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\setlength{\parsep}{2pt}% \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{2020-01-15 (revised: 15 January 2020)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{2020-01-15} \title{Assessment of the Impact of Boko-Haram Insurgency on Food Crop Production in Chibok Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ 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\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Adewuyi, K.A.} \author[2]{Michael, A.} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 12 December 2019 Accepted: 1 January 2020 Published: 15 January 2020} \maketitle \begin{abstract} Boko Haram Insurgency has affected the livelihood of rural households in the North-Eastern region of Nigeria. This research was carried out to assess the impact of insurgency on the food crop production in Chibok Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria. Data for this study were collected from 80 randomly sampled farmers in the study area. Simple descriptive statistics were used in analyzing the data. The study revealed that there was a considerable decline in the production capacities of the rural farmers in the area as a result of increased insurgent activities. It was therefore recommended that Government should prioritize ending insurgency in the area in order to sustain food production in Nigeria. \end{abstract} \keywords{boko haram, food crop, insurgency, livelihood, rural, production.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par n Nigeria, agriculture is the most critical sector of the economy from the standpoint of rural employment, sufficiency in food production and export earning prior to the discovery of oil {\ref (Towobola et.al, 2014)}. Many government policies enacted to develop the agricultural sector have not achieved much. The situation is further worsened by the insurgent activities Boko Haram in major parts of the North-Eastern region of Nigeria. Boko Haram which means "denouncing western education" has led to the displacement of farmers in these parts of Nigeria. \hyperref[b7]{Ojo et al (2018)} sressed that insurgency has led to scarcity of labour to agricultural sector which negatively influenced the productivity of farmers in the crisis region of North-east Nigeria. \hyperref[b7]{Ojo et al (2018)} noted further that Boko Haram insurgency in the Northeast Nigeria has made many farmers relocate to other places where there is peace in other to save their lives, causing them to leave their farmlands behind thereby abandoning their farming businesses. \hyperref[b8]{Saskia (2019)} reported that the Boko Haram group first emerged as an Islamic reform movement in the northeastern town of Maiduguri in the early 2000s. Its members followed the charismatic Salafi preacher Muhammad Yusuf, who condemned Western-style education and corrupt, secular governance while also cultivating strategic ties to the city's elites. According to Saskia (2019) more than 1.5 million people, mostly farmers, have been forced to insurgency in the past years. The worst-hit states in the North-east Nigeria are Borno, Yobe and Adamawa which produce staple foods such as cowpeas, rice, millet, sorghum, corn, tomatoes, onions, fish and livestock for both local consumption and export markets. The aftermath of Boko Haram insurgency in the North-eastern Nigeria invariably is hunger as many farmers were displaced from their settlements and farmlands thereby hampering food production in these areas. This study therefore aimed at assessing the impact of Boko-Haram insurgency on the food crop production in Chibok Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria. \section[{II.}]{II.} \section[{Methodology a) Study Area}]{Methodology a) Study Area}\par The study was carried out in Chibok Local Government Area of Borno State, North-east Nigeria. Chibok local government area is located in Borno State which has recorded high rate of insurgent attacks in recent times. Chibok local government area has an area of 1,350 km². It is bounded by Damboa local government area in the north-west, in the north and in the north-east, by Askira/Uba local government area in the south. It is located between latitude 90 0 26', and 10 0 10 ' N and between 13 0 11 1 and 13 0 -44'E. It has land area of 500 km 2 . Farmers in Chibok Local Government are predominantly involved in growing food crops such as maize, cowpea, groundnut, onion, tomato etc. Some livestock including cattle, goats, and sheep are reared as well. \section[{b) Sampling Techniques}]{b) Sampling Techniques}\par The Chibok Local Government was purposively selected for this study because it has been mostly hit by frequent Boko Haram insurgency. The kidnapping of over two hundred girls by the Boko Hara insurgents from their school in April 2014 that drew international attention occurred in the Chibok Local Government area of Borno State, Nigeria. Random sampling technique was used to select eighty (80) respondents from the 11 wards within the study area. In selecting the sample size, structured questionnaires were administered in each ward using random sampling proportionate to the population of farmers in each ward. flee their homes as Boko Haram intensified its \section[{c) Data Analysis}]{c) Data Analysis}\par The data collected were analyzed using Descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution and percentages. \section[{III.}]{III.} \section[{Results and Discussion}]{Results and Discussion} \section[{a) Socio-economic Characteristic of the Farmers}]{a) Socio-economic Characteristic of the Farmers}\par Boko Haram insurgency has assumed more deadly dimension with attendant negative impacts on the livelihoods of many communities in the North-east Nigeria. The results in Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1} showed that majority of the farmers (55\%) in the study area were within the active age group of 21-40 years. This is an indication that farming activities require agile and able-bodied class of the society to cope with the various rigours of farm works. Within this working age, farmers are more likely to participate effectively in most agricultural practices. Similar result was reported by {\ref Umeh and} Olojade (2016) that farming involves people within an active age group. Furthermore, 50\% of the farmers were married. Many researchers \hyperref[b5]{(Joseph et al., 2018;}\hyperref[b1]{Adewuyi 2017}) have also reported that marital status is an important factor for farmers' productivity. The results of this study also revealed that most of the farm households (above 53\%) consist of large family size which is typical of rural farmers as butressed by \hyperref[b0]{Adebayo (2001)}. Moreover, the findings showed that 75\% of the farmers in the area have had at least 10 years farming experiences. This implies that majority of the farmers had been in the business for a reasonable length of time which would be beneficial in adjudsting to unfavourable farming situation and crisis period. The results in Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1} also indicate that over 90\% of the farmers in the study area had formal education. Educational status of rural farmers have been shown to significantly influence the efficiency of farmers as butressed in the findings of Ayinde et al (2012) and \hyperref[b9]{Sheikh (2006)}. \section[{b) Impact of Insurgency on Food Crops Production in the Area}]{b) Impact of Insurgency on Food Crops Production in the Area}\par The Boko Haram activities have impacted negatively on the livelihoods of rural communities in the major parts of Northern Nigeria especially North-eastern States of Borno, Yobe and Adamawa. Boko Haram is one of the deadliest terrorist groups in the world today as supported by \hyperref[b4]{Jerom (2015)}. Many people were living in devastating conditions, with little access to food or basic supplies. The kidnapping of over two hundred girls by the Boko Hara insurgents from their school in the Chibok Local Government area of Borno State, Nigeria. The results in Table \hyperref[tab_1]{2} revealed that the farming activities in the area were appreciable prio to the onset of Boko Hara attacks, because farmers were operating under conducive atmosphere. The study revealed that large numbers of farmers in the area were able to obtain high outputs of between 21 -40 bags the various crops during the pre-insurgent periods. The results in Table \hyperref[tab_1]{2} showed that before the onset of insurgency; the farmers who obtained outputs within the range of 1,050 -2,000 Kgs in Maize, Rice, Cowpea and Groundnuts were 40, 64, 43 and 43 respectively. Few farmers recorded outputs above 4,000 Kgs in the selected food crops during the same period. This indicates that most farmers in the area were still operating at a subsistent levels. Adebayo (2001) also observed that most Nigerian rural farmers were producing on subsistent scale and holding small plots of farmland. Moreover, the impact of Boko Haram insurgency in the North-east Nigeria not only led to the decline in food supply; but also deterioratedthe food security in the country because the traders from the North-eastern Nigeria are finding it extremely difficult to transport their commodities to other parts of the country as stressed by \hyperref[b6]{Nkwede et al (2015)}. The findings in Table \hyperref[tab_2]{3} revealed the extent to which the activities of insurgents affected the farming activities in the study area. The volumes of production of food crops in the study area as observed at the postinsurgency period had drastically declined. The results showed that the number of farmers who got farm output within the range of 1,050 -2,000 Kgs for Maize, Rice, Cowpea and Groundnut during this period were 14, 07, 06 and 08 respectively. This was a far low outputs when compared with what was achieved before the insurgency struck in the study area. The few farmers who managed to return to their farming activities after the Boko Haram insurgency could not operate at a maximum level of prodution. \section[{IV. Conclusion and Recommendations}]{IV. Conclusion and Recommendations}\par The activities of Boko Haram in surgents in Nigeria has become a growing concern in recent times. This study has examined the impacts of insurgency on the food production in Chibok Local Government Area which is one of the major Local Government Areas bady hit by this menace in the North-east Nigeria. Most of the farmers in the study area were within the active age group of 21-40 years that would enable them to cope with the rigorous farming activities. The farmers in the area had access to formal education with reasonable years of farming experiences. The results of the study showed that the incessant insurgent attacks in the area had led to a general decline in the food production with its attendant food insecurity in the country.\par Therefore, the need to prioritize the issue of stopping the continual insurgent attacks in the area cannot be over-emphasized. Government at all levels must intensify efforts at bringing the insurgency in the region to a halt. The affected communities should be compensated with palletives that will enable the farmers regain their capacities for efficient food production. Furthermore, youth empowerment programmes can be organized by the Government in the area so as to discourage more youths from being recruited to the sect. \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.325531914893617\textwidth}P{0.27353723404255315\textwidth}P{0.2509308510638298\textwidth}} Variables\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentage\\ \tabcellsep Age\tabcellsep \\ ? 20\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 10\\ 21-40\tabcellsep 44\tabcellsep 55\\ 41 -60\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 21.25\\ \tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 13.75\\ Total\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 100\\ \tabcellsep Marital Status\tabcellsep \\ Single\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 40\\ Married\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 50\\ Divorced\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 8.75\\ Window\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1.25\\ Total\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 100\\ \tabcellsep Household Size\tabcellsep \\ ? 5\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 15\\ 5-10\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 21.25\\ 11-15\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 53.75\\ ? 15\tabcellsep 08\tabcellsep 10\\ Total\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 100\\ \tabcellsep Farming Experiences (Yrs.)\tabcellsep \\ ? 5\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 35\\ 6 -10\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 40\\ 11 -20\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 20\\ ? 20\tabcellsep 04\tabcellsep 05\\ Total\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 100\\ \tabcellsep Education\tabcellsep \\ Non formal\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 2.5\\ Primary\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 12.5\\ Secondary\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 50\\ Tertiary\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 35\\ Total\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 100\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Source: Field Survey, 2019.\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.345\textwidth}P{0.085\textwidth}P{0.08\textwidth}P{0.145\textwidth}P{0.19499999999999998\textwidth}} Quantity (KGs )\tabcellsep Maize\tabcellsep Rice\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Cowpea Groundnuts}\\ ? 1000\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 15\\ 1,050 -2,000\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 64\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 43\\ 2,050 -3,000\tabcellsep 08\tabcellsep 01\tabcellsep 05\tabcellsep 17\\ 3,050 -4,000\tabcellsep 09\tabcellsep 03\tabcellsep 01\tabcellsep 04\\ ? 4,000\tabcellsep 07\tabcellsep 02\tabcellsep 05\tabcellsep 01\\ Total\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 80\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Source: Field Survey, 2019.\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.4219424460431655\textwidth}P{0.09784172661870504\textwidth}P{0.09172661870503597\textwidth}P{0.1039568345323741\textwidth}P{0.13453237410071942\textwidth}} Quantity (KGs)\tabcellsep Maize\tabcellsep Rice\tabcellsep Cowpea\tabcellsep Groundnuts\\ ? 1,000\tabcellsep 55\tabcellsep 62\tabcellsep 64\tabcellsep 59\\ 1,050 -2,000\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 07\tabcellsep 06\tabcellsep 08\\ 2,050 -3,000\tabcellsep 06\tabcellsep 03\tabcellsep 09\tabcellsep 10\\ 3,050 -4,000\tabcellsep 05\tabcellsep 08\tabcellsep 01\tabcellsep 02\\ ? 4,000\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 01\\ Total\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 80\end{longtable} \par {\small\itshape [Note: Source: Field Survey, 2019.]} \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure} \footnote{Assessment of the Impact of Boko-Haram Insurgency on Food Crop Production in Chibok LocalGovernment Area of Borno State, Nigeria} \backmatter \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[Ayinde]{b2}\label{b2} \textit{}, O Ayinde . \bibitem[Nkwede et al. 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