@incollection{, AB6654B45FF64889A5F83280960B6AD9 , author={{BenjaminAnim-Eduful} and {KennethAdu-Gyamfi} and {University of Cape Coast}}, journal={{Global Journal of Human Social Sciences}}, journal={{GJHSS}}2249-460X0975-587X10.34257/GJHSS, address={Cambridge, United States}, publisher={Global Journals Organisation}2174760 } @incollection{b0, , title={{Students' alternative conceptions associated with application of redox reactions in everyday life}} , author={{ KAdu-Gyamfi } and { JGAmpiah }} 10.20849/aes.v4i1.590 , journal={{Asian Education Studies}} 4 1 , year={2019} } @incollection{b1, , title={{High school chemistry students' alternative conceptions of H 2 O, OH -, and H + in balancing redox reactions}} , author={{ KAdu-Gyamfi } and { JGAmpiah } and { DDAgyei }} , journal={{International Journal of Development and Sustainability}} 4 6 , year={2015} } @incollection{b2, , title={{Teachers' problems of teaching of oxidationreduction reactions in high schools}} , author={{ KAdu-Gyamfi } and { JGAmpiah } and { DDAgyei }} 105281/zenodo.1471731 , journal={{European Journal of Education Studies}} 5 5 , year={2018} } @incollection{b3, , title={{Students' difficulties in IUPAC naming of organic compounds}} , author={{ KAdu-Gyamfi } and { JGAmpiah } and { JYAppiah }} , journal={{Journal of Science and Mathematics Education}} 6 2 , year={2017} } @book{b4, , title={{A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives}} , author={{ LWAnderson } and { DRKrathwohl } and { BSBloom }} , year={2001} , publisher={Allyn & Bacon} , address={Boston} } @incollection{b5, , title={{How to improve students' participation in chemistry class: The case of 2 nd Year chemistry students taking the course practical organic chemistry}} , author={{ BZAregawi } and { HMMeressa }} , journal={{International Journal of Engineering Development and Research}} 5 4 , year={2017} } @incollection{b6, , title={{Analytical survey of students' attitudes towards teaching and learning of Mathematics and Chemistry in senior secondary schools}} , author={{ AAArokoyo } and { JCAmadi }} , journal={{International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Technology}} 5 9 , year={2018} } @incollection{b7, , title={{Attitudes of primary mathematics teachers towards the use of activitybased learning methods in teaching mathematics in Nigeria schools}} , author={{ BFAzuka } and { DDurujaiye } and { SDOkwuoza } and { OJekayinka }} , journal={{International Journal of Educational Learning}} 1 1 , year={2013} } @incollection{b8, , title={{Content knowledge for teaching: What makes it special}} , author={{ DBall } and { MHThames } and { GPhelps }} , journal={{Journal of Teacher Education}} 59 5 , year={2008} } @incollection{b9, , title={{Teachers' mathematical knowledge, cognitive activation in the classroom, and student progress}} , author={{ JBaumert } and { MKunter } and { WBlum } and { MBrunner } and { TVoss } and { AJordan } and { UKlusmann } and { YMTsai }} , journal={{American Educational Research Journal}} 47 1 , year={2010} } @incollection{b10, , title={{Constructivism: A theory of knowledge}} , author={{ GMBodner }} , journal={{Journal of Chemical Education}} 63 10 , year={1986} } @incollection{b11, , title={{Difficulties encountered by science teachers during teaching concepts of science difficulties encountered by science teachers during teaching concepts of science}} , author={{ RChavan }} , journal={{Physical Science Education Journal}} 1 , year={2017} } @incollection{b12, , title={{What's difficult about chemistry? An Irish perspective}} , author={{ PEChilds } and { MSheehan }} , journal={{Chemistry Education Research and Practice}} 10 , year={2009} } @incollection{b13, , title={{Learners' mental models of chemical bonding}} , author={{ RKColl } and { DFTreagust }} , journal={{Research in Science Education}} 3 1 , year={2001} } @incollection{b14, , title={{Qualitative analysis in the beginning organic laboratory}} , author={{ JHCooley } and { RVWilliams }} , journal={{Journal of Chemical Education}} 76 , year={1999} } @book{b15, , title={{Designing and conducting mixed methods research}} , author={{ JWCreswell } and { VLClark }} , year={2018} , publisher={SAGE Publications, Inc} , address={Thousand Oaks, California} , note={rd ed.} } @book{b16, , title={{Using concept maps and concept questions to enhance conceptual understanding. Paper presented at the Frontiers in Education}} , author={{ DLDarmofal } and { DHSoderholm } and { DRBrodeur }} 10.1109/fie.2002.1157954 , year={2002. 2002. 2002} 32 , address={nd Annual} } @incollection{b17, , title={{Motivation and education: the selfdetermination perspective}} , author={{ ELDeci } and { RJVallerand } and { LGPelletier } and { RMRyan }} , journal={{Journal of Education and Psychology}} 26 3 , year={1991} } @incollection{b18, , title={{Ameliorating students' performance and attitude towards chemistry through chemistry problemsolving techniques}} , author={{ TKDelmang } and { EJGongden }} , journal={{International Journal of Scientific Research in Education}} 9 2 , year={2016} } @incollection{b19, , title={{Students' categorizations of organic compounds}} , author={{ DSDomin } and { MAl-Masum } and { JMensah }} , journal={{Chemistry Education Research and Practice}} 9 , year={2008} } @incollection{b20, , title={{Constructing scientific knowledge in the classroom. Educational researcher}} , author={{ RDriver } and { HAsoko } and { JLeach } and { PScott } and { EMortimer }} , journal={{Journal of Science Education}} 23 7 , year={1994} } @incollection{b21, , title={{Group discussions as a tool for investigating students' concepts}} , author={{ HEybe } and { HJSchmidt }} , journal={{Chemistry Education Research and Practice}} 5 3 , year={2004} } @incollection{b22, , title={{Making sense of the arrow-pushing formalism among chemistry majors enrolled in organic chemistry}} , author={{ RFerguson } and { GMBodner }} , journal={{Chemistry Education Research and Practice}} 9 , year={2008} } @book{b23, , title={{The effect of modified laboratory instruction on students' achievement in chemistry practical}} , author={{ NKGoh } and { KAToh } and { LSChia }} , year={1987} , address={Singapore} Institute of Education } @incollection{b24, , title={{A four level framework for identifying and classifying student conceptual and reasoning difficulties}} , author={{ DJGrayson } and { TRAnderson } and { LGCrossley }} , journal={{International Journal of Science Education}} 23 , year={2001} } @incollection{b25, , title={{Implementing POGIL in the lecture and the science writing Heuristic in the laboratory. Student perceptions and performance in undergraduate organic chemistry}} , author={{ TJGreenbowe } and { DSchroeder }} , journal={{Chemistry Education Research and Practice}} 9 , year={2008} } @incollection{b26, , title={{Ideas underpinning success in an introductory course in organic chemistry}} , author={{ AKHassan } and { RAHill } and { NReid }} , journal={{The Royal Society of Chemistry: University Chemistry Education}} 8 , year={2004} } @incollection{b27, , title={{Effects of teachers 'mathematical knowledge for teaching on student achievement}} , author={{ HCHill } and { BRowan } and { DBall }} , journal={{American Educational Research Journal}} 42 , year={2005} } @book{b28, , title={{Early explorations in Science}} , author={{ JJohnston }} , year={2005} , publisher={Open University Press} , address={Maidenhead} , note={nd ed.} } @book{b29, , title={{Learning with technology: A constructivist perspective}} , author={{ DHJonassen } and { KLPeck } and { BGWilson }} , year={1999} , publisher={Merrill Publishing} , address={Upper Saddle River, NJ} } @incollection{b30, , title={{Intrinsic motivation of pre-service primary school teachers for learning chemistry in relation to their academic achievement}} , author={{ MJuri?evi? } and { SAGla?ar } and { CRPu?ko } and { IDevetak }} , journal={{International Journal of Science Education}} 30 1 , year={2008} } @book{b31, , title={{Teaching for conceptual understanding in science}} , author={{ RKonicek-Moran } and { PKeeley }} , year={2015} , publisher={NSTA Press} } @book{b32, , title={{Advanced chemistry}} , author={{ PMatthews }} , year={2011} , publisher={Cambridge University Press} , address={New York} } @book{b33, , title={{Teaching syllabus for chemistry: Senior high school 1-3. Accra: Author}} , year={2010} } @incollection{b34, , title={{Why some students don't learn chemistry}} , author={{ MBNakhleh }} , journal={{Journal of Chemical Education}} 3 , year={1992} } @incollection{b35, , title={{Who says organic chemistry is difficult? Exploring perspectives and perceptions}} , author={{ AO'dwyer } and { PEChilds }} , journal={{Science and Technology Education}} 13 7 , year={2017} , note={Journal of Mathematics} } @incollection{b36, , title={{Students' and Teachers' Attitude and Performance in Chemistry in Secondary Schools}} , author={{ JOOgembol } and { HOtunga } and { RNYaki }} , journal={{Global Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Science}} 4 3 , year={2015} } @book{b37, , title={{Human learning}} , author={{ JEOrmrod }} , year={1999} , publisher={Merrill-Prentice Hall} , address={New Jersey} } @incollection{b38, , title={{Effectiveness of conceptual change-oriented teaching strategy to improve students' understanding of galvanic cells}} , author={{ ARÖzkaya } and { MÜce } and { HSaricayir } and { MSahin }} , journal={{Journal of Chemical Education}} 83 11 , year={2006} } @incollection{b39, , title={{Students' understanding of solution chemistry concepts}} , author={{ TP?narba?? } and { NCanpolat }} , journal={{Journal of Chemical Education}} 80 11 , year={2003} } @book{b40, , author={{ RHPetrucci } and { FGHerring } and { JDMadura } and { CBissonnette }} , title={{General chemistry: Principle & modern applications}} Ontario , publisher={Person Canada Inc} , year={2017} , note={th ed.} } @book{b41, , title={{Organic chemistry through visualization}} , author={{ LRice }} , year={2016} , address={Dublin} Dublin City University } @incollection{b42, , title={{The influence of teachers' knowledge on student learning in middle school physical science classrooms}} , author={{ PMSadler } and { GSonnert } and { HPCoyle } and { NCook-Smith } and { JLMiller }} , journal={{American Educational Research Journal}} 50 5 , year={2013} } @incollection{b43, , title={{The construction and analogical transfer of symbolic visualizations}} , author={{ LDSchwartz }} , journal={{Journal of Research in Science Teaching}} 30 10 , year={1993} } @incollection{b44, , title={{The effect of animation and cooperative learning on chemistry students` academic achievement and conceptual understanding about aqueous solution}} , author={{ USimsek }} , journal={{World Applied Science Journal}} 7 1 , year={2009} } @book{b45, , title={{Instructional design}} , author={{ PLSmith } and { TJRagan }} , year={1999} , publisher={Wiley} , address={New York, NY} } @book{b46, , title={{Mental rotation and diagrammatic reasoning in science curriculum and instruction. Learning and Instruction}} , author={{ SStieff }} , year={2007} 17 } @incollection{b47, , title={{What happens when representations fail to represent? Graduate students' mental models of organic chemistry diagrams}} , author={{ AMStrickland } and { AKraft } and { GBhattacharyya }} , journal={{Chemistry Education Research and Practice}} 11 4 , year={2010} } @book{b48, , title={{Alternative conceptions in chemistry: Prevention, diagnosis and cure}} , author={{ KSTaber }} , year={2002} , publisher={The Royal Society of Chemistry} , address={London} } @incollection{b49, , title={{Constructivism as educational theory: Contingency in learning, and optimally guided instruction}} , author={{ KSTaber }} , booktitle={{Educational theory}} , editor={ JHassaskhah } Hauppauge, NY , publisher={Nova Science Publishers, Inc} , year={2011} } @incollection{b50, , title={{Development and evaluation of a chemistry educational software for learning organic reactions using qualitative reasoning}} , author={{ AY CTang } and { MZain } and { SAbdullah } and { R }} , journal={{International Journal of Education and Information Technologies}} 3 4 , year={2010} } @incollection{b51, , title={{Effect of a virtual chemistry laboratory on students' achievement}} , author={{ ZTatli } and { AAyas }} , journal={{Educational Technology & Society}} 16 1 , year={2013} } @incollection{b52, , title={{A Comparison of Different Teaching Designs of 'Acids and Bases' Subject}} , author={{ NÜltay } and { MÇalik }} , journal={{Eurasia Journal of Mathematics}} 12 1 , year={2016} , note={Science & Technology Education} } @incollection{b53, , title={{Relationship between teachers' educational qualifications and student's achievement in chemistry: A Case Study of Owerri West LGA}} , author={{ AOUnanma } and { HOAbugu } and { RCDike } and { UCUmeobika }} , journal={{Journal of Research & Method in Education}} 1 1 , year={2013} } @book{b54, , title={{Chief examiner's report on West African senior school certificate examination}} , year={2001. May/June chemistry practical} , publisher={Wisdom Press} , address={Accra} West African Examinations Council } @book{b55, , title={{Chief examiner's report on West African senior school certificate examination}} , year={2003. May/June chemistry practical} , publisher={Wisdom Press} , address={Accra} West African Examinations Council } @book{b56, , title={{Chief examiner's report on West African senior school certificate examination}} , year={2004. May/June chemistry practical} , publisher={Wisdom Press} , address={Accra} West African Examinations Council } @book{b57, , title={{Chief examiner's report on West African senior school certificate examination}} , year={2005. May/June chemistry practical} , publisher={Wisdom Press} , address={Accra} West African Examinations Council } @book{b58, , title={{Chief examiner's report on West African senior school certificate examination}} , year={2006. May/June chemistry practical} , publisher={Wisdom Press} , address={Accra} West African Examinations Council } @book{b59, , title={{Chief examiner's report on West African senior school certificate examination}} , year={2007. May/June chemistry practical} , publisher={Wisdom Press} , address={Accra} West African Examinations Council } @book{b60, , title={{Chief examiner's report on West African senior school certificate examination}} , year={2012. May/June chemistry practical} , publisher={Wisdom Press} , address={Accra} West African Examinations Council } @book{b61, , title={{Chief examiner's report on West African senior school certificate examination}} , year={2014. May/June chemistry practical} , publisher={Wisdom Press} , address={Accra} West African Examinations Council } @book{b62, , title={{Chief examiner's report on West African senior school certificate examination}} , year={2015. May/June chemistry practical} , publisher={Wisdom Press} , address={Accra} West African Examinations Council } @book{b63, , title={{Chief examiner's report on West African senior school certificate examination}} , year={2016. May/June chemistry practical} , publisher={Wisdom Press} , address={Accra} West African Examinations Council } @book{b64, , title={{Chief examiner's report on West African senior school certificate examination}} , year={2017. May/June chemistry practical} , publisher={Wisdom Press} , address={Accra} West African Examinations Council } @book{b65, , title={{Chief examiner's report on West African senior school certificate examination}} , year={2018. May/June chemistry practical} , publisher={Wisdom Press} , address={Accra} West African Examinations Council } @incollection{b66, , title={{Developments in chemical education in China-STS education and social organic chemistry}} , author={{ WYong }} , journal={{Journal of chemical education}} 71 6 509 , year={1994} }