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\title{Spatial and Socio-Economic Dimensions of Street Children in Ibadan, Nigeria}
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             \author[1]{David Victor  Ogunkan}

             \affil[1]{  Bells University of Technology, Ota}

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\date{\small \em Received: 4 February 2021 Accepted: 1 March 2021 Published: 15 March 2021}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Consequent to the widely recognized influence of rapid population growth on streetism, this paper examines the spatial and socio-economic dimensions of the street children phenomenon in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study analyses the intra-urban pattern of child streetism and analyses the characteristics of street children in the study area. The study participants are children working and or living on the streets of Ibadan, the administrative headquarters of Oyo state, Nigeria. The study enumerates street children in selected activity nuclei in urban high, medium and low residential densities. 10% of the observed number of street children was included in the survey using the convenience sampling method. In all, a total of one hundred and fifty-two (152) copies of questionnaires were administered to the willing street children. The study employs Z-scores to compare the intensity of the problem and ANOVA to analyze the variation in the incidence of street children within urban residential densities. The result of the ANOVA shows that with f=14.587 and p= 0.001, there is a significant difference in the observed variations in the incidence of street children among residential densities.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{street children; spatial pattern, socioeconomic; population growth; poverty.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
he twenty-first century presents a remarkable threshold in the demographic history of the world, particularly in developing nations such as Nigeria. In this century, described by the UN Habbitat (2012) as "Urban Millenium", the world's urban population has grown from 220 million to almost three billion (Isabelle -Jasmin, 2012). It has also been observed that over 70\% of the world population will be urbanized by 2050  {\ref (UNDP, 2006)}. While Africa is the most urbanizing region in the world (Habbitat 2012), Nigeria is one of the greatest contributors) to its urbanization profile \hyperref[b0]{(Adeboyejo, 2013)}. This unprecedented population growth has been accompanied by rapid and tremendous changes that have transformed the urban physical, economic and social environments. The impacts of these changes are felt by almost every urban dweller, but the urban poor is the most vulnerable. Consequent to these changes is another growing global problem of the rising number of street children in urban areas, mostly within the developing world. Street children are a complex phenomenon and certainly one of the challenges presented by urban poverty (Consortium of Street  {\ref Children, 2009)}.\par
Nigerian urban centres are not exempted from this phenomenon; in recent years, the number of children on Nigerian streets has grown exponentially  {\ref (Oloko, 1992}; Okpukpara and Odurukwe, 2003; \hyperref[b33]{Owasanoye and Wermham, 2004;}\hyperref[b8]{Fakoya, 2009)}. Although there is no statistical evidence to support this claim in Nigeria, it has been reported that over 7.3 million Nigerian children of school age were not in school \hyperref[b9]{(Faloore, 2009;}\hyperref[b8]{Fakoya, 2009} {\ref , UNICEF, 2005)}. This ugly trend has its social consequences, one of which is the spiralling population of street children in major towns and cities in Nigeria \hyperref[b8]{(Fakoya, 2009)}.\par
While there are no reliable figures on the number of street children in Nigeria, there is a consensus in the literature that various factors such as poverty, hunger, insecurity, child abuse, domestic violence, inadequate care, death of a parent (or of both parents,), need for income in the family, inability to continue school, willful deviance in a few children, literacy, housing challenges, drug use by children and peer influences  {\ref (Okpukpara, et al, 2006;}\hyperref[b9]{Faloore, 2009}\hyperref[b8]{, Fakoya, 2009;}\hyperref[b25]{Obioha, 2009)} are major factors, pulling children into the streets in Nigeria.\par
However, the point of concern is that the increasing number of street children in Nigerian cities constitutes serious environmental problems, health hazard and immense challenges to national security  {\ref (Ngowanji et al., 2009)}. The street children are socially relegated and stigmatized; they are subject to neglect, exploitation, and the female among them are vulnerable to sexual abuse  {\ref (Ikechebelu et al., 2008)}.\par
The extant literature and policy recommendations on street children and such allied social problems as child labour and child prostitution notwithstanding, the escalating incidence of street children in Nigeria, like most developing countries, calls for a refinement of empirical approach and tailor-made programme formulations. It has been observed that most of the recommendations that have emanated from researchers and adopted by government and support providers for policy measures and support networks are adaptive in nature and so ineffective. The reason is that the recommendations were not based on intensive empirical research with a holistic approach focusing on the spatial, socio-economic and socio-cultural dimensions of street children in Nigeria. According to \hyperref[b14]{Jelili (2009)}, the analysis, control and management of most sociological problems or social vices (of which street children is one) in cities without recourse to their spatial implication account for the failure of most policies or efforts at addressing such problems. This research gap motivates this study to examines the spatial and socio-economic implications of street children in Ibadan, the largest city (in terms of spatial extent) in sub -Sahara Africa \hyperref[b0]{(Adeboyejo, 2013)}. 
\section[{II. Literature Review and Theoretical Framework}]{II. Literature Review and Theoretical Framework}\par
The literature is extant with conceptual clarifications of the term street children  {\ref (WHO, 1993;}\hyperref[b42]{Veale, 1992;} {\ref )}. For instance, it has been argued that the appellation "street children" is a socially constructed term that in reality does not form a clearly defined homogenous population or phenomenon \hyperref[b9]{(Faloore, 2009;} {\ref Brick and Malcom, 2000;}\hyperref[b42]{Veale, 1992;} {\ref CSC, 2009;}\hyperref[b27]{Ogunkan, 2013)} and that, particular circumstances in a particular society dictates who should be included in the definition \hyperref[b34]{(Owoaje et al, 2009)}. However, the definition provided by the Inter-NGO (1995) is attractive and adopted in this study more so that it enjoys the support of practitioners, Scholars and Policymakers. According to Inter-NGO (1995), street Children as any girl or boy who has not reached adulthood, for whom the street (in the broadest sense of the word, including unoccupied dwellings, wasteland etc.), has become her or his habitual abode/or sources of livelihood and who is inadequately protected, supervised or directed by responsible adults.\par
While the definition of street children defies universal agreement, there is a level of consensus in the literature on the factors responsible for the phenomenon of street children. The factors, which may be social, economic, political or environmental are broken down by scholars across the Globe. In a study of Columbian street children conducted by \hyperref[b36]{Pineda et al (1978)}, it was discovered that such factors as extreme poverty, family disintegration, physical abuse and search for adventure are responsible for the phenomenon of street children. World Health Organization (1993) identifies such factors as family breakdown, poverty, armed conflict, natural and man-made disasters, famine, physical and sexual abuse, exploitation, dislocation through migration, urbanization and overcrowding, and acculturation.  {\ref Kombarakara (2004)} opines that children run away from home because of such factors as physical abuse by parents, rejection by step-parents or guardians, extreme poverty and family discord. In Nigeria, there is a consensus in the literature that such causative factors as poverty, family maladjustment, death of parents, parents' illiteracy, the disintegration of the extended family system, hunger, insecurity, abuse and violence, unemployment, housing difficulties, rural-urban drift among several others  {\ref (Ebigbo, 1989} {\ref : Okpukpara et al., 2009;}\hyperref[b27]{Ogunkan, 2013)}.\par
These underlying factors lead to harmful consequences that are obvious in the Nigerian urban environment. Street children constitute environmental eyesores, present an ugly scene of an urban environment \hyperref[b27]{(Ogunkan, 2013)}, and the pool of recruits as armed robbers, urban terror gangs and violent critics \hyperref[b23]{(Ngoawaji, 2009)}. Many of them eventually become criminals and a threat to society  {\ref (NCWD, 2009)}. The nature of life on the street has exposed children to unforeseen circumstances such as motor accidents (NCWD, 2009), physical and sexual assault, vagrancy and kidnapping \hyperref[b9]{(Faloore, 2009)}. They suffer from malnutrition and ill-health  {\ref (Ogunkan, 2014)}.\par
The problem of street children is a comparatively new phenomenon in Africa. Therefore the problem is not well documented in the continent as in Latin America and South-East Asia \hyperref[b20]{(Mehta, 2000)}. However, the rapid unguided and uncontrolled urbanization process has made the street children phenomenon a significant issue in developing countries \hyperref[b18]{(Kopoka, 2000;}\hyperref[b20]{Mehta, 2000)}. Although sub-Saharan Africa is currently the least urbanized region of the developing world, with less than 30 per cent of the population living in the urban area  {\ref (Mehta,} {\ref 200)}, it has the highest urbanization rates average of 4.6\% per annum (UNCHS, 1996). In addition to this, Africa is one of the continents experiencing high population growth rates with an estimated annual growth rate of 3.6 per cent (UNDP, 1990). Consequently, African cities are increasingly confronted with a rising number of street children.\par
Nigeria may not be the most urbanizing country in Africa, but pieces of evidence have shown that it has contributed immensely to the urbanization profile of Africa \hyperref[b0]{(Adeboyejo, 2013)}. The National Population Census conducted in 1952 put the Nigerian population at 30.4. million, 11\% of which was classified as urban \hyperref[b31]{(Olayiwola, 2000)}. In the official census of 1963, Nigeria's population was around 55.6 million, out of which 10.6million (about 19.1\%) were living in 183 cities and town  {\ref (Olujinmi, 2000)}. By 1991, the population of Nigeria Urban population had also risen by 36.3\%, with 359 urban centres existing in the countries \hyperref[b26]{(Odeyemi 2002)}. The last conducted 2006 census indicates total population figures of 140,542,032.  {\ref (NPC, 2006)}. These figures also revealed a tremendous increase in the urban population, and consequently an increasing population of street children. \hyperref[b8]{(Fakoya, 2009;}\hyperref[b9]{Faloore, 2009;}\hyperref[b25]{Obioha, 2009;}\hyperref[b27]{Ogunkan, 2013)}. There is no denying that the obviousness and enormity of the problem of street children have attracted considerable research attention in Nigeria. However, there is little or no evidence of studies in the spatial dimensions of street children in street children in Nigeria. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Data and Method a) The study setting}]{Data and Method a) The study setting}\par
The study setting is Ibadan, a pre-colonial urban centre in Nigeria. Urbanism as a way of life in Ibadan predates European colonization of the country. The city has the farthest spatial extent among cities in sub-Sahara Africa. It has distinct residential neighbourhoods of urban high, medium and low residential densities. Ibadan metropolis consists of locations in five Local Government areas: Ibadan North, Ibadan North East, Ibadan North West, Ibadan South East and Ibadan West local governments. The city of Ibadan has recorded substantial growth due to its central location in Yorubaland, and its accessibility from the colonial capital city of Lagos (Udo, 1994). In addition to rural-urban migration, urbanization in Ibadan is due to immigration from other urban centres within and outside Nigeria (Afolayan, 1994) 
\section[{b) The Study Population}]{b) The Study Population}\par
For this study, the research population was defined to be children living and working on the streets. This definition was deliberately adopted, and it includes all groups of children who regarded the street, at a minimum, as the place where they get their subsistence. Some of these children, it was recognized from the outset, would be school-goers and have homes and families they go back to daily. Others have no homes to go back to and therefore would be residing full time on the streets 
\section[{c) Sampling procedure}]{c) Sampling procedure}\par
Ibadan is a pre-colonial urban centre with a vast spatial extent and well developed and easily distinguishable residential densities; the urban high, medium and low-density residential areas. Each residential density is homogenous in terms of physical layout, socio-economic and environmental characteristics  {\ref (Adeboyejo and Onyeonoru, 2002)}. This framework is the spatial unit upon which data were collected. it is advantageous to analyze urban issues based on this spatial unit because each density exhibits certain consistent features in terms of location, the types, structures and layout of housing, housing conditions and occupancy ratio, which reflect social, economic and cultural attributes of residents  {\ref (Adeboyejo and Onyeonoru, 2002;}\hyperref[b1]{Afon, 2007;} {\ref Adeboyejo et al., 2012)}. In each residential density, street children-proneareas were surveyed. However, for objective comparison among densities, five categories of locations were recognized in each residential density as: i. One largest mosque in each residential neighbourhood (determined by the size of the weekly congregation). ii. One largest church in each residential neighbourhood (determined as in (i) above). iii. One popular market in each residential neighbourhood (determined by the spatial extent and degree of patronage); iv. One popular junction in each residential neighbourhood (determined by the intensity of use); and v. One popular motor park (determined by the extent of patronage and spatial extent). These locations, defined here as Data Delineated Areas (DDAs), are well known as major attractions for street children, being centres/areas of intense socio-economic or religious activities and consequently centres of population concentration.  
\section[{d) Data Analysis}]{d) Data Analysis}\par
The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistic such as average, cross-tabulation and standard scores. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed to analyze the variations in the incidence of street children across the residential neighbourhoods.\par
IV. 
\section[{Results and Discussion}]{Results and Discussion} 
\section[{a) Incidence and Spatial Analysis of Street Children}]{a) Incidence and Spatial Analysis of Street Children}\par
The results of the street children enumeration is as shown on Table \hyperref[tab_1]{2}.\par
The distribution in the Table indicated that street children were more concentrated in Market (24.9\%) than any other location. This is followed by Motor Park (20.3\%), Mosque (19.9\%), Junction (19\%) and Church (15.9\%) in the order of magnitude. It follows, therefore, that the market, motor parks and mosque are the three highest attractors of street children. The high concentration of street children in Market may not be unconnected with the fact that market provides a convenient spot for street children, especially child hawkers and child traders to sell their wares. Motor Park also provided avenue for street children to engage in a number of commercial activities such as selling of packaged sachet water, selling of items such as handkerchiefs, face towels, recharge cards for mobile phones, chiled soft drinks and fast food to travellers. Motor park is also a convenient spot for child beggars to beg for alms for the reason that when people are traveling they attach much importance to giving alms at motor parks as a way of pleading God for safe journey \hyperref[b14]{(Jelili, 2009)}. The relatively high incidence of street children in Mosque has religious implication as charity or almsgiving (zakat, in Arabic) is one of its five pillars. Therefore, mosques are good and convenient places for child beggars to beg for alms.\par
The aggregation of data by residential neighbourhood shows that the highest proportion of street children (55.1\%) are found within high residential neighbourhood. This is followed by medium (23.2\%) and low (21.7) densities residential neighbourhoods.\par
For locational specific analysis, the incidence of street children in all the locations was transcribed into   1, all locations but one within the top half of the graph are locations in highdensity residential neighbourhoods, while those at the bottom half are either located at medium or low-density residential neighbourhoods. The point to be stressed in this analysis is that the physical and socio-economic attributes of location play significant roles in the incidence of street children. The breakdown of the distribution of street children shows that the high-density residential neighbourhoods had the highest proportion of street children; this is followed by medium and lowdensities neighbourhoods with 23\% and 22\%, respectively. This variation in the distribution of street children across residential neighbourhoods further attests to the impact of physical and socio-economic attributes of locations on the incidence of street children. However, it is important to test how significant is the variation as observed above. Given this, the incidence of street children defined by RISC was subjected to ANOVA. The result of the ANOVA shows that with f=14.587 and p=0.001, there is a significant difference in the observed variations in the incidence of street children among residential densities. This result implies that the incidence of street children varies significantly among residential neighbourhoods; with the high-density residential neighbourhood having the highest distribution. This distribution was not unexpected since the high-density areas are characterized by the low socio-economic class and poor housing quality, and low environmental quality \hyperref[b1]{(Afon, 2007)}. Also, there is a great deal of informal activity from which street children can eke out a living and prevalence of makeshift structure used by the informal operators, which provide a haven for the street children.\par
The low incidence observed in low-density areas is a result of the physical and social attributes of the area. The low-residential areas usually have well-planned layouts; good quality housing; good quality environmental services; and a high proportion of the higher income and better-educated residents. There is simply no hiding place for street children in these areas. 
\section[{b) Socio-Economic Characteristics of Street Children}]{b) Socio-Economic Characteristics of Street Children}\par
As shown in Table \hyperref[tab_3]{4}, the majority of the street children were within the age range of 15 -17 years (46.1\%); followed by those in the age range of 12-14 (32.9\%), while children between 9 -11 years had the lowest proportion of 21.1\%. This age distribution pattern evolved because only street children who disclosed their ages between 9 to 17 were involved in the survey. The study, however, concentrated more on those within 12 -17 because they showed better knowledge of issues under investigation. Therefore, they were able to respond satisfactorily to various questions asked. The evolving age pattern conforms to the result of a similar study by \hyperref[b34]{Owoaje et al. (2009)}, where a significant proportion of street children within the age bracket 15-17 constitute the majority of street children interviewed. The gender of street children varied from place to place, but WHO (1995) puts the proportion of girls among street children as less than 30\% in developing countries. A similar finding from the Lusaka study puts the proportion of street girls at 20\%  {\ref (PCIZ, 2002)}. This finding was corroborated in this study as the bulk of street children encountered were street boys (69.1\%) compared with the proportion of street girls (30.9\%). Literature from other countries shows similar gender disproportion among street children  {\ref (UNICEF, 1993;} {\ref Malcom, 2001;} {\ref FREPD, 2003;} {\ref Wargan and Dershem, 2009)}. As noted by \hyperref[b2]{Aptekar (2001)}, this gender disparity may be attributable to the fact that girls are expected to help at home more than boys, especially in femaleheaded households. The observation here is that girls are more sought after and employed as a housemaid in fairly well-to-do homes. Also, girls are more at risk than boys. Therefore, the fear of molestation by street boys and criminals must have kept most girls off the street. Moreover, the clandestine nature of girls works makes them less visible on the street than boys.\par
The educational status of street children indicates that about two-fifths (40.1\%) of the children were schooling. However, about one-third (37.5\%) were either in Primary school or Junior Secondary School. A few (3\%) claimed they were in Senior Secondary School. The distribution suggests there is a connection between the cost of education and the street children phenomenon. Despite that the basic education in Nigeria is almost free of charge, the so-called "free schools" have hidden costs that make them unaffordable for many street children. Even though there are no tuition fees, there are often charges for school supplies and materials, uniform, transportation and extra -curriculum activities. Many families are extremely poor, and cannot afford the other cost of schooling.\par
The income level of street children shows that the majority (32. 2\%) made between N1 -N200 per day. About 28.2\% earned between N201 -N500 per day on average, while 18.4\% earned between N500 to N1000 per day. Interestingly, about 20\% of the street children made as much as N1000 per day, while another 9.9\% made well above N1500 a day. The daily income for street children compares favourably with the daily takehome of some operators of informal activities. It is also observed that, if these children lived with their poor families, such economic opportunities would not be available. Further results show that major sources of income of the street children were menial jobs such as hawking (47.4\%), alms from benevolent individuals (26.7\%) and load-carrying (13.2\%). The economic attractions of being on the street may be one of the major reasons why it is difficult for the government to get the children off the street.\par
Contrary to the submission that street children in Ibadan are mostly migrants \hyperref[b9]{(Faloore, 2009)}, this study shows that seven out of every ten street children (69.7\%) had lived their entire lives in Ibadan (Table \hyperref[tab_3]{4}). In the remaining groups, (24\%) were migrants from adjoining towns like Ile-Ife, Osogbo, Ikirun, Iwo, Ikire, while 9.9\% were from other regions outside South West Geopolitical Zone. Only 4.6\% came from outside Nigeria, in particular Chad and the Niger Republic.\par
The findings also revealed that an overwhelming number of children on the streets of Ibadan identified themselves as Yoruba (81.6\%). Hausa and Igbo were 9.2\% and 5.3\%, respectively, while children from other tribes were 3.9\%. Bearing in mind the analysis on the nativity of street children, the aggregate distribution of tribe of street children is in line with the expectation because the bulk of street children are from Ibadan and adjoining towns which are largely Yoruba speaking towns.\par
In Nigeria, religion has pervaded every sphere of social life (e.g., family, school, helping and coping behaviour of individuals and economic life). The religious affinity of the street children as analyzed in this study shows that 83 (54.6\%) were Christians; 67 (44.1\%) were Muslims, while 2 (1.3\%) indicated they had no religious affiliation. However, this does not influence their values; attitudes, emotions, and behaviour as a number of them have been linked with a string of negativities such as pickpocketing, prostituting, recruits as armed robbers, urban terror gangs and violent cultists  {\ref (Ngowaji et al, 2009}\hyperref[b3]{, Boakye -Boaten, 2006)} As a matter of comparison, the socio-economic variables discussed above for the three residential densities were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).  The results of ANOVA in Table \hyperref[tab_4]{5} shows that out of the socio-economic variables discussed, only income (with f=18.762 and probability value of approximately 0.000) varies significantly with density. However, the observed variation in the overall socio-economic characteristics among residential densities is not statistically significant at f= 1.415 and p=0.246. This finding agrees with those of Zuberi, (2005); Owoaje, (2009); WERK, (2009); and Ekpenyong and Sibiri, (2011), which suggest that street children have similar characteristics irrespective of their locations. 
\section[{Volume XXI Issue III Version I}]{Volume XXI Issue III Version I} 
\section[{c) Parental Characteristics of Street Children}]{c) Parental Characteristics of Street Children}\par
The distribution of the parental characteristics of street children shows that contrary to reports in some studies \hyperref[b13]{(Isangula, 2011}\hyperref[b24]{, Nichols et al. 2014}; Pillay 2016), streetism may not directly correlate with orphanhood. More than two-third (121 or 79.6\%) of the sampled street children indicated both parents were alive. This distribution suggests that their being on the street had the tacit approval of either or both parents. Nearly nine in every tenth street child (133 or 87.5\%) reported their mothers were still alive, while more than three-quarters of street children (130 or 85.5\%) claimed that their father was still alive. (see table \hyperref[tab_4]{5})\par
The public perception that the majority of street children were pushed to the street as a result of dysfunctional family structure \hyperref[b38]{(Ruto, 1999;} {\ref Kudrati et al., 2001;} {\ref Kopoka, 2009)} may not be entirely accurate; because a higher proportion (32.2\%) of street children were from "apparently stable families". Nevertheless, one cannot completely rule out the possibility of a dysfunctional family being a contributory factor. The reason is that 19.3\% of sampled street children were from broken homes, while 15.1\% had their parents separated but not divorced. 6.7\% had single-parent families. 26.9\% were from widowed families having lost either of the parents. As summarized in Table \hyperref[tab_5]{6}, almost one third (33.1\%) of the children said that their mothers had no stable occupation or not working at all as against the less than a quarter (23.8\%) who claimed that their fathers were unemployed. The mothers of an appreciable (44.4\%) percentage of the children were involved in petty trading as compared to other types of work, which includes farming (4.5\%), Artisan (4.5\%) and clerical (13.5\%). Many fathers, as claimed by the children, were more involved in skilled manual work (21.5\%) and driving (14.6\%). Petty trading appeared to be the occupation of fewer fathers than mothers (16.2\%). Other occupations associated with the fathers were clerical job (11.5\%) and farming (10\%). A small proportion (2.3\%) said their fathers had retired from employment. This distribution clearly illustrates the precarious socio-economic status of the families of these children.\par
According to FREPD (2003), street children come from families with the lowest educational attainment. This finding has been validated in this study that 68.5\% of fathers and 85.2\% of mothers had no formal education. Almost a quarter (23.9\%) of the children said that their fathers did not go beyond primary school, while less than a tenth (9.5\%) reported that their mothers did not have secondary education. About 4.6\% and 3.8\% respectively for fathers and mother had completed secondary education while only one father (0.7\%) reportedly attended Technical school. 
\section[{V. Recommendations and Conclusion}]{V. Recommendations and Conclusion}\par
It can be concluded from the above analysis and discussion that: 1. Well planned, good quality environmental services tend to generate a low incidence of street children, while a poorly managed environment generates a high incidence of street children. 2. The phenomenon of street children is a symptom of the larger poverty problem, being the main cause for children ending up living on the street. 3. Education is an important human right to break the poverty cycle that street children experience. The disintegrating nature of the urban family and the breakdown or the weakening of the African kinship systems in the urban setting could be the important contributing factors to the problem of street children in Nigeria.\par
Thus, it is concluded that the street children phenomenon is the expression of a complicated web of social, economic and environmental problems. It is, therefore, essential to find structural solutions to the problem.\par
Arising from the above, the following recommendations are put forward to tackle the increasing trend of street children in Ibadan and, by extension, Nigerian urban centres.\par
? Urban planners are urged to ensure that the new layout (residential, industrial, commercial etc.) plans discourage open spaces that may not be manageable by the potential users. When such are created, adequate provisions should be made on how to manage them, and such provisions should be well implemented to guide against springing up of indiscriminate location of squatter-informal-sector activities which street children of different categories mingle. ? Government Poverty Alleviation Programmes should be restructured if not re-designed and should be centred on the basic needs' approach. This can be done through the establishment of environmentally attractive and affordable schools, provision of shelter, provision of scholarship for their children and setting up of medical centres in the urban slums ? In line with this, the government should introduce policy measures to ensure that all children of relevant ages are included in compulsory education and that education is provided free of charge, at least up to the secondary school level. This will assist to keep children off the street. The introduction of Universal Basic Education represents a positive step in this direction. However, the effect of over-politicization and corruption on the programme should be addressed to ensure compliance with policy recommendations for solving educational issues of street children in line with the context of the Millennium Development Goals and Education for All strategies that the country has signed. ? The traditional kinship system, where the extended family functions as a social safety net for its members, should be encouraged. The reintroduction of collective responsibility for the upbringing of children in African societies can be promising for the prevention of streetism.\par
While it could be stated that the recommendation mentioned in this work are by no means exhaustive, it is strongly suggested that they can go a long way in addressing the problem of everincreasing problem of street children in the country.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
  \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.07605263157894737\textwidth}P{0.14986842105263157\textwidth}P{0.1543421052631579\textwidth}P{0.11631578947368422\textwidth}P{0.19907894736842105\textwidth}P{0.1543421052631579\textwidth}}
Residential Districts\tabcellsep DDA A\tabcellsep DDA B\tabcellsep DDA C\tabcellsep DDA D\tabcellsep DDA E\\
\tabcellsep Oja Oba\tabcellsep OkePadi\tabcellsep Gbagi-Dugbe\tabcellsep Dugbe junction\tabcellsep Gbagi -\\
HIGH\tabcellsep Central\tabcellsep Catholic Church\tabcellsep Market\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Ogunpa-\\
\tabcellsep Mosque\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Dugbe Motor Park\\
\tabcellsep Alhaji\tabcellsep OritaMefa Baptist\tabcellsep Agodi -Gate\tabcellsep Iwo Road\tabcellsep Iwo Road Motor\\
MEDIUM\tabcellsep Arisekola\tabcellsep Church\tabcellsep Market\tabcellsep Roundabout\tabcellsep park\\
\tabcellsep Mosque\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Bodija\tabcellsep Living Spring\tabcellsep Bodija Market\tabcellsep Sango/\tabcellsep Sango Motor Park\\
LOW\tabcellsep Community\tabcellsep Church\tabcellsep \tabcellsep polytechnic\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Mosque\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep junction\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Source: Authors compilation}\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: In each of the locations described above, 1) Data on the incidence of different categories of street children were obtained through the method of direct counting. This was done with the help of trained assistants. Street children, being a mobile population, will inevitably move between DDAs, carrying a moveable business. Therefore, to ensure that double or multiple counting is avoided, the counting was done simultaneously in all the DDAs with the help of trained assistants. The counting was done on four different days of the week, i.e. Friday, Saturday, Sunday and Wednesday and was measured by "Relative Incidence of Street Children" (RISC). The RISC is defined as the addition of the Volume XXI Issue III Version I]} 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.13871527777777778\textwidth}P{0.2508680555555556\textwidth}P{0.04131944444444444\textwidth}P{0.04722222222222222\textwidth}P{0.13871527777777778\textwidth}P{0.0767361111111111\textwidth}P{0.08263888888888889\textwidth}P{0.07378472222222222\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep HIGH\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{MEDIUM}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{LOW}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Total}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Freq \% Freq \%}\tabcellsep Freq\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep Freq\tabcellsep \%\\
Mosques\tabcellsep 216 25.7\tabcellsep 46\tabcellsep 13.0\tabcellsep 42\tabcellsep 12.7\tabcellsep 304\tabcellsep 19.9\\
Churches\tabcellsep 140 16.7\tabcellsep 65\tabcellsep 18.4\tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep 11.2\tabcellsep 242\tabcellsep 15.9\\
Markets\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{143 17.0 101 28.5}\tabcellsep 136\tabcellsep 41.1\tabcellsep 380\tabcellsep 24.9\\
Junctions\tabcellsep 164 19.5\tabcellsep 90\tabcellsep 25.4\tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep 10.6\tabcellsep 289\tabcellsep 19.0\\
Motor Parks\tabcellsep 177 21.1\tabcellsep 52\tabcellsep 14.7\tabcellsep 81\tabcellsep 24.5\tabcellsep 310\tabcellsep 20.3\\
Total\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{840 55.1 354 23.2}\tabcellsep 331\tabcellsep 21.7\tabcellsep 1525\tabcellsep 100\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Source: Authors' fieldwork}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.1424083769633508\textwidth}P{0.24921465968586384\textwidth}P{0.02225130890052356\textwidth}P{0.20026178010471204\textwidth}P{0.05340314136125654\textwidth}P{0.1824607329842932\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 61\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Volume XXI Issue III Version I\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep ( H )\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Sum of Squares Df Mean Square}\tabcellsep F\tabcellsep Sig.\\
Between Groups\tabcellsep 33053.733\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 16526.867\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{14.587 .001}\\
Within Groups\tabcellsep 13595.600\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 1132.967\tabcellsep \\
Total\tabcellsep 46649.333\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Source: Author's Computation}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5868269230769231\textwidth}P{0.10625\textwidth}P{0.15528846153846151\textwidth}P{0.0016346153846153847\textwidth}}
Characteristics\tabcellsep n\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep \\
Age\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
09 -11\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep \\
12 -14\tabcellsep 70\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{46.1}\\
15 -17\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{32.9}\\
Total\tabcellsep 152\tabcellsep 00\tabcellsep 1\\
Gender\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Male\tabcellsep 106\tabcellsep 70\tabcellsep \\
Female\tabcellsep 46\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep \\
Total\tabcellsep 152\tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep \\
Schooling Status\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Primary Schl\tabcellsep 57\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{37.5}\\
Junior Secondary Schl\tabcellsep 29\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{19.5}\\
Senior Secondary schl\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{3.0}\\
Not In School\tabcellsep 61\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep \\
Total\tabcellsep 152\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{100}\\
Income\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
N1 -N200\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{32.2}\\
N 201 -N 500\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{28.3}\\
N 501 -N 1000\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{18.4}\\
N 1001 -N 1500\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{11.18}\\
Above N1500\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{9.87}\\
Total\tabcellsep 152\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{100}\\
Nativity\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Towns in Ibadan\tabcellsep 106\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{65.8}\\
Towns outside Ibadan but in\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
South -West\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{17.1}\\
Town outside South West\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{12.5}\\
Town outside Nigeria\tabcellsep 07\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{4.6}\\
Total\tabcellsep 152\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{100}\\
Tribe\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Yoruba\tabcellsep 124\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{81.6}\\
Hausa\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{9.2}\\
Igbo\tabcellsep 08\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{5.2}\\
Others\tabcellsep 06\tabcellsep 3.9\tabcellsep \\
Total\tabcellsep 152\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{100}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.725\textwidth}P{0.024999999999999998\textwidth}P{0.09999999999999999\textwidth}}
Sum of Squares Df Mean Square\tabcellsep F\tabcellsep Sig.\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6281872509960159\textwidth}P{0.0846613545816733\textwidth}P{0.13715139442231075\textwidth}}
Characteristics\tabcellsep n\tabcellsep \%\\
Parents Mortality Status\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Both parents alive\tabcellsep 120\tabcellsep 78.9\\
Both parents dead\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 6.0\\
Mother alive, father dead\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 8.6\\
Father alive, mother dead\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 5.9\\
Total\tabcellsep 152\tabcellsep 100\\
Fathers' Occupation\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Farming\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 10\\
Petty Trading\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 16.2\\
Artisan\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 21.5\\
Driving\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 14.6\\
Clerical\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 11.5\\
Unemployed\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 23.8\\
Retiree\tabcellsep 03\tabcellsep 2.3\\
Total\tabcellsep 130\tabcellsep 100\\
Mothers' Occupation\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Farming\tabcellsep 06\tabcellsep 4.5\\
Petty Trading\tabcellsep 59\tabcellsep 44.4\\
Artisan\tabcellsep 06\tabcellsep 4.5\\
Clerical\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 13.5\\
Unemployed\tabcellsep 44\tabcellsep 33.1\\
Total\tabcellsep 133\tabcellsep 100\\
Fathers' educational Level\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
No formal Education\tabcellsep 89\tabcellsep 68.5\\
Primary Education\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 23.9\\
Secondary\tabcellsep 06\tabcellsep 4.6\\
Technical Education\tabcellsep 01\tabcellsep 0.7\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 6 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{Year 2021 © 2021 Global Journals Spatial and Socio-Economic Dimensions of Street Children in Ibadan, Nigeria} 			\footnote{© 2021 Global Journals Spatial and Socio-Economic Dimensions of Street Children in Ibadan, Nigeria} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
