@incollection{, 81131C98DF894FDEB58F4E5FAFF83126 , author={{Igwe}}, journal={{Global Journal of Human Social Sciences}}, journal={{GJHSS}}2249-460X0975-587X10.34257/GJHSS, address={Cambridge, United States}, publisher={Global Journals Organisation}1324252 } @incollection{b0, , title={{Briefing: The 2002 Ethiopian Local Elections: The Return of Electoral Authoritarianism}} , author={{ LAalen } and { KTronvold }} , journal={{African Affairs}} 108 430 , year={2009} } @book{b1, , title={{Disciplining Democracy: Development Discourse and Good Governance in Africa}} , author={{ RAbrahamsen }} , year={2000} , publisher={Zed Books} , address={London} } @book{b2, , title={{Political Parties and Pressure Groups}} , author={{ ABAgbaje }} , editor={Anifowose, R. and Enemuo, F.} , year={1999} } @book{b3, , title={{Eleme-nts of Political Science}} , publisher={Lagos Malthouse Press Ltd} } @book{b4, , title={{Democracy and Development in Africa}} , author={{ CAke }} , year={1996} 139 , address={Brookings Institute, Washington DC} } @book{b5, , title={{Corruption, Governance Performance and Political Trust in Nigeria}} , author={{ EE OAlemika }} , year={2004} Universityof Cape Town, Centre for Social Science Research , note={Working Paper No. 77} } @book{b6, , title={{Political development: Essays in heuristic theory. Little Brown and company}} , author={{ GAAlmond }} , year={1970} 232 , address={Boston, MA} } @incollection{b7, , title={{Political Parties and Pressure Groups}} , author={{ ABAgbaje }} , booktitle={{Elements of Political Science}} , editor={ RAnifowose FEnemuo } , publisher={Lagos Malthouse Press Ltd} , year={1999} } @book{b8, , title={{Corruption, Governance Performance and Political Trust in Nigeria}} , author={{ EE OAlemika }} , year={2004} University of Cape Town, Centre for Social Science Research , note={Working Paper No. 77} } @book{b9, , author={{ TBlair }} , title={{Speech to the Labour Party Conference'. October}} London , year={2001. October 3} 2 16 , note={Reprinted in the Guardian} } @book{b10, , title={{Doctrine of the International Community', speech delivered to the Economic Club in Chicago}} , author={{ TBlair }} , year={1999. April 24} , publisher={Neoconservatism, Atlantic Books} , address={London} , note={Reprinted in Stelzer, I.} } @incollection{b11, , title={{Cities, State Fragility/Resilience and Development: Frameworks, Findings and Thoughts Aloud}} , author={{ JoBeall }} , journal={{Crisis States Research Centre}} , year={2008} } @incollection{b12, , title={{Time's Broken: The Return of the Past in the Response to}} , author={{ DCambell }} , journal={{Theory and Event}} , year={2002. September 11. 5} } @book{b13, , title={{Minding Exceptions}} , author={{ JHuysmans }} } @incollection{b14, , author={{ JCosgrave }} , booktitle={{The Impact of the War on Terror on Aid Flows}} London , year={2004} } @book{b15, , author={{ PDe Sola }} , title={{Contemporary Political Science: Towards Empirical Theory}} New York , publisher={McGraw-Hill} , year={1967} 26 } @book{b16, , title={{Fighting Poverty to Build a Safer World: A Strategy for Security and Development' DFID}} , author={{ Dfid }} , year={2005} 13 , address={London} } @book{b17, , title={{The State of the Nation: Constraints on Development in Independent Africa}} , author={{ REmerson }} , editor={M.F. Lofchie} , year={1971} , publisher={University of Caalifornia Press} 250 , address={Berkley, CA} , note={The Prospect for Democracy in Africa} } @incollection{b18, , title={{National Integrated Survey Household}} , journal={{Federal Office of Statistics (FOS)}} , year={2006} , publisher={FGN Press} } @book{b19, , author={{ GartonAsh } and { T }} , title={{the Terror Trap', the Guardian}} , year={2002. 17 October} } @book{b20, , title={{EC Aid: At the Ferefront of Poverty Reduction or Global Security?}} , author={{ MGavas }} , year={2006} } @incollection{b21, , title={{Population pressures and political repression}} , author={{ CWHenderson }} , journal={{Social Science Quarterly}} 74 , year={1993} } @book{b22, , author={{ BWHodder }} , title={{Africa Today: A Short Introduction to African Affairs}} Methuen, London , year={1987} 119 } @incollection{b23, , title={{Nigeria: Elections threatened by Violence and abuse of Power}} , journal={{Human Right Watch}} , year={2008. 2009} , publisher={HRW} } @book{b24, , title={{Electoral Violence and Democratization in Ibadan, Nigeria, an M.Phil. thesis submitted to the Department of Sociology}} , author={{ DOIgwe }} , year={2011} 5 , address={Nigeria} University of Ibadan } @book{b25, , title={{Societies of Fear: The Legacy of Civil War, Violence and Terror in Latin America}} , author={{ KKoonings } and { DKruijt }} , year={1999} , publisher={Zed Books} , address={London} } @book{b26, , title={{Liberal Democracy and its Critics in Africa. Political Dysfunction and the Struggle for Social Progress}} , author={{ TLumumba-Kasongo }} , year={2005} , publisher={Zed Books} 201 , address={London} } @book{b27, , title={{The roles of the police and other seculy options cult menace and campus Brigandage; in citadels of violence by}} , author={{ OOPaddy }} , editor={Jiti O.M., Segun. J. and Eni-A.} , year={1999} } @book{b28, , title={{}} , author={{ LagosCdhr }} } @incollection{b29, , title={{Democracy, Sustainable Development and Poverty}} , author={{ LMSachikonye }} , journal={{Development Policy Management Forum}} , year={2002} , publisher={UNECA; Ethiopia} } @book{b30, , title={{Failed and Failing States', speech to the European Research Institute}} , author={{ JStraw }} , year={2002. 6 September 2002} , address={Birmingham} } @incollection{b31, , title={{Lump together and like it}} , journal={{The Economist}} , year={2008} , note={8-14 November} } @incollection{b32, , title={{Democracy is a Lake}} , author={{ CTilly }} , booktitle={{Roads from Past to Future Rowman & Littlefield Publishers}} Lanham, Maryland , year={1997} 198 } @incollection{b33, , title={{The Security Strategy of the United States of America, The White House}} , journal={{United Nations Development Programme}} , editor={33. US Government} , year={2005. 2005. 2002. September, preface} , note={Human Development Report} } @book{b34, , title={{Reluctant Partners: Fighting Terrorism and Promoting Democracy in Kenya', International Studies Perspective 9}} , author={{ BEWhitaker }} , year={2008} }