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\title{Tourist Flow and Tourism Potential Regions of Gulmarg in Kashmir Himalayas}
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             \author[1]{Nissar A.  Kuchay}

             \author[2]{M. Sultan  Bhat}

             \affil[1]{  University of Kashmir}

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\date{\small \em Received: 9 December 2012 Accepted: 31 December 2012 Published: 15 January 2013}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Gulmarg has a rich and diverse touristic product that holds the potential to be one of the most attractive tourist destinations for both leisure and sports tourism across the whole Kashmir Himalayan region. The place owes its importance mainly to its beautiful geo-environmental setup and unique climate. The destination has a history of tourism activities for more than five centuries. The resort has been a great attraction for several British officials posted in India and their families made Gulmarg their home for the summer months. This his to-geographical personality of the place has resulted in the development of tourist regions of interest to a range of tastes especially for holiday makers and sports and adventure tourists. Therefore present study aims at identification and delineation of the different tourist potential regions of the place which would help in proper marketing of the tourist product, management of tourist flow, optimization of economic returns and management of the environmental health of the destination for sustainable tourism development in the region.

\end{abstract}


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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
ustainable tourism is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems (World Tourism Organization).There has been an up-trend in tourism over the last few decades, Tourists have a wide range of budgets and tastes, and a wide variety of resorts and hotels have developed to cater for them. The developments in technology transport and infrastructure made many types of tourism more affordable. This is substantiated by the fact that international tourism receipts grew to US\$1.03 trillion in 2011, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 3.8per cent from 2010.\par
Sustainable tourism can be seen as having regard to ecological and socio-cultural carrying capacities and includes involving the community of the destination in tourism development planning. It also Involves integrating tourism to match current economic And growth policies so as to mitigate some of the negative economic and social impacts of 'mass tourism  {\ref '. Murphy (1985)} advocates the use of an ecological approach, to consider both plants and people when implementing the sustainable tourism development process.\par
A tourism region is a geographical region that has been designated specifically for tourism purposes. The names often evoke certain positive qualities of the area and suggest a coherent tourism experience to visitors. Countries, states, provinces, and other adminis-trative regions are often carved up into tourism regions. In addition to drawing the attention of potential tourists, these tourism regions often provide tourists who are otherwise unfamiliar with an area with a manageable number of attractive options. Besides it also helps in the management of environment and regulation of tourist flow for the sustainable management of tourist destinations. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Study Area}]{Study Area}\par
The Gulmarg is believed to have been called 'Gurimarg' in ancient times and the modification of the original name is said to have been made at the instance of 15 th Century Kashmiri king Sultan Yusuf Shah Chak, who was enamored with the place. If it were historical endorsements that Gulmarg sought, then the visits of the Mughal emperor Jahangir established the measure of its worth. The resort was a great attraction for several British officials posted in India and their families made Gulmarg their home for the summer months. The presence of these holiday-makers was also responsible for the foundations of the two activities that Gulmarg today is best known for -golf and skiing, initiation of both dating back to the early twentieth century. Gulmarg is located 46 km from Srinagar city, geographical coordinate's 34.05°N 74.38°E. It has an average elevation of 2,690 m above mean sea level. The average temperature varies from its minimum of -4°C in January to maximum of 31°C in the month of July. The location of Gulmarg is visualized in Fig. \hyperref[fig_0]{1}  
\section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods}\par
The survey of India tope sheets at 1:25000 scales along with IRS P6 satellite data were used for the delineation of Gulmarg development area. Data regarding different variables was generated through primary survey in addition to the available secondary data. A series of indices based on natural beauty, adventures and sports, infrastructure, transportation and communication etc. were prepared and their composite score were used for the delineation of different tourist regions.\par
IV. 
\section[{Results and Discussions a) Tourist Flow to Gulmarg}]{Results and Discussions a) Tourist Flow to Gulmarg}\par
Gulmarg has a long history of tourist activities as it has remained a favourite destination of early Muslim rulers like Yusuf Shah Chak and the Britshers ruling India. Table  {\ref I} depicts the category wise flow of tourists during last five years. Gulmarg remains a preferred destination not only to locals but to the domestic and international tourists as well. Generally most of the tourists who visit Kashmir valley prefer to visit to Gulmarg as well. The category wise annual pattern of tourist flow to Gulmarg is represented in Fig.  {\ref 2} which reflects the increasing trend in the flow of tourists to Gulmarg, in the year 2011 about 1.4 million tourists visited the place however this number has been reached in July and the total tourist flow has cross 2 million mark by the end of this year (2012). 2 20 
\section[{Global Journal of Human Social Science}]{Global Journal of Human Social Science}\par
Volume XIII Issue IV Version I   A brief survey of tourist perception in order to gauge the level of satisfaction about the availability of various tourist services has been conducted as reflected in Table  {\ref III}. The tourists have expressed mostly a positive level of satisfaction about most of the services. However, the level of satisfaction about the tour operators is considerably poor which needs to be improved by way of initiating necessary measures.  The traffic flow of Gulmarg varies from season to season round the year. A perusal of Table IV highlights the fact that there is a huge flow of tourists during the summer season including local, national and international tourists, while during winter season the traffic flow declines to a larger extent. As depicted in Fig. \hyperref[fig_4]{4}, from April to October (warmer season) the traffic flow to Gulmarg is high as compared to other months. This includes all the tourists, local, national and international. The tourists visiting Gulmarg during winter season are mainly of national and international character because of winter sports activities.   
\section[{Tourism Potential Regions}]{Tourism Potential Regions}\par
Gulmarg is a multiple attraction tourist place and offers a varied range of tourist related attraction, therefore to analyze the different areas of tourist interest it has been divided into following tourist regions. 
\section[{a) Gulmarg Gondola Region}]{a) Gulmarg Gondola Region}\par
Gulmarg Gondola is the world's second highest and Asia's highest and longest operating cable car since the closure of the Mérida cable car of Venezuela in 2008. The gondola operates in two stages -first stage is from Gulmarg base to the bowl of Kangdoori and the second stage is from Kangdoori to Ararat peak. The two-stage ropeway ferries about 600 people per hour to and from the gondola main station in Gulmarg to Ararat Summit. 
\section[{i. Gondola Lift -Gulmarg to Kangdoori}]{i. Gondola Lift -Gulmarg to Kangdoori}\par
Gondola car is one of the main attractions of the place. The first of two sections of the cable car rises from the cable station at Gulmarg at an altitude of 2700 m to bowl shaped Kangdoori at an altitude of 3100 ma vertical rise of 400m. 
\section[{ii. Gondola Lift -Kangdoori to Afarwat}]{ii. Gondola Lift -Kangdoori to Afarwat}\par
The second stage of the Gulmarg-Afarwat cable car project connects Kangdoori station at 3100 m with the heights of Afarwat peak at 3,979 m -Afarwat is the mountain that looms over Gulmarg and is the magnet for serious skiers. 
\section[{b) Golf Course Region}]{b) Golf Course Region}\par
Gulmarg Golf Course is the world's highest golf course. The 18-hole, par 72 Gulmarg golf courses is residents. It also offers table tennis and billiards. Temporary membership can be bought for the duration of stay. Course remains open from April to November, after which it is covered in a blanket of snow. This Government Golf Course was the second to be built by the British in India after the Royal Calcutta Golf Club. By the 1920s the resort had two 18-hole courses, the 'Upper Course' and the 'Lower Course' and one 9-hole middle course (the "Rabbits Course"). The only course to survive, however, exists where the Upper Course used to be. It was redesigned in 1970s by Peter Thomson. At an altitude of 3,730 m Gulmarg golf course is among the highest \& most beautiful green golf course in the world. 
\section[{c) Gulmarg Skiing and snow-boarding Region}]{c) Gulmarg Skiing and snow-boarding Region}\par
While Gulmarg is an all-weather resort with refreshing summer meadows and pastoral scenes, the main reason to come here, at least in winter, is the offpiste, deep-powder, long-run skiing and snowboarding. The Himalayan resort of Gulmarg is one of the newest and increasingly popular ski destinations. Due to its geographic location Gulmarg gets some of the heaviest snowfalls in the Himalayas and it has earned the distinction of being the best ski resort in the Himalayas. Skiing was first introduced to Gulmarg by two British Army officers who established the first ski club in 1927 although it wasn't until 7-8 years ago when Gulmarg's name really first started to appear on the cognoscenti's hot list. Some of the best slopes in the country for beginners and intermediate skiers are available at Gulmarg. Skiing equipment is available on hire from the Ski-Shop. In winter Gulmarg's natural slopes and inclines turn into the country's premier skiing resort. Not all tourists who visit in winter come for skiing -some simply are there to watch the skiing or to enjoy a holiday in the snow. Among the multitudes of slopes, there are a few which are serviced by ski lifts. Most of the skiing becomes centered on these slopes, which are specially suited to beginners and intermediate level skiers, with ski runs ranging from 200 m to 3kms, instructors are available for both levels. With the operation of the Gulmarg Gondola Cable Car, it has become all the more convenient for advanced skiing enthusiasts, as they can gain a ski run of nearly 3 km with the help of this cable car which goes through Kangdoori to Afarwat. 
\section[{d) Other Attractions}]{d) Other Attractions}\par
i. Khilanmarg A path of some six kilometers and an ascent of about six hundred meters from Gulmarg take to the little highland dale of Khilanmarg. The narrow bridle path is lined by grassy knolls and a variety of trees and shrubs that include masses of daises, mulberry, berberis and walnut among others.\par
ii. Alpathar Lake At a distance of about 13 kilometers from Gulmarg, at an altitude of around 3840 m is the little lake of Alpather. Like many other high-altitude lakes in the mountainous parts of the western Himalayas, this lies in a shallow mountain bowl and is surrounded by limited plant growth. 
\section[{iii. Religious Shrines}]{iii. Religious Shrines}\par
There are four main religious shrines in and around Gulmarg. A few kilometres from this glade, is the tomb and shrine 'Ziarat' of the noted Muslim saint Baba Rishi built in 1480AD. Other important religious sites include Rani temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, and the old St. Mary's Church built by the British holiday-makers. Also in Gulmarg's vicinity is the Avantiswami temple that dates back to the ninth century and is dedicated to Lord Vishnu. 
\section[{VI.}]{VI.} 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
Nestled with stunning peaks in the Himalayan ranges, Gulmarg is a spectacular picnic spot attracting all kinds of tourists with its lush green backdrop, beautiful landscapes, flowering gardens, serene lakes and pleasant climate during the summers and falls. This imposing hill station was a pleasure resort for kings and royal family members and a summer retreat for the British officers during the British rule in India. Gulmarg Gondola, one of the highest cable cars in the world, reaching 3,979 meters. Gulmarg is the heartland of winter sports in India. Due to its steep terrain, the region is popular amongst advanced and extreme skiers from around the world and has been visited by a number of ski professionals. Gulmarg golf club is the highest green golf course in the world. There are a few places of religious importance near the resort. The summer is equally busy. With temperatures ranging from 25 to 30 °C, Gulmarg attracts outdoor sports fanatics with its world class golfing, trekking, mountain biking, horse riding, water skiing, and fishing. It has been observed that the tourist flow is highly imbalances vis-a-vis the various tourist regions and different seasons of the year. During the summer months certain regions remain over crowded, beyond their carrying capacities which is a great threat to the fragile ecological setup of the region. Therefore, there is an urgent need to regulate the tourist flow across the different tourist regions and different seasons of the year through proper marketing, infrastructure development and better accessibility. This in turn will help in minimizing the adverse environmental impacts, maximizing the economic gains and over all sustainable development of the region. \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Figure 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.1292626728110599\textwidth}P{0.18410138248847926\textwidth}P{0.19976958525345623\textwidth}P{0.14493087557603687\textwidth}P{0.19193548387096773\textwidth}}
Year\tabcellsep Local\tabcellsep Domestic\tabcellsep Foreign\tabcellsep Total\\
2006\tabcellsep 104247\tabcellsep 390311\tabcellsep 8101\tabcellsep 502659\\
2007\tabcellsep 268968\tabcellsep 330466\tabcellsep 20109\tabcellsep 619543\\
2008\tabcellsep 287934\tabcellsep 422756\tabcellsep 12994\tabcellsep 723681\\
2009\tabcellsep 270123\tabcellsep 308136\tabcellsep 6003\tabcellsep 584262\\
2010\tabcellsep 135921\tabcellsep 319545\tabcellsep 6773\tabcellsep 462239\\
2011\tabcellsep 425189\tabcellsep 990460\tabcellsep 7282\tabcellsep 1422931\\
2012*\tabcellsep 615849\tabcellsep 1456128\tabcellsep 7370\tabcellsep 2079347\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: © 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)]} 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.14482758620689654\textwidth}P{0.1327586206896552\textwidth}P{0.12758620689655173\textwidth}P{0.09999999999999999\textwidth}P{0.12758620689655173\textwidth}P{0.13448275862068965\textwidth}P{0.08275862068965517\textwidth}}
Month\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2011\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2012*\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Domestic\tabcellsep Local\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Foreign Domestic}\tabcellsep Local\tabcellsep Foreign\\
January\tabcellsep 12533\tabcellsep 7366\tabcellsep 334\tabcellsep 30694\tabcellsep 15691\tabcellsep 444\\
February\tabcellsep 9355\tabcellsep 7303\tabcellsep 785\tabcellsep 68388\tabcellsep 32888\tabcellsep 749\\
March\tabcellsep 19544\tabcellsep 9961\tabcellsep 664\tabcellsep 105868\tabcellsep 50187\tabcellsep 763\\
April\tabcellsep 32463\tabcellsep 10470\tabcellsep 1043\tabcellsep 150371\tabcellsep 80304\tabcellsep 916\\
May\tabcellsep 78661\tabcellsep 35175\tabcellsep 324\tabcellsep 180346\tabcellsep 70781\tabcellsep 508\\
June\tabcellsep 216957\tabcellsep 103105\tabcellsep 445\tabcellsep 290525\tabcellsep 110201\tabcellsep 311\\
July\tabcellsep 222298\tabcellsep 159335\tabcellsep 479\tabcellsep 133337\tabcellsep 130790\tabcellsep 363\\
August\tabcellsep 73835\tabcellsep 25729\tabcellsep 432\tabcellsep 97641\tabcellsep 23241\tabcellsep 449\\
September\tabcellsep 35756\tabcellsep 18982\tabcellsep 601\tabcellsep 59292\tabcellsep 37245\tabcellsep 587\\
October\tabcellsep 124391\tabcellsep 17855\tabcellsep 488\tabcellsep 156328\tabcellsep 26585\tabcellsep 502\\
November\tabcellsep 118456\tabcellsep 15934\tabcellsep 447\tabcellsep 127715\tabcellsep 17439\tabcellsep 463\\
December\tabcellsep 46211\tabcellsep 13974\tabcellsep 1240\tabcellsep 55623\tabcellsep 20497\tabcellsep 1315\\
Total\tabcellsep 990460\tabcellsep 425189\tabcellsep 7282\tabcellsep 1456128\tabcellsep 615849\tabcellsep 7370\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.10786802030456852\textwidth}P{0.4329103214890017\textwidth}P{0.05321489001692047\textwidth}P{0.10067681895093063\textwidth}P{0.047461928934010154\textwidth}P{0.06040609137055838\textwidth}P{0.047461928934010154\textwidth}}
S.\tabcellsep Selected indicators\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Tourist Perception (in percentage)}\tabcellsep \\
No\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Excellent\tabcellsep Best\tabcellsep Good\tabcellsep Satisfactory\tabcellsep Poor\\
01\tabcellsep Climate\tabcellsep 87\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 03\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\\
02\tabcellsep Attitude of Local People\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 65\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 05\tabcellsep 06\\
03\tabcellsep Availability of tour\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 35\\
\tabcellsep Operators\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
04\tabcellsep Accessibility\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 09\tabcellsep 0\\
05\tabcellsep Accommodation\tabcellsep 57\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 06\tabcellsep 07\\
06\tabcellsep Satisfaction with the\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 15\\
\tabcellsep fulfilment of vow\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
07\tabcellsep Local Traffic\tabcellsep 48\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 08\tabcellsep 13\\
08\tabcellsep Parking facility\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 05\\
09\tabcellsep Events\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 07\\
10\tabcellsep Souvenirs\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 55\tabcellsep 30\\
11\tabcellsep Pedestrian ways\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 05\tabcellsep 12\\
12\tabcellsep Parks \& Green areas\tabcellsep 53\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 04\tabcellsep 07\\
13\tabcellsep Landscape beauty\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\\
14\tabcellsep Quality of water \&\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 06\tabcellsep 13\\
\tabcellsep sanitation\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
15\tabcellsep Shopping facility\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 07\tabcellsep 10\\
16\tabcellsep Food availability\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 07\tabcellsep 11\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Source: Sample Survey of Tourists, 2011}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.2675298804780876\textwidth}P{0.2201195219123506\textwidth}P{0.2235059760956175\textwidth}P{0.13884462151394422\textwidth}}
Month\tabcellsep Private Cars\tabcellsep Sumo/Matador\tabcellsep Buses\\
January\tabcellsep 2106\tabcellsep 3330\tabcellsep 170\\
February\tabcellsep 3274\tabcellsep 4216\tabcellsep 225\\
March\tabcellsep 7322\tabcellsep 8102\tabcellsep 308\\
April\tabcellsep 8417\tabcellsep 9209\tabcellsep 347\\
May\tabcellsep 12200\tabcellsep 13887\tabcellsep 340\\
June\tabcellsep 12748\tabcellsep 14019\tabcellsep 352\\
July\tabcellsep 13122\tabcellsep 14513\tabcellsep 363\\
August\tabcellsep 11584\tabcellsep 12781\tabcellsep 251\\
September\tabcellsep 10356\tabcellsep 11223\tabcellsep 302\\
October\tabcellsep 9693\tabcellsep 10336\tabcellsep 263\\
November\tabcellsep 7621\tabcellsep 7782\tabcellsep 207\\
December\tabcellsep 6233\tabcellsep 6597\tabcellsep 184\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5538709677419354\textwidth}P{0.28516129032258064\textwidth}P{0.005483870967741935\textwidth}P{0.005483870967741935\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep packages /pdf/city guide?city=231387.\tabcellsep \\
2 20 Global Journal of Human Social Science Volume XIII Issue IV Version I 2 34 Year 2013 ( D D D D )\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{4. ( D D D D )}\\
\tabcellsep R\tabcellsep R\tabcellsep R\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: eferences éférences eferencias 1. Choudhury, A.U. (2011). Tourism pressure on high elevation IBAs. Mistnet 12(1): 11-12.Gulmarg www. jandkplanning.com/index.php?option...gulmar. © 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US) B]} 
\caption{\label{tab_4}}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter   			  			  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}

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\end{document}