\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter \IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}% {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}% {\RequirePackage{color}} \usepackage{colortbl} \usepackage{wrapfig} \usepackage{ifxetex} \ifxetex \usepackage{fontspec} \usepackage{xunicode} \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash} \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{} \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}} \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}} \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}} \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}} \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono} \else \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}% {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} \PrerenderUnicode{–} }% {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}} \usepackage[english]{babel} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage{float} \usepackage[]{ucs} \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash } \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{} \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}} \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}} \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,} \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ } \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>} \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}} \def\textJapanese{} \def\textChinese{} \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{} \fi \def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small} \DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25} \usepackage{relsize} \RequirePackage{array} \def\@testpach{\@chclass \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@ \else \z@ \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}% \@chnum \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else \z@ \@chclass \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else \if \@nextchar !6 \else \if \@nextchar @7 \else \if \@nextchar (8 \else \if \@nextchar )9 \else 10 \@chnum \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else \if \@nextchar p4 \else \if \@nextchar b5 \else \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi} \gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr} \def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}} \def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}} \def\abbr{} \def\corr{} \def\expan{} \def\gap{} \def\orig{} \def\reg{} \def\ref{} \def\sic{} \def\persName{}\def\name{} \def\placeName{} \def\orgName{} \def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}} \def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}} \def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}} \def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}} \def\textquoted#1{‘#1’} \def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}} \def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}} \def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}} \def\titlem{\itshape} \newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{bibl}{}{} \newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par } \newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi } \newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par } \newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par} \newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par} \newenvironment{rubric}{}{} \newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par } \newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}} \newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}} \newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}} \definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75} \def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}} \DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@} \def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}} \begingroup \catcode`\_=\active \gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}} \endgroup \mathcode`\_=\string"8000 \catcode`\_=12\relax \usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry} \usepackage{framed} \definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95} \usepackage{longtable} \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} \usepackage{fancyvrb} \usepackage{fancyhdr} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{marginnote} \renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1} \renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize} \def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif} \pagestyle{fancy} \usepackage[pdftitle={Hris Practices in Universities An Exploratory Study on the Private Universities in Bangladesh}, pdfauthor={}]{hyperref} \hyperbaseurl{} \paperwidth210mm \paperheight297mm \def\@pnumwidth{1.55em} \def\@tocrmarg {2.55em} \def\@dotsep{4.5} \setcounter{tocdepth}{3} \clubpenalty=8000 \emergencystretch 3em \hbadness=4000 \hyphenpenalty=400 \pretolerance=750 \tolerance=2000 \vbadness=4000 \widowpenalty=10000 \renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}% {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}} \renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}% {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\Large}} \renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}% {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\large}} \renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}% {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}% {\reset@font\normalsize}} \renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}% {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}% {-1em}% {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}} \def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt} \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par \endgroup} \def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}} \def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}} \def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}} \def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}} \@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{} \@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{} \newif\if@mainmatter \@mainmattertrue \def\chaptername{Chapter} \def\frontmatter{% \pagenumbering{roman} \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter} \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}} \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section} \def\theHsection{\roman{section}} \def\@chapapp{}% } \def\mainmatter{% \cleardoublepage \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter} \setcounter{chapter}{0} \setcounter{section}{0} \pagenumbering{arabic} \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6} \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}% \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}} \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section} \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}} } \def\backmatter{% \cleardoublepage \setcounter{chapter}{0} \setcounter{section}{0} \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2} \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}% \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter} \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}} \appendix } \newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{% \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}% \leftmargin\labelwidth \advance\leftmargin\labelsep \@openbib@code \usecounter{enumiv}% \let\p@enumiv\@empty \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}% }% \sloppy \clubpenalty4000 \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty \widowpenalty4000% \sfcode`\.\@m}% {\def\@noitemerr {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}% \endlist} \def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}} \parskip0pt \parindent1em \def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}} \newenvironment{reflist}{% \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{} {% \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}% \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}% \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}% \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}% \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{sansreflist}{% \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{} {% \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}% \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}% \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}% \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}% \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{2013-01-15 (revised: 15 January 2013)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{2013-01-15} \title{Hris Practices in Universities An Exploratory Study on the Private Universities in Bangladesh} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@ \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@ \itemsep 1pt} } \makeatother \fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm} \fancyhf{} \setlength{\headheight}{14pt} \fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} \fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} \fancyfoot[RO]{} \fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID} \fancyfoot[LE]{} \fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID} \hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true} \fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}} \date{} \usepackage{authblk} \providecommand{\keywords}[1] { \footnotesize \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1 } \usepackage{graphicx,xcolor} \definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81} \definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9} \definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70} \definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} \renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Abdul Kadar Muhammad Masum} \author[2]{Mohammad Rokibul Kabir} \author[3]{Faruk Bhuiyan} \affil[1]{ International Islamic University Chittagong} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 7 December 2012 Accepted: 31 December 2012 Published: 15 January 2013} \maketitle \begin{abstract} The study aims at finding the application of Human Resources Information Systems (HRIS) in the private universities of Bangladesh. The paper is based on primary data collected through structured questionnaire from the HR personnel of 35 out of 61 Private Universities of Bangladesh. A five scale Likert technique has been used to investigate the interviewees? opinion. The study reveals that only 22.9 % universities studied are using HRIS in full extent while 42.9% use HRIS to some extent. In 34.3% universities there is very limited applications of HRIS. Again, the highest use of HRIS is observed in recruiting and selection in private universities which is 80%. 74.3% universities use HRIS in their payroll system while the least use of HRIS is found in training and development of employees as only 14 (40%) universities apply HRIS technique for need assessment and train their employees. The paper explored that there is a gap between expected application of HRIS and present level of use in the selected private universalities. Among the main reasons of such gap Lack of infrastructure and high cost are found vital. The other reasons are lack of expertise in this field and insufficient training of the employees. \end{abstract} \keywords{HRIS, payroll, private universities, recruitment and selection, training and development.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par uman Resources (HR) are the key elements to run any organization \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. Its importance becomes pivotal when it is being related with a service and skilled related organizations like universities. To manage HR in an efficient manner almost all the organizations possess Human Resource Management Division, the main purpose of which is to manage HR in a more efficient way \hyperref[b1]{[2]}[3] \hyperref[b3]{[4]}. Private universities in Bangladesh have shown a tremendous growth over the last decade showing a huge demand of skilled, knowledgeable, energetic and enthusiastic for learning personnel. But such huge demand often mismatches with inadequate supplies of such potential candidates. With the development of modern technology the world has become a global village and thus, HRM is no more a manual task to perform; rather the invention of computer based information systems made it technically sound and more efficient to manage the HR. Consequently, Human Resource Information Systems (HRISs), nowadays, is a part and parcel of HRM.\par In this context, HRIS is defined as a computer based application for assembling and processing data related to the human resources \hyperref[b4]{[5]}. It is worth mentioning that HRIS is not limited to the computer hardware and software applications that comprise technical part of the systems it also include the people, policies, procedures and data required to manage the HR functions \hyperref[b5]{[6]}[7] \hyperref[b7]{[8]}. Many authors concluded that this technology offers several benefits for both HR and Operational people. Overman \hyperref[b8]{[9]} argued that the potential advantages of HRIS are faster information processing, greater information accuracy, improved planning and program development, and enhanced employee communications. Sadri and Chatterjee \hyperref[b9]{[10]} identified the most important benefits that can be derived from HRIS is that it enables faster decision making, development, planning and administration of HR as data is much easier to store, update, classify and analyze. On the other side of the coin, the most challenging and limiting constraint of HRIS in a country like Bangladesh is its high cost of conversion from manual based HRM, inadequate training for HR people, lack of supportive infrastructure, as well as the shortage of technical know-how \hyperref[b10]{[11]}. Here, we have tried to explore the current scenario of HRIS in the various aspects of HRM and expectation of HR people related to the use of HRIS in the private universities in Bangladesh. We have also tried to find out the reasons behind the mismatch between the actual \& expected applications of IT-enabled HRM. \section[{II.}]{II.} \section[{Objectives of the Study}]{Objectives of the Study}\par The study mainly aimed at finding the applications of HRIS in Private Universities in Bangladesh. The specific objectives can be identified as: i. \section[{Literature Review}]{Literature Review}\par The use of HRIS should lead to valuable outcomes for the organization as it decreases costs, improve communication and decrease time to accomplish HR related activities \hyperref[b11]{[12]}. The last decade has seen a significant increase in the number of organizations gathering, storing and analyzing human resources data using Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) {\ref [13][14]} [15] \hyperref[b15]{[16]}. Though in the earlier studies HRIS practices in manufacturing and product oriented organizations were emphasized, the necessity of such practices has been felt from all corners. Thus, it is important to find the uses of HRIS in different HRM functions like; selection \& recruitment, training \& development and payroll systems of private universities. Targowski \& Deshpande \hyperref[b16]{[17]} and others have suggested that part of the utility of an HRIS is its positive impact on traditional HR processes such as; recruitment, selection and training and development. HRM starts of by the staffing practice because organization is nothing without its HR. HRM provides the rules to hire the employees. Almost all the organizations take their stars by hiring their employees, but it is always not possible that organization get all its potential HR from the same place \hyperref[b17]{[18]}. IT brought revolution by the discovery of web, by shifting most of manual work to computer system making things more clear and effective \hyperref[b18]{[19]} \hyperref[b19]{[20]}. However, the extent to which HRIS is used in a strategic fashion differs across organizations, with the vast majority of organizations continuing to use HRIS simply to replace manual processing and to reduce costs \hyperref[b20]{[21]} \hyperref[b21]{[22]}. Guest \hyperref[b22]{[23]} has argued that the Impact of HRM on performance depends upon worker's response to HRM practices, so the impact will move in direction of the perception of HRM practices by the employee.\par IV. \section[{Methodology of the Study}]{Methodology of the Study}\par The study is conducted with an aim of exploring the application of HRIS in HRM, especially in service organization like universities. Thus, the research is exploratory in nature. \section[{a) Sample Selection}]{a) Sample Selection}\par There are 61 private universities in Bangladesh out of which 35 private universities have been selected on a random basis to investigate the role of HRIS in HRM. \section[{b) Study Period and Data Collection Method}]{b) Study Period and Data Collection Method}\par The study is conducted over a six month period from March 1, 2012 to August, 2012. Data for the study were collected through structured interview with the HR personnel of the selected private universities. Thus, the nature of the data is primary. \section[{c) Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents}]{c) Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents}\par A total of 35 HR personnel of 35 private universities, who lead their respective HR department, were interviewed whose age ranges from 28 to 52. Out of 35 respondents 29 found male while 6 were female. Among the HR personnel 27 have expertise in HR field as they have specific training on HR whereas the rest of the 8 have some HR related degree but not HR expertise in real sense. \section[{d) Statistical Tools Used}]{d) Statistical Tools Used}\par The collected data were fed to the statistical software called SPSS-20 to analyze. Simple statistical tools like, frequency distribution, percentile etc. were applied to highlight to what extend HRIS is being practiced the perception of HR people about the necessity of HRIS and the reason behind the gap between actual and expected practice of HRIS.\par V. The results reveal that the maximum application of HRIS can be observed in recruitment and selection as 28 (80\%) universities out of 35 applies HRIS in recruiting and selecting their employees. 26(74.3\%) universities use HRIS in their payroll system while the least use of HRIS is found in training and development of employees as only 14 (40\%) universities applies HRIS technique for need assessment and train their employees. \section[{Results and Discussions a) Present Status of HRIS Practices in Private Universities}]{Results and Discussions a) Present Status of HRIS Practices in Private Universities} \section[{b) Perceptions of HR People about the Importance of HRIS}]{b) Perceptions of HR People about the Importance of HRIS} \section[{c) Reasons behind the Deviation between Expected and Actual Application of HRIS}]{c) Reasons behind the Deviation between Expected and Actual Application of HRIS}\par The results of table: 2 and table: 3 as discussed in the earlier sections clearly indicate that there are huge gaps between actual applications of HRIS and the expectation of HR people, as viewed through their emphasis on its importance, about its application at present. The following table highlights the causes of such gaps according to the views of the respondents. \section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par The study aimed at exploring the role of Human Resources Information System (HRIS) in private universities in Bangladesh. The study revealed that HRIS plays important role in recruitment and selection, training \& development and payroll administration in private universities. It also explored that there is a gap between the expected and actual application of HRIS the main reasons of which are lack of infrastructural development, high cost and insufficient training. Hence, it can be said that the eradication of the hindrances in terms of infrastructure, cost and training would enable the private universities to recruit and select right people, provide appropriate training to them and to ensure better education through providing with desired reward for performances. \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.23821656050955411\textwidth}P{0.10286624203821657\textwidth}P{0.14617834394904458\textwidth}P{0.28152866242038216\textwidth}P{0.08121019108280256\textwidth}} \tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percent\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Valid Percent Cumulative Percent}\\ Limited extend Some extend Full extend Total\tabcellsep 12 15 8 35\tabcellsep 34.3 42.9 22.9 100.0\tabcellsep 34.3 42.9 22.9 100.0\tabcellsep 34.3 77.1 100.0\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.5803763440860215\textwidth}P{0.0913978494623656\textwidth}P{0.027419354838709675\textwidth}P{0.11424731182795698\textwidth}P{0.03655913978494624\textwidth}} Description\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Frequency No Yes}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Percentage No Yes}\\ Practice of HRIS in Recruitment and Selection\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 80\\ Practice of HRIS in Training and Development\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 60\tabcellsep 40\\ Practice of HRIS in Payroll\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 25.7\tabcellsep 74.3\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 1 (}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{} \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_3}Table 1 (}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{} \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_4}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.1561965811965812\textwidth}P{0.038746438746438745\textwidth}P{0.03148148148148148\textwidth}P{0.03148148148148148\textwidth}P{0.03148148148148148\textwidth}P{0.5146011396011396\textwidth}P{0.021794871794871794\textwidth}P{0.024216524216524215\textwidth}} Description\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Very Important}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Important}\tabcellsep No Comment\tabcellsep Not Much Important\tabcellsep Not Important at all\\ Practice of HRIS in Recruitment and Selection Practice of HRIS in Training and Development Practice of HRIS in Payroll\tabcellsep Frequency 25 18 22\tabcellsep \% 71.42\% 51.42\% 62.85\%\tabcellsep Frequency 9 15 10\tabcellsep \% 25.71\% 42.85\% 28.57\%\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{\% 2.8\% 5.7\% 8.6\% Reasons Costly Time Consuming 1 2 3 Lack of Proper Infrastructure Lack of Expertise Lack of Training for the HR people in HRIS As shown in table: 3 the main reasons for gap \% \% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Frequency Percentage 25 71 5 14 28 80 22 63 18 51 between actual and expected application of HRIS are high cost, time consumption, Lack of Proper Infrastructure, Frequency Frequency Frequency}\end{longtable} \par {\small\itshape [Note: Gexpectation and actual application.]} \caption{\label{tab_5}Table 3 :}\end{figure} \footnote{© 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)} \backmatter \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[Daniels et al. ()]{b13}\label{b13} \textit{}, J Daniels , L Radebaugh , D Sullivan . 2012. Pearson Education. (International business: Global Edition. 14th Edition) \bibitem[Nguyen Ngoc Duc et al. ()]{b1}\label{b1} ‘A conceptual model of HRIS-Trust: an understanding of suppliers'/customers' relationship’. Sununta Nguyen Ngoc Duc , Steve Siengthai , Page . \textit{foresight} 2013. 15 (2) p. . \bibitem[Md et al. ()]{b6}\label{b6} ‘Antecedents and outcomes of human resource information system (HRIS) use’. Normalini Md , T Kassim , Sherah Ramayah , Kurnia . \textit{International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management} 2012. 61 (6) p. . \bibitem[Kundu and Kadian ()]{b5}\label{b5} ‘Applications of HRIS in Human Resource Management in India: A Study’. S C Kundu , Rajesh Kadian . \textit{European Journal of Business and Management} 2012. 4 (21) . \bibitem[Markova ()]{b15}\label{b15} ‘Building dynamic capabilities: the case of HRIS’. G Markova . \textit{Management Research: The Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management} 2012. 10 (2) p. . \bibitem[Sadri and Chatterjee ()]{b9}\label{b9} ‘Building organizational character through HRIS’. J Sadri , V Chatterjee . \textit{International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management} 2003. 3 (1) p. . \bibitem[Iwu and Benedict ()]{b2}\label{b2} ‘Economic recession and investment on human resource information systems (HRIS): Perspectives on some South African firms’. Chux Iwu , Henrie Benedict . \textit{Journal of Management Development} 2013. 32 (4) p. . \bibitem[Chadha and Kapoor ()]{b12}\label{b12} ‘Effect of switching cost, service quality and customer satisfaction on customer loyalty of cellular service providers in Indian market’. S K Chadha , D Kapoor . \textit{The Icfai University Journal of Marketing Management} 2009. 8 (1) p. . \bibitem[Gürol et al. (ed.) ()]{b22}\label{b22} \textit{Encyclopedia of E-Business Development and Management in the Global Economy}, Y Gürol , A Wolff , E Ertemsir Berkin . I. Lee (ed.) 2010. p. . (E-HRM in Turkey: A case study) \bibitem[Zafar ()]{b10}\label{b10} ‘Exploring Organizational Human Resource Information System Security’. Humayun Zafar . \url{http://works.bepress.com/humayun\textunderscore zafar/8} \textit{AMCIS 2012 Proceedings}, 2012. \bibitem[Troshani et al. ()]{b0}\label{b0} ‘Exploring the public sector adoption of HRIS’. Indrit Troshani , Cate Jerram , Sally Rao Hill . \textit{Industrial Management \& Data Systems} 2011. 111 (3) p. . \bibitem[Troshani et al. ()]{b17}\label{b17} ‘Exploring the public sector adoption of HRIS’. I Troshani , C Jerram , S Rao . \textit{Industrial Management \& Data Systems} 2011. 111 (3) p. . \bibitem[Decenzo and Stephen ()]{b19}\label{b19} \textit{Fundamentals of human resource management}, D A Decenzo , P Stephen . 2010. Wiley High Education. (10th Edition) \bibitem[Hris Practices in Universities: An Exploratory Study on the Private Universities in (2 20 2 29)]{b23}\label{b23} \textit{Hris Practices in Universities: An Exploratory Study on the Private Universities in}, (Bangladesh) 2 20 2 29. \bibitem[Sheehan and Cooper ()]{b16}\label{b16} ‘HRM outsourcing: the impact of organizational size and HRM strategic involvement’. C Sheehan , B K Cooper . \textit{Personnel Review} 2011. 40 (6) p. . \bibitem[Dery et al. (2009)]{b20}\label{b20} ‘Human resource information systems: replacing or enhancing HRM’. K Dery , D Grant , S Wiblen . \textit{Proceedings of the 15th World Congress of the International Industrial Relations Association IIRA}, (the 15th World Congress of the International Industrial Relations Association IIRASydney, Australia) 2009. 2009. August 27. \bibitem[Dessler ()]{b21}\label{b21} \textit{Human resource management: Global Edition}, G Dessler . 2013. Pearson Education. (13th Edition) \bibitem[Hota (2012)]{b4}\label{b4} ‘Implementation of ERP SaaS Option for HRIS Reporting Practices’. Jyotiranjan Hota . \url{http://ssrn.com/abstract=2162500} \textit{International Conference on Technology and Business Management}, (Dubai) 2012. March 26-28, 2012. \bibitem[Mujeeb ()]{b3}\label{b3} ‘Importance of best Human Resource Management Practices and the need for a Human Resource Information System (HRIS) for the Public Health Sector in Sri Lanka’. L M Mujeeb . \textit{Sri Lanka Journal of Biomedical Informatics} 2012. 2012. 3 p. . \bibitem[Overman ()]{b8}\label{b8} \textit{Reaching for the 21st Century}, S Overman . 1992. 37 p. . HR Magazine \bibitem[Beulen ()]{b11}\label{b11} ‘The contribution of a global service provider's Human Resources Information Systems (HRIS) to staff retention in emerging markets Comparing issues and implications in six developing countries’. E Beulen . \textit{Information Technology \& People} 2009. 22 (3) p. . \bibitem[Farndale et al. ()]{b14}\label{b14} ‘The role of the corporate HR function in global talent management@’. E Farndale , S Hugh , S Paul . \textit{Journal of World Business} 2010. 45 (2) p. . \bibitem[Targowski et al. ()]{b7}\label{b7} ‘The Utility and Selection of an HRIS’. Andrew S \& Targowski , Deshpanade , P Satish . \textit{Advances in Competitive Research} 2001. 9 (1) p. . \bibitem[Wiblen et al. (2010)]{b18}\label{b18} ‘Transitioning From a Proprietary to Vanilla HRIS: The Resulting Implications for Talent’. S Wiblen , K Dery , D Grant . \textit{Proceedings of the 3rd European Academic Workshop on Electronic Human Resource Management}, (the 3rd European Academic Workshop on Electronic Human Resource ManagementBamberg, Germany) 2010. May 20-21. \end{bibitemlist} \end{document}