tragic situation.\par
From this study it is observed that many of them do not have any care save their own mothers. So it is quite comprehensive that, it is not possible for mothers to take care of their children in the way an expert caregiver does. That is why when there is a caregiver the child is reared up properly and scientifically.\par
One of the significant findings is that the parents are usually worried about their child's future. No change is noticed with this respect if we compare their attitude with respect to their normal child. Again the researcher found that the parents are not in a usual habit to save money for their MR Child, which makes their future much more insecure.\par
One of the significant facts of this study is that a disciplined life should be led by the mentally retarded children by following a specific routine ,but unfortunately it is noticed to be absent in the life of a MR Child. At the present moment it is observed that most of the parents have a positive view towards their MR Child. Though some of them harbour negative feeling with respect to their flesh and blood, they say that they will even not be able to do the last rituals of their parents. In Indian social system from the very ancient times we expect for a son because he will fulfill all the rituals in last days and will help us to attain the peace of eternal life after death.\par
Since, these data are collected from special schools, and psychiatric chambers, the parents are mostly aware of the facts related to mental retardation. Expect for few of them who incorporate certain negative attitudes with respect to their MR Child.\par
It is to be noted that this interpretations does not correspond to the commonly held view. Due to limitation of samples, methods used and also short span of time within which the study is conducted. If it would have been possible then the schedules for the study could have been administered to the parents of the normal children who would have enabled the  
\section[{( )}]{( )}\par
A researcher to come to a convincing conclusion by means of doing a comparative study. Such comparative study would have helped in the mainstreaming of the MR Children much more scientifically. And their mainstreaming would be more comprehensive and sustainable.\par
The stigma, stereotype concepts which are in the human beings with respect to disabled children can be wiped out. Disabled children are curse or burden, they cannot do any kind of work, which in terms disappoints their parents and the parents incorporate no hope about their safe and secured feature. This is totally a negative and biased attitude which is shown on behalf of the parents. It is high time that these types of negative feelings should be wiped out from the parents by showing them the light of hope for their bright and secure future.\par
This particular study which is dealing with the parental attitude towards the MR Children brought out several significant aspects. Indeed, the parental attitudes with respect to a MR Child are not fully perfect or typical in nature as identified by the researcher. It has to be mended. Here in lies the significance of individual counseling, awareness generating programmes, group counseling, supportive therapy, psycho guidance etc. Through means of the above mentioned activities parents can develop more favorable attitudes towards their wards.\par
Furthermore, it is to be taken into consideration that this research study is not a complete one in any respects and there are ample opportunities for doing further studies in this particular sphere. So the steps to be taken for mending or rectifying the attitude of those parents of MR Children as proposed by the researcher in the concluding part, are nothing but certain valid suggestions. They are not concrete steps or strategies which should definitely be followed by the parents and stakeholders or other institution. But if they are followed then they will at least yield to a positive result if not mend the negative attitudes of the parents of MR Children fully and completely.\par
Those who are not fully sensitized about the phenomenon called Mental Retardation and cannot accept to be the parents of a Mentally Retarded Child, for them counseling is mandatory.\par
Sensitized and well aware parents of the MR Children should from groups and will have to work with respect to sensitizing the community people who are naïve and prejudiced about this particular type of mental disability. Even the social workers should have a profound role to play in such types of sensitization: they should act ancillary to such groups and aid them to find out the community resources which could be used for (i) sensitizing the stakeholders and the community people with respect to mental retardation. (ii) for the sound rehabilitation of the MR Children.\par
Then only we can find a society in which the birth of an MR Child would not be considered as a curse. He / She then would be accepted in the family very much like a normal child. \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}6 .}\end{figure}
   \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.15876436781609193\textwidth}P{0.119683908045977\textwidth}P{0.119683908045977\textwidth}P{0.119683908045977\textwidth}P{0.11479885057471265\textwidth}P{0.21738505747126435\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Year 2013\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2 20 2 5\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Volume XIII Issue VI Version I\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep ( ) A\\
Statement 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9\tabcellsep Judge 1 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 5 5\tabcellsep Judge 2 5 4 5 6 4 5 2 5 5\tabcellsep Judge 3 4 5 5 4 3 4 4 4 5\tabcellsep Median 4 4 5 3 3 4 2 5 5\tabcellsep of Human Social Science\\
10 11 12 13 14 15\tabcellsep 5 3 2 5 5 5\tabcellsep 5 4 4 3 2 2\tabcellsep 5 2 2 1 1 1\tabcellsep 5 3 2 3 2 2\tabcellsep Global Journal\\
16\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep \\
Statement\tabcellsep Judge 1\tabcellsep Judge 2\tabcellsep Judge 3\tabcellsep Median\tabcellsep \\
17\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep \\
18\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep \\
19\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep \\
20\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep \\
21\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: © 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)]} 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.23252279635258358\textwidth}P{0.13951367781155014\textwidth}P{0.20151975683890577\textwidth}P{0.2764437689969605\textwidth}}
Year 2013\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
2 20 2 6\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Volume XIII Issue VI Version I\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
( ) A\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Global Journal of Human Social Science\tabcellsep Data No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11\tabcellsep No of Positive Response 26 24 29 25 25 23 22 25 23 17 23\tabcellsep Percentage 72.2 66.6 80.5 69.4 69.4 63.8 61.1 69.4 63.8 47.2 63.8\\
\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 75\\
\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 72.2\\
\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 61.1\\
\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 63.8\\
\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 69.4\\
\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 52.7\\
\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 38.8\\
\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 66.4\\
\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 55.5\\
\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 63.8\\
\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 58.3\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: Graph 1: Graphical Representation of Parental Attitude of Mentally Retarded Children]} 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Boston]{b13}\label{b13} 	 		\textit{},  		 			Boston 		.  		Little Brown Publishing House.  	 
\bibitem[ MR Child can have other caregivers]{b50}\label{b50} 	 		\textit{},  	 	 		\textit{MR Child can have other caregivers}  		 	 
\bibitem[Kolstoe and Frey ()]{b10}\label{b10} 	 		\textit{A high school study programme for mentally subnormal students},  		 			\& Kolstoe 		,  		 			Frey 		.  		1965. U.S.A: Southern llinois University Press.  	 
\bibitem[Doll ()]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		\textit{A Historical Survey of Research \& Management of Mental Retardation in United states},  		 			E E Doll 		.  		1941. New York: Appleton Publication.  	 
\bibitem[A noisy home is bad for a MR Child]{b27}\label{b27} 	 		\textit{A noisy home is bad for a MR Child},  		 	 
\bibitem[Kamath ()]{b8}\label{b8} 	 		‘A revision of the Binet Scale for Indian Children’.  		 			V Kamath 		.  	 	 		\textit{British Journal of Education Psychology}  		1951.  	 
\bibitem[Ravindranadan (2007)]{b17}\label{b17} 	 		‘Adjustment and Attitude of Parents of Children with Mental Retardation’.  		 			Raju Ravindranadan 		,  		 			S 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology}  		January 2007. 33  (1)  p. .  		 			University of Kerala 		 	 
\bibitem[Bassom and Sigwick & Jackson (ed.) ()]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		 			A Bassom 		.  		\textit{The Wonder That Was India},  				 			Pg Sigwick \& Jackson 		 (ed.)  		 (London)  		1954.  	 
\bibitem[Hurlock ()]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		\textit{Child Development},  		 			E B Hurlock 		.  		1978. New Delhi: Tata McGraw -Hill Publishing Company Limlted. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Green]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		 			W A Green 		.  		\textit{Contribution towards the Pathology of Insanity in India. IAMS},  				4 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Ford ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		\textit{History of Indian Medical Service-1600-1913},  		 			Craw Ford 		.  		1914. London, Thacker. II.  	 
\bibitem[If informed about retardation the prenatal should be aborted in pregnancy]{b24}\label{b24} 	 		\textit{If informed about retardation the prenatal should be aborted in pregnancy},  		 	 
\bibitem[Passamanik ()]{b14}\label{b14} 	 		‘Influence of socio-cultural variables upon organic factors in mental retardation’.  		 			M Passamanik 		.  	 	 		\textit{American Journal of Mental Deficiency}  		1959.  	 
\bibitem[Terjan ()]{b16}\label{b16} 	 		‘Intelligence \& its measurement: A symphosium’.  		 			Terjan 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Educational Psychology}  		1987.  	 
\bibitem[It is important for a MR Child to have a fixed routine Yes (Y)]{b29}\label{b29} 	 		‘It is important for a MR Child to have a fixed routine’.  	 	 		\textit{Yes (Y)}  		 (N) .  	 
\bibitem[It is irritating for parents when all other mothers can talk about their ?normal' children]{b25}\label{b25} 	 		\textit{It is irritating for parents when all other mothers can talk about their ?normal' children},  		 	 
\bibitem[Learning from special school is helpful for MR Child to lead his/her daily life activities]{b32}\label{b32} 	 		\textit{Learning from special school is helpful for MR Child to lead his/her daily life activities},  		 	 
\bibitem[Luria ; Macmillan ()]{b12}\label{b12} 	 		 			D L Luria ; Macmillan 		.  		\textit{Mentally Retarded in school and society},  				1963. 1982.  	 	 (2nd Edition) 
\bibitem[Kaufman and Payne ()]{b9}\label{b9} 	 		\textit{Mental Retardation: Introduction \& personal perspective},  		 			\& Kaufman 		,  		 			Payne 		.  		1975. Charles E. Merill Publishing Company.  	 
\bibitem[Biswas ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		\textit{Mentally Retarded \& Normal Children},  		 			M Biswas 		.  		1980. Starling Publication of New Delhi.  	 
\bibitem[MR Child always needs mother's support Yes(Y)]{b46}\label{b46} 	 		‘MR Child always needs mother's support’.  	 	 		\textit{Yes(Y)}  		 (N) .  	 
\bibitem[MR Child can function independently sometime]{b45}\label{b45} 	 		\textit{MR Child can function independently sometime},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child is discriminated rather than other siblings]{b34}\label{b34} 	 		\textit{MR Child is discriminated rather than other siblings},  				 	 
\bibitem[MR Child is often dominated by his/her parents]{b51}\label{b51} 	 		\textit{MR Child is often dominated by his/her parents},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child shares a healthy bonding with his/her mother]{b19}\label{b19} 	 		\textit{MR Child shares a healthy bonding with his/her mother},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child should attend festivals or social occasion]{b49}\label{b49} 	 		\textit{MR Child should attend festivals or social occasion},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child should be send to special school]{b31}\label{b31} 	 		\textit{MR Child should be send to special school},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child should be treated specially rather than his/her siblings]{b33}\label{b33} 	 		\textit{MR Child should be treated specially rather than his/her siblings},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child should get proper entertainment as others]{b38}\label{b38} 	 		\textit{MR Child should get proper entertainment as others},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child should get proper medical facilities]{b22}\label{b22} 	 		\textit{MR Child should get proper medical facilities},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child's birth is considered as a curse for his/her parents]{b35}\label{b35} 	 		\textit{MR Child's birth is considered as a curse for his/her parents},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child's is considered as a burden for his/her mother]{b41}\label{b41} 	 		\textit{MR Child's is considered as a burden for his/her mother},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child's mother gets support from her husband]{b40}\label{b40} 	 		\textit{MR Child's mother gets support from her husband},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child's mother has differences with her husband regarding her child]{b21}\label{b21} 	 		\textit{MR Child's mother has differences with her husband regarding her child},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child's mother often feels hopeless]{b42}\label{b42} 	 		\textit{MR Child's mother often feels hopeless},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child's mother often worried future of their children]{b47}\label{b47} 	 		\textit{MR Child's mother often worried future of their children},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child's mother sometime wishes to die]{b43}\label{b43} 	 		\textit{MR Child's mother sometime wishes to die},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child's parents become overprotective about their child]{b39}\label{b39} 	 		\textit{MR Child's parents become overprotective about their child},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child's parents express their love properly]{b23}\label{b23} 	 		\textit{MR Child's parents express their love properly},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child's parents hope their child will get proper establishment in his/her life]{b18}\label{b18} 	 		\textit{MR Child's parents hope their child will get proper establishment in his/her life},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child's parents should be consistent in their treatment with the children]{b26}\label{b26} 	 		\textit{MR Child's parents should be consistent in their treatment with the children},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child's parents should plan some special savings for their child's future]{b48}\label{b48} 	 		\textit{MR Child's parents should plan some special savings for their child's future},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child's parents wish their child will get economic independency in future]{b53}\label{b53} 	 		\textit{MR Child's parents wish their child will get economic independency in future},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Child's parents' ambitions are not fulfilled about their Child]{b52}\label{b52} 	 		\textit{MR Child's parents' ambitions are not fulfilled about their Child},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Children should get similar benefits as other children]{b37}\label{b37} 	 		\textit{MR Children should get similar benefits as other children},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR Children should not be confined at home]{b36}\label{b36} 	 		\textit{MR Children should not be confined at home},  		 	 
\bibitem[MR parents want their children to socialize with peers]{b28}\label{b28} 	 		\textit{MR parents want their children to socialize with peers},  		 	 
\bibitem[Parents of these children are happy with their parenthood]{b20}\label{b20} 	 		\textit{Parents of these children are happy with their parenthood},  		 	 
\bibitem[Parents often experience unpleasant comments about their children from outsider]{b44}\label{b44} 	 		\textit{Parents often experience unpleasant comments about their children from outsider},  		 	 
\bibitem[Greaheart ()]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		\textit{Special Education for the 80's},  		 			B R Greaheart 		.  		1980. St. Louis: The C.V. Morbey Company.  	 
\bibitem[Carties ()]{b11}\label{b11} 	 		‘Teaching the exceptional child’.  		 			L' Abate \& Carties 		.  	 	 		\textit{Philadelphia: W.B. Samders Company}  		1975.  	 
\bibitem[Repp ()]{b15}\label{b15} 	 		\textit{Teaching the mentally retarded},  		 			C Repp 		.  		1983. Prenice Hall Inc.  	 
\bibitem[Itard (ed.) ()]{b7}\label{b7} 	 		\textit{the Wild Boy of Aveyron},  		 			J M G Itard 		.  		G. and Muriel Humphrey (ed.)  		1952. New York, Appleton Century Crofts.  	 
\bibitem[Upbringing of MR Child is affected by family's economical condition]{b30}\label{b30} 	 		\textit{Upbringing of MR Child is affected by family's economical condition},  		 	 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
