@incollection{, BADF7681EC6EE4E3114E63ED4E4900F8 , author={{Fiberesima PatienceAduko} and {Obong University}}, journal={{Global Journal of Human Social Sciences}}, journal={{GJHSS}}2249-460X0975-587X10.34257/GJHSS, address={Cambridge, United States}, publisher={Global Journals Organisation}2122751 } @book{b0, , title={{Advertising Practitioners Council of}} , address={Nigeria (APCON) Act} } @incollection{b1, , title={{}} , journal={{African Independent Television (AIT)}} } @incollection{b2, , title={{The effect of social network sites on adolescents social and academic development: Current theories and controversies}} , author={{ JAhn }} , journal={{Journal of association for information sciences and technology}} 62 8 , year={2011} } @book{b3, , title={{Article 13 of the Timor-Leste, Government Decree 18/2017 on Electoral Campaign}} } @book{b4, , title={{Article 16 of the South Africa Constitution}} , year={1996} } @book{b5, , title={{Article 17 of the Fiji Constitution}} , year={1998} } @incollection{b6, , title={{Perceptions of social media impact on student's social behaviour: A comparison between Arts and Science students}} , author={{ LAl-Shargi } and { KHashim } and { IKutbi }} , journal={{International journal by education and social sciences}} 2 4 , year={2015} } @book{b7, , title={{Ideology for Nigeria: capitalism, socialism or welfarism}} , author={{ NAzikiwe }} , year={1980} , publisher={Macmillan publishers} , address={Lagos} } @book{b8, , title={{Effects of social media in social relationships: A descriptive study on the impact of mobile phones among the youth population}} , author={{ MM JBajeev }} , year={2015} 4 } @book{b9, , title={{Research methods in administrative sciences}} , author={{ MDBaridam }} , year={2001} , publisher={Belk Publishers} , address={Port-Harcourt} } @incollection{b10, , title={{Counter-speech: Examining content that challenges extremism online (S. 21)}} , author={{ JBartlett } and { AKrasodomski-Jones }} , journal={{Demos}} , year={2015} } @book{b11, , title={{the spread of hate speech in online social media}} arXiv:1812.01693v1 , editor={Binny Mathew Ritam Dutt Pawan Goyal Animesh Mukherjee} , year={2018. 4 Dec 2018} , address={Research Gate} , note={cs.SI} } @incollection{b12, , title={{Challenging online behaviours of youth: findings from a comparative analysis of young people in the United States and New Zealand}} , author={{ IBerson } and { MBerson }} , journal={{Social science computer review}} 23 16 , year={2005} } @book{b13, , title={{the spread of hate speech in online social media}} arXiv:1812.01693v1 , editor={Binny Mathew Ritam Dutt Pawan Goyal Animesh Mukherjee} , year={2018. 4 Dec 2018} , address={Research Gate} , note={cs.SI} } @book{b14, , title={{A brief history of social media}} , author={{ BBorders }} , year={2009. Nov 2019} 14 } @incollection{b15, , title={{The use of alternative social networking sites in higher educational settings: A case study of the E-learning benefits of Nigeria in Education}} , author={{ KBrady } and { LHolcomb } and { BSmith }} , journal={{Journal of interactive online learning}} 9 4 , year={2010} } @book{b16, , title={{Tweeting the terror: modelling the social media reaction to the Woolrich terrorist attack. Social network analysis and mining}} , author={{ PBumap } and { MLWilliams } and { LSloan }} , year={2014} 206 } @incollection{b17, , title={{Report of one-day stakeholders' forum on hate speech and the 2015 elections in Nigeria}} , author={{ FCCampbell }} , booktitle={{Traders of Hate in Search of Votes: Tracking Dangerous Speech in Nigeria's}} , publisher={ASM international} , year={2010. Dec 2019. 2015. 2015} 14 Center for Information Technology and Development , note={21. Centre for Information Technology and Development} } @incollection{b18, , title={{Election Campaign}} , booktitle={{Center for Information Technology and Development}} , year={2016} } @incollection{b19, , title={{The impact of social media on social lifestyle: A case study of university female students}} , author={{ JEChukwuere }} , journal={{Gender and Behaviour}} 15 5 , year={2017} } @incollection{b20, , title={{New media and politics: An assessment of 2016 South African local government elections}} , author={{ JEChukwuere } and { CFOnyebukwa }} , booktitle={{Proceedings of International Academic Conferences. NO. 9939}} International Academic Conferences. NO. 9939 , year={2017} } @book{b21, , title={{War, guns and votes democracy in dangerous places}} , author={{ PCollier }} , year={2010} , publisher={P Bodley} , address={London} } @incollection{b22, , title={{The hard embodiment of culture}} , author={{ DovCohen }} , journal={{European Journal of Social Psychology}} 39 7 , year={2009} } @book{b23, , title={{Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe}} , year={1997} } @book{b24, , title={{Opposing hate speech}} , author={{ AJ PCortese }} , year={2006. 2008} , publisher={Praeger Heyman} , address={Westport, CT; Gail} } @book{b25, , title={{Children's critical thinking when learning from others. Current directions in psychological sciences}} 17 } @book{b26, , title={{What's wrong with counter-speech?}} , author={{ RCaustic-Deal }} , year={2017, 6 Feb. 2018} , note={Retrieved 14. Mai} } @incollection{b27, , title={{Qualitative interview design: A practical guide for the novice}} , author={{ TWDaniel }} , journal={{Investigators. The qualitative report}} 15 3 , year={2010} } @book{b28, , title={{Nursing professionalism: Impact of social media use among nursing students journal of health care communications}} , author={{ WEdge }} , year={2017} 2 } @incollection{b29, , title={{The history of social media and its impact on business}} , author={{ SOEdosmiwan }} , journal={{The Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship}} 16 3 , year={2011} } @incollection{b30, , title={{Childhood learning vs adulthood learning: The theory of pedagogy and Andragogy}} , author={{ SOEdosomwan }} , journal={{US-China Education Review}} 6 2 , year={2016} } @incollection{b31, , title={{The history of social media and its impact on business}} , author={{ SOEdosomwan }} , journal={{The Journal of Applied Management & Entrepreneurship}} 16 3 , year={2011} } @incollection{b32, , title={{Ethno -Religious conflicts and national security in Nigeria: Illustration from th/e "Middle Belt}} , author={{ SEgwu }} , booktitle={{State, Economy, and Society in Post -Military Nigeria}} , editor={ InAdejumobi S } New York , publisher={Palgrave Macmillan} , year={1993} } @book{b33, , title={{Blogging: fostering intercultural competence development in foreign language and study abroad contexts. Foreign language annals}} , author={{ IElola } and { AOskoz }} , year={2008} 41 } @book{b34, , author={{ EuroparatMinisterkomitee Des Hassrede }} , title={{Ministerkomitees an die Mitgliedstaaten über die Empfehlung R (97)}} , year={1997} 20 } @incollection{b35, , title={{}} , journal={{European Court of Human Rights}} , publisher={ECHR} } @book{b36, , title={{Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN)}} } @book{b37, , title={{Free speech, hate speech and an Australian Bill of rights. School of Economics and Political Science}} , author={{ KGelber }} , year={2002} 4 University of Sydney } @incollection{b38, , title={{Evidencing the harms of hate speech}} , author={{ KGelber } and { LMcnamara }} 10.1080/13504630.2015.112881042.Gitlowv , journal={{Social Identities}} 22 3 , year={2016. 1925} } @incollection{b39, , title={{}} , journal={{Guyana Elections Commission (GECOM)}} } @book{b40, , title={{Five difference between social media and social networking}} , author={{ SHartshorn }} , year={2010. Nov 2019} 18 } @book{b41, , title={{Electoral violence conflict-ridden societies: concepts, causes, and consequences. Terrorism and political violence}} , author={{ KHoyland }} , year={2009} 21 } @incollection{b42, , title={{Verification and validation of distributed systems: track information}} , author={{ UIsola }} -10.0007/978-3-030-03424-5-21 , booktitle={{th international symposium}} ISOLA; Limassol, Cyrus , year={2018. 2018. November 5-9. 2018} 8 } @incollection{b43, , title={{Tackling the Problem of Hate Speech During Elections in Nigeria, Southern Voices Network for Peace building Scholar}} , author={{ OIsola }} , journal={{Policy Brief}} 17 , year={2018. May 2018} } @book{b44, , title={{The wired generation: Academic and social outcomes of electronic media use among university students. Cyberpsychology, behaviour and social networking}} , author={{ WCJacobsen } and { RForste }} , year={2011} 14 } @book{b45, , title={{Ethnopaulism and ethnoreligious hate speech in Nigeria}} , author={{ KJoel }} , year={2013. Nov, 2019} } @incollection{b46, , title={{The extent of "Hate Speech" politics in Maslow. An analysis of the proliferation of hate speech ahead of the 2009 general election}} , author={{ BMJoseph }} , journal={{Africa Development and Resources Institute Journal}} 4 2 , year={2014} } @book{b47, , title={{The relationship between Facebook and the wellbeing of undergraduate college students. Cyberpsychology, behaviour and social networking}} , author={{ MKaleido } and { DCostin } and { JMorris }} , year={2010} 14 } @incollection{b48, , title={{}} , journal={{Kenya Political Parties Act}} , year={2012} } @book{b49, , title={{UK children go online: listening to young people's experiences. London: the school of economic and political science}} , author={{ SLivingstone } and { MBober }} , year={2003} } @incollection{b50, , title={{Digital natives and social media behaviour: An overview}} , author={{ BLusk }} , journal={{Prevention researcher}} 6 4 , year={2010} } @book{b51, , title={{Words that wound: critical race theory, assaultive speech and the first amendment}} , author={{ MMatsuda }} , year={1993} , publisher={Taylor and Francis} } @book{b52, , author={{ JSMill }} , title={{On liberty Indianapolis}} , publisher={Hackett publishing press} , year={1978} } @book{b53, , title={{Social media network participation and academic performance in senior high schools in Ghana. Library philosophy and practice}} , author={{ JMingle } and { MAdams }} , year={2015} } @incollection{b54, , title={{The impact of wireless fidelity on students' academic performance in a developing economy}} , author={{ KMMoate } and { JEChukwuere } and { MBMavhmgn }} , booktitle={{proceedings of international academic conferences}} international academic conferences , year={2017} , note={International Institute of social and economic sciences} } @book{b55, , author={{ MOMugenda } and { GAMugenda }} , title={{Research methods: quantitative and qualitative approaches. Nairobi: African Centre for technology studies}} , year={2003} } @book{b56, , author={{ ONnoli }} , title={{Ethnic politics in Nigeria. Enugu: fourth dimension publishers}} , year={1978} } @book{b57, , title={{Dead -End to Nigeria Development: An investigation on the social, economic and political crises in Nigeria}} , author={{ ONnoli }} , year={1993} , publisher={Dakari CODESRIA} } @book{b58, , title={{Ethnicity and electoral behavioural in Nigeria European scientific journal}} , author={{ SNNwachukwu } and { AAphemalo } and { EONwosu }} , year={2014} 2 } @incollection{b59, , title={{Electoral violence and Nigeria's 2007 elections}} , author={{ ONwolise }} , journal={{Journal of African Elections}} 6 2 , year={2007} } @book{b60, , author={{ NOriji } and { NUzodi }} , title={{The 2011 post-election violence in Nigeria. Abuja: policy and Advocacy Centre}} , year={2012} } @incollection{b61, , title={{A History of Identities, Violence, and Stability in Nigeria}} , author={{ EghosaEOsaghae } and { RotimiTSuberu }} , journal={{CRISE WORKING PAPER}} 6 , year={2005. January 2005} Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford } @book{b62, , author={{ EEOsaghae } and { RTSuberu }} , title={{Center for research on inequality, human security and Ethnicity}} , year={2015} 6 } @book{b63, , title={{The influence of the internet on active social involvement and the formation and development of identities}} , author={{ VRimskii }} , year={2011} , publisher={Russian Education & Society} 52 } @book{b64, , title={{Section 95 of the Nigerian Electoral Act of}} , year={2010} } @incollection{b65, , title={{The impact of social media on youth: A case study of Bahawalpur city}} , author={{ GShabir } and { YM VHameed } and { GSafdar } and { SM F SGilari }} , journal={{Asian journal of social sciences and humanities}} 3 4 , year={2014} } @book{b66, , title={{Social media marketing industry report white paper source}} , author={{ MAStelzner }} , year={2009} 1 } @book{b67, , title={{Whatsapp adds end-to-end encryption: have your messages really been spiced on?}} , author={{ JTitcomb }} , year={2016} } @book{b68, , title={{UN's International Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination}} } @book{b69, , title={{Social networking: the educational tool}} , author={{ JWaddington }} , year={2011} } @book{b70, , title={{Detecting hate speech on the world wide web}} , author={{ WWarner } and { JHirschberg }} , year={2012} } @incollection{b71, , title={{Impact of social networking websites on students}} , author={{ SWhan }} , journal={{Abasyn journal of social sciences}} 5 2 , year={2012} } @incollection{b72, , title={{Nurses' use of the internet and social media: does age, years of experience and educational level make a difference}} , author={{ DMWolf } and { JWenskovitch } and { BBAnton }} , journal={{Journal of nursing education and practice}} 6 2 , year={2016} } @book{b73, , author={{ BWren }} , title={{Research reflexivity clinical child psychology and psychiatry}} , year={2004} 9 } @book{b74, , title={{Zambia's Electoral Commission Media Code of Conduct for Journalists}} } @book{b75, , title={{Sex/gender outsiders hate speech and freedom of expression. Can they say that about me?}} , author={{ MJZingo }} , year={1998} , publisher={Praeger} , address={Westport, com} }