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\title{Changes in Earth Cover and Relations with the Equation Universal Soil Losses in Basin of the Western Plateau of Sao Paulo, Brazil}
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             \author[1]{Alyson Bueno  Francisco}

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\date{\small \em Received: 11 June 2021 Accepted: 2 July 2021 Published: 15 July 2021}

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\begin{abstract}
        


The expansion of sugarcane crop in watersheds, located in the regions of Marilia and Presidente Prudente, in the interior of São Paulo, by replacing degraded pastures, is altering soil cover and influencing erosive processes. This article aims to analyze the land cover changes in the basin of Confusion?s stream and relate to the parameters of the factors of the Universal Soil Loss Equation. The land cover charts were generated with images of CBERS?s satellite dated 2009 and 2018 by supervised classification. The areas of the land cover classes were related to factor C of the USLE and data estimates of secondary sources of erosivity factor (R), erodibility factor (K) and topographic factor with the data of slope (LS). From these parameters, an estimate of soil loss was presented for the basin of Confusion?s stream. The soil loss in the basin of Confusion?s stream was estimated by 2018 data at 2,484 t/ha/y.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{hydrographic basin; erosion; cartography; GIS.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
he first estimates of soil losses in Brazil were analyzed in the 1940s using experimental plots at the Agronomic Institute of Campinas (BERTONI; LOMBARDI  {\ref NETO, 1999)}.\par
The Universal Equation of Soil Losses was developed from the studies of Wischmeier and Smith  {\ref (1961 apud LAFLEN;}\hyperref[b2]{MOLDENHAUER, 2003)} from 10,000 data on soil loss rates in experimental plots in the United States of America.\par
Soil losses in Brazil are estimated at approximately 848 million tons per year (MERTEN; MINELLA, 2013). Fast-paced soil losses in the degraded areas of the Western Plateau of São Paulo represent environmental and economic damage.\par
The scale of watersheds has repercussions in recent years due to the details of the guaranteed by advances in geographic technologies. On the local scale, the particularities of each rural producer are found and mitigating measures are applied in the face of land degradation conditions. The dialogue with rural producers takes place through the technical knowledge of public agencies and researchers guide these agencies through extension projects. The definition of the concepts and principles of water management is essential to consolidate the necessary measures in river basins. Ideals based on rational water use are important to guide political decisions and favor of soil conservation measures and recovery of degraded areas.\par
The geoprocessing techniques used met the research needs, confirming that its use improves the processes and phases of spatial analysis. In addition, the created database can be replicated, corrected and updated at any time, which makes it dynamic and applicable to the most diverse spatial representation demands of the information contained therein (PIROLI, 2013).\par
The watershed is a territorial and physical unit present in nature bounded by drainage. Nature presents its diversity and researchers need to avoid generalizing small scales and seek to understand natural phenomena in field research.\par
In this sense, fieldwork is necessary, as the main methodology of the geographer, to investigate the nature of each hydrographic basin and present the diagnoses (inventories), to carry out environmental planning from the perspective of water resources management with adequate prognoses to ensure the future availability of drinking potable water (GUIMARÃES, 1999).\par
From the development of Geographic Information Systems, spatial data from watersheds served as parameters applying the Universal Equation of Soil Losses, mainly by the formation of numerical elevation models. The development of erosive processes in the large hydrographic basins of tropical environments made it propitious to apply this empirical model in river basins to generate databases in Geographic Information Systems (PARVEEN; KUMAR, 2012).\par
In recent years, research on river basins and geoprocessing techniques has become more present in geographical studies. The spatiality of erosive processes involves the understanding of the aspects of hydrographic basins and the transformations that occur in rural landscapes of changes in agricultural activities. The use of conservation practices for the recovery of areas with degraded soils can contribute to the mappings performed by geographers with support in geographic information systems.  Despite deforestation for cotton planting until the 1970s and later the domain of pasture planting for cattle herd farming, the Confusion Stream's basin has preserved fragments of native forest (approximately 8\% of the area), including a fragment of approximately 3,000 hectares.\par
In the last 15 years, installing a sugar-alcohol plant in the southwestern part of the basin favored the increase of sugarcane planting areas (23\% to 34\% of the area) with the existence of terraced plantations, replacing the degraded pasture areas.\par
The clinographic letter of slope was elaborated based on data from the digital elevation model from the SRTM mission, in the Slope routine of the TerrSet GIS. The slope data served as the basis for the elaboration of the estimation of the LS factor, ramp length (slopes) and unevenness (slopes).\par
The preparation of the land cover charts were carried out in the TerrSet Geographic Information System with orbital images of the CBERS satellite dated October 2009 and February 2018, through the supervised classification routine. The geographic referencing of the images was performed at GIS Idrisi. After geographic referencing, the false-color composition was applied with bands 2, 3 and 4.\par
Using the Digitize routine, reliable samples were selected with the vectorization of polygons, whose each class to be represented had a value. With the use of the Make-sig routine, signatures are created and then the classifier is defined with maximum likelihood with the use of the Max-like routine. Then, mode filtering was applied using a size 7x7. To cut out the area of the  
\section[{METHODOLOGY}]{METHODOLOGY}\par
Topography Mission (SRTM) data were delimited using SRTM data in the Global Mapper software. The vector that delimits the watershed was exported in Shapefile format, having as reference system the horizontal datum SIRGAS-2000.\par
Regarding the factors attributed to the Universal Equation of Soil Losses, the erodibility indexes presented by \hyperref[b0]{Freire et al. (1992)}. The rainfall erosivity (R) was estimated based on the reference of Francisco (2017) when presenting the values for an adjacent basin 15 km away from the Confusion Stream's basin. The types of soils identified in the hydrographic basin were adopted by the map presented by \hyperref[b4]{Oliveira et al. (1999)}. The C factor of soil management forms, by the land cover classes, followed the reference adopted by \hyperref[b7]{Pinto (1991)}. The factor conservation practices (P) was estimated based on the indices of calculations expressed by Bertoni and Lombardi Neto (1999).    Table \hyperref[tab_1]{2} shows the relationship between the areas of the land cover classes and the C factor of land use applied in the Universal Equation of Soil Losses. The data show factor C from 810.17 to 994.31, an increase of 18.5\% in erosive potential according to land cover changes in 9 years. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Results and Discussion}]{Results and Discussion}\par
The table \hyperref[tab_2]{3} presents the relation of the areas of the land cover classes with the predominant types of soils by the K factor of erobility. The erodibility factor remained practically stable in 9 years, being present the addition of native forest areas present in hydromorphic soils of primary forests and a decrease in exposed soil areas, very conducive to the development of laminar erosion. When considering the average length of 100 m of ramp in the basin and the mean slope of 5.67\% or 10º, the topographic factor was estimated at 0.006.\par
The factor of conservation practices was calculated based on the mean slope of 10º, being obtained in 0.19342.\par
When considering the estimated factors of the USLE for the basin, the rates of soil losses were estimated in 2009 by the land cover classes in table \hyperref[tab_5]{5}. The Confusion Stream's basin, with 46,760 ha, presents an estimate of soil losses at 1,909.24 t/ha/year in 2009.\par
When considering the estimated factors of the USLE for the basin, the rates of soil losses were estimated in 2018 by the land cover classes in table \hyperref[tab_6]{6}. The Confusion Stream's basin, with 46,760 hectares, presents an estimate of soil losses at 2,484.08 t/ha/year in 2018.\par
IV. 
\section[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par
The estimates of soil losses are important for the management of watersheds with the application of mapping in the identification of the most degraded areas susceptible to erosion. The mapping of the current conditions of the hydrographic basin (inventory) favors the diagnosis of degradation conditions and proposals for environmental recovery.\par
Brazil is a country with large territorial extensions and watersheds that are distributed in several municipalities and states and it is important to implement policies for the management of water resources through partners with the various territorial units. Brazilian municipalities need to draw up an inventory with maps and databases of watersheds to favor water management.\par
Soil conservation is an interdisciplinary theme and can integrate several professionals from the technical and research fields to support public agencies in the proposals to recover areas degraded by rigorous erosive processes.\par
Soil degradation conditions require the improvement of more empirical scientific techniques and with the support of geographic information systems to contribute to the monitoring of erosive processes.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}The}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{12}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 1 :)Figure 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}B}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Figure 3}\end{figure}
   \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.35819397993311036\textwidth}P{0.13645484949832776\textwidth}P{0.09381270903010033\textwidth}P{0.1705685618729097\textwidth}P{0.09096989966555183\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Land covers classes Area in 2009 (ha)}\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep Area in 2018 (ha)\tabcellsep \%\\
Urban areas and roads\tabcellsep 0.58\tabcellsep 0.01\tabcellsep 1.55\tabcellsep 0.003\\
Native forest\tabcellsep 3,610.00\tabcellsep 7.72\tabcellsep 3,913.28\tabcellsep 8.37\\
Water channel\tabcellsep 1.42\tabcellsep 0.01\tabcellsep 1.58\tabcellsep 0.003\\
Agricultural crop\tabcellsep 10,679.00\tabcellsep 22.84\tabcellsep 15,768.36\tabcellsep 33.72\\
Pasture\tabcellsep 23,085.00\tabcellsep 49.75\tabcellsep 22,571.32\tabcellsep 48.27\\
Land wood\tabcellsep 326.00\tabcellsep 0.70\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\
Bare soil\tabcellsep 8,698.00\tabcellsep 18.75\tabcellsep 3,504.06\tabcellsep 09.61\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.2424398625429553\textwidth}P{0.08762886597938144\textwidth}P{0.122680412371134\textwidth}P{0.23075601374570445\textwidth}P{0.0993127147766323\textwidth}P{0.06718213058419244\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Land covers classes Factor C}\tabcellsep Area in 2009 (ha)\tabcellsep C (2009)\tabcellsep Area in 2018 (ha)\tabcellsep C (2018)\\
Native forest\tabcellsep 0.0004\tabcellsep 3,610\tabcellsep 0.00003\tabcellsep 3,913.28\tabcellsep 0.00003\\
Agricultural crop\tabcellsep 0.0500\tabcellsep 10,679\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{0.11420 15,768.36 0.16860}\\
Pasture\tabcellsep 0.0075\tabcellsep 23,085\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{0.37000 22,571.32 0.36200}\\
Land wood\tabcellsep 0.0450\tabcellsep 326\tabcellsep 0.00700\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\
Bare soil\tabcellsep 0.1000\tabcellsep 8,698\tabcellsep 0.18601\tabcellsep 3,504.06\tabcellsep 0.00370\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.20261627906976745\textwidth}P{0.15566860465116278\textwidth}P{0.06177325581395349\textwidth}P{0.10130813953488373\textwidth}P{0.19273255813953485\textwidth}P{0.0815406976744186\textwidth}P{0.05436046511627907\textwidth}}
Classe de cobertura\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Área in\tabcellsep K\tabcellsep Área in\tabcellsep K\\
da terra\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Soil kind Factor K}\tabcellsep 2009 (ha)\tabcellsep (2009)\tabcellsep 2018 (ha)\tabcellsep (2018)\\
Native forest\tabcellsep Hydric soil\tabcellsep 0.003\tabcellsep 3,610\tabcellsep 0.00023\tabcellsep 3,913.28\tabcellsep 0.00025\\
Agricultural crop\tabcellsep Clay soil\tabcellsep 0.051\tabcellsep 10,679\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{0.01165 15,768.36 0.01719}\\
Pasture\tabcellsep Oxissoil\tabcellsep 0.016\tabcellsep 23,085\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{0.00799 22,571.32 0.00772}\\
Land wood\tabcellsep Oxissoil\tabcellsep 0.016\tabcellsep 326\tabcellsep 0.00011\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\
Bare soil\tabcellsep Clay soil\tabcellsep 0.051\tabcellsep 8,698\tabcellsep 0.00949\tabcellsep 3,504.06\tabcellsep 0.00382\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
61\\
(\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3})}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.2642322097378277\textwidth}P{0.13052434456928838\textwidth}P{0.15599250936329587\textwidth}P{0.16235955056179774\textwidth}P{0.13689138576779025\textwidth}}
Classe de cobertura\tabcellsep Área in\tabcellsep R\tabcellsep Área in 2018\tabcellsep R\\
da terra\tabcellsep 2009 (ha)\tabcellsep (2009)\tabcellsep (ha)\tabcellsep (2018)\\
Native forest\tabcellsep 3,610\tabcellsep 564.66\tabcellsep 3,913.28\tabcellsep 610.92\\
Agricultural crop\tabcellsep 10,679\tabcellsep 1,667.16\tabcellsep 15,768.36\tabcellsep 2,461.64\\
Pasture\tabcellsep 23,085\tabcellsep 3,603.94\tabcellsep 22,571.32\tabcellsep 3,523.7\\
Land wood\tabcellsep 326\tabcellsep 50.89\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\
Bare soil\tabcellsep 8,698\tabcellsep 1,357.9\tabcellsep 3,504.06\tabcellsep 547.03\\
?\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 7,244.55\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 7,143.29\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.18762541806020067\textwidth}P{0.18762541806020067\textwidth}P{0.07959866220735785\textwidth}P{0.056856187290969896\textwidth}P{0.07959866220735785\textwidth}P{0.07959866220735785\textwidth}P{0.07675585284280936\textwidth}P{0.10234113712374582\textwidth}}
Land covers\tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Factor R Factor K Factor LS Factor C Factor P}\tabcellsep Ei\tabcellsep A (t/ha/year)\\
Native forest\tabcellsep 564.66\tabcellsep 0.00023\tabcellsep 0.006\tabcellsep 0.00003\tabcellsep 0.19342\tabcellsep 2.10 -9\tabcellsep 0.0002\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Agricultural crop 1,667.16}\tabcellsep 0.01165\tabcellsep 0.006\tabcellsep 0.11420\tabcellsep 0.19342\tabcellsep 0.0257\tabcellsep 1,201.73\\
Pasture\tabcellsep 3,603.94\tabcellsep 0.00799\tabcellsep 0.006\tabcellsep 0.37000\tabcellsep 0.19342\tabcellsep 0.0123\tabcellsep 577.51\\
Bare soil\tabcellsep 1,357.9\tabcellsep 0.00949\tabcellsep 0.006\tabcellsep 0.18601\tabcellsep 0.19342\tabcellsep 0.0027\tabcellsep 130\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.19081632653061223\textwidth}P{0.18503401360544217\textwidth}P{0.08095238095238094\textwidth}P{0.05782312925170068\textwidth}P{0.08095238095238094\textwidth}P{0.08095238095238094\textwidth}P{0.06938775510204082\textwidth}P{0.10408163265306122\textwidth}}
Land covers\tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Factor R Factor K Factor LS Factor C Factor P}\tabcellsep Ei\tabcellsep A (t/ha/year)\\
Native forest\tabcellsep 610.92\tabcellsep 0.00023\tabcellsep 0.006\tabcellsep 0.00003\tabcellsep 0.19342\tabcellsep 2.10 -9\tabcellsep 0.0002\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Agricultural crop 2,461.64}\tabcellsep 0.01165\tabcellsep 0.006\tabcellsep 0.11420\tabcellsep 0.19342\tabcellsep 0.038\tabcellsep 1,777.23\\
Pasture\tabcellsep 3,523.7\tabcellsep 0.00799\tabcellsep 0.006\tabcellsep 0.37000\tabcellsep 0.19342\tabcellsep 0.012\tabcellsep 566\\
Bare soil\tabcellsep 547.03\tabcellsep 0.00949\tabcellsep 0.006\tabcellsep 0.18601\tabcellsep 0.19342\tabcellsep 0.003\tabcellsep 140.85\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}Table 6 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2021 Global Journals Year 2021 B Changes in Earth Cover and Relations with the Equation Universal Soil Losses in Basin of the Western Plateau of Sao Paulo, Brazil} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
