\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter

\IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}%
  {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}%
  {\RequirePackage{color}}
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex
  \usepackage{fontspec}
  \usepackage{xunicode}
  \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash}
  \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{}
  \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}}
  \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}}
  \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}}
  \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}}
  \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono}
  
\else
  \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}%
   {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
      \PrerenderUnicode{–}
    }%
   {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}}
  \usepackage[english]{babel}
  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage{float}
  \usepackage[]{ucs}
  \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash }
  \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{}
  \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}}
  \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}}
  \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,}
  \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ }
  \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>}
  \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}}
  \def\textJapanese{}
  \def\textChinese{}
  \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{}
\fi
\def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small}
\DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25}
\usepackage{relsize}
\RequirePackage{array}
\def\@testpach{\@chclass
 \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else
  \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else
   \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else
    \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@
   \else \z@
   \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else
   \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}%
   \@chnum
   \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else
    \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else
     \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else
   \z@ \@chclass
   \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else
    \if \@nextchar !6 \else
     \if \@nextchar @7 \else
      \if \@nextchar (8 \else
       \if \@nextchar )9 \else
  10
  \@chnum
  \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else
   \if \@nextchar p4 \else
    \if \@nextchar b5 \else
   \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi
   \fi \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi}
\gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
\def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}}
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\def\abbr{}
\def\corr{}
\def\expan{}
\def\gap{}
\def\orig{}
\def\reg{}
\def\ref{}
\def\sic{}
\def\persName{}\def\name{}
\def\placeName{}
\def\orgName{}
\def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}}
\def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}}
\def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}}
\def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}}
\def\textquoted#1{‘#1’}
\def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}}
\def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}}
\def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}}
\def\titlem{\itshape}
\newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{bibl}{}{}
\newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{rubric}{}{}
\newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par }

\newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}}
\newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}}
\definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75}
\def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@}
\def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}}
\begingroup
\catcode`\_=\active
\gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}}
\endgroup
\mathcode`\_=\string"8000
\catcode`\_=12\relax

\usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry}
\usepackage{framed}

\definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{fancyvrb}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{marginnote}

\renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1}


\renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize}

\def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif}

  \pagestyle{fancy}

\usepackage[pdftitle={The Effect of Boko Haram Insurgency in Borno State: A Study of Street Begging},
 pdfauthor={}]{hyperref}
\hyperbaseurl{}

	 \paperwidth210mm
	 \paperheight297mm
              
\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em}
\def\@dotsep{4.5}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
\clubpenalty=8000
\emergencystretch 3em
\hbadness=4000
\hyphenpenalty=400
\pretolerance=750
\tolerance=2000
\vbadness=4000
\widowpenalty=10000

\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large}}
\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
     {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\large}}
\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
     {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize}}
\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
     {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
     {-1em}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}}


\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt}
 \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup
 \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth 
 \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth 
 \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
 \endgroup}
\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
\@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{}
\@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{}
\newif\if@mainmatter 
\@mainmattertrue
\def\chaptername{Chapter}
\def\frontmatter{%
  \pagenumbering{roman}
  \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\roman{section}}
  \def\@chapapp{}%
}
\def\mainmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter}
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \pagenumbering{arabic}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}
  \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}%
  \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}}
}
\def\backmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2}
  \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}%
  \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}}
  \appendix
}
\newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{%
   \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
       {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
        \leftmargin\labelwidth
        \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
        \@openbib@code
        \usecounter{enumiv}%
        \let\p@enumiv\@empty
        \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}%
	}%
  \sloppy
  \clubpenalty4000
  \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
  \widowpenalty4000%
  \sfcode`\.\@m}%
  {\def\@noitemerr
    {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}%
    \endlist}

\def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}}
\parskip0pt
\parindent1em
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\newenvironment{reflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{sansreflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{specHead}[2]%
 {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}%
  \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}%

  \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}%
  \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}%
  }{}
      \def\TheFullDate{2020-01-15 (revised: 15 January 2020)}
\def\TheID{\makeatother }
\def\TheDate{2020-01-15}
\title{The Effect of Boko Haram Insurgency in Borno State: A Study of Street Begging}
\author{}\makeatletter 
\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{%
  \clearpage
    \if@twoside
    \ifodd\c@page
      \hbox{}\newpage
      \if@twocolumn
        \hbox{}\newpage
      \fi
    \fi
  \fi
}
\makeatother
\makeatletter
\thispagestyle{empty}
\markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author}
\renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
               \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@
               \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@
               \itemsep 1pt}
}
\makeatother
\fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm}
\fancyhf{} 
\setlength{\headheight}{14pt}
\fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} 
\fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} 
\fancyfoot[RO]{}
\fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID}
\fancyfoot[LE]{}
\fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID}
\hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true}
\fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}}

\date{}
\usepackage{authblk}

\providecommand{\keywords}[1]
{
\footnotesize
  \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1
}

\usepackage{graphicx,xcolor}
\definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81}
\definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9}
\definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70}
\definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} 

\renewenvironment{abstract}{%
   \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
   \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space}
}{%   
   \vskip8pt
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
}

\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos}

\makeatother 
      \usepackage{lineno}
      \linenumbers
      
\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Idris  Muazu}

             \affil[1]{  University of Maiduguri}

\renewcommand\Authands{ and }

\date{\small \em Received: 16 December 2019 Accepted: 4 January 2020 Published: 15 January 2020}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


The effect of Boko Haram insurgency in Borno State is one of the major problems confronting the state. The insurgent has sacked almost all the Local Government Council of Borno State and forced the people to run to Maiduguri, the capital city of the State, to seek r efuge. Maiduguri has become densely populated as a result of the influx of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) which gave rise to proliferation of street begging in the state capital. Although, before the activities of the insurgency, it has been argued that street begging is common in the far Northern States of Nigeria, Maiduguri inclusive. The main objective of the study is to examine the effect of Boko Haram insurgency in Borno state on a study of street begging. The specific objectives are to examine the causes of Mass Street begging, and identify the people that constitute the begging class and its consequences in Maiduguri. The study adopted political economy perspectives as the theoretical framework for analysis. The political economy perspectives consider the notion of Boko Haram upon the premises of the social relation of production.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{boko haram, insurgency, study and street begging.}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark}
\end{textblock*}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
\end{textblock*}


\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 \par
The specific objectives are to examine the causes of Mass Street begging, and identify the people that constitute the begging class and its consequences in M aiduguri. The study adopted political economy perspectives as the theoretical framework for analysis. The political eco nomy perspectives consider the notion of Boko Haram upon the premises of the social relation of productio n. The study argued that as a result of the shar ing of resources in a society, there is the probability of struggle between the upper and lower classes which according to Marx, this may lead to class struggle and class conflict between those in power and the Boko Haram members which may at least lead to revolution. The data was obtained from primary and secondary sources. The primary sources derived from the questionnaire, while the secondary data were obtained from the review of relevant literature. The purposive sampling techniques were used. The study used 100 questio nnaires in data co llectio n, but only 80 were fo und useable for the analysis. The data wer e analyzed using descr iptive statistics. The major findings revealed that the majority of the respondents are male and singles, between the ages of 30-34 years. The findings also show that the major causes of str eet begging are poverty, and most of the people engaged in the act are the o ld age which includes both male and female, in which if they were provided with job, there is a  
\section[{Material and Methods}]{Material and Methods}\par
The legal documents used in collecting data are questionnaires; it was used to elicit information on street begging from the resp ondents. The marked population of the study was the whole universe of Maiduguri residential area. The town has an estimated household population of about 689,212 (Waziri , 2011) animated in fifteen \hyperref[b13]{(15)} ward s. The study marked three (3) wards from the \hyperref[b13]{(15)} ward s of the survey area. The wards are: Bulumkutu Abuja from Maisandari dominion with a total household of about 884, Lond on-Ci ki from Maiduguri dominion with a total of about 2,843 households and Shehuri North from Yerwa dominion with a total household of about 3,513. The digits above were produced from households registered for Polio Eradication Program in 2011.\par
The sample dwelled from male and female throughout the survey area. The study used three (3) wards (the London-ci ki, Shehuri North, and Bulumkutu-Abuja). Thirty Five (35) respondents were selected from the London-ciki ward, 45 from Shehuri North and 20 respondents from Bulumkutu Abuja making a total of 100 for the research. Out of the 100 questionnaires administered, ninety (90) were returned successfully. Out of the 90 questionnaires retrieved, six (6) was returned blanked while four (4) were found not useable for the analysis because of incomplete responses and too many cancellations by the respondents. Finally only eighty (80) questionnaires were found useable for the analysis. A purposive sampling technique was employed in selecting respondents because it gave the researcher ample opportunity to reach the targeted population who have knowledge about the effect of Boko Haram insurgency in Borno State, a study of street begging. More males were selected because they are the head of the family and also often come directly in contact with those engaged in street begging. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics.\par
IV.  
\section[{Result of Findings}]{Result of Findings} 
\section[{Source: Field Work 2019}]{Source: Field Work 2019}\par
From Table \hyperref[tab_2]{1}, 82.5\% of the resp ondents were male, while 17.5\% were female, 57.5\% are single and 25,\% were married, while 5\% were divorced and 12.5\% widow. Table \hyperref[tab_2]{1} also shows that 20\% of the respondents were within the age of 18-24 years, 27.5\% between 25-29 years, 32.5\% between 30-34 years, and 20\% were in the range of 35 years and above. Furthermore, 1.25\% of the respondent s had primary education, 23.75\% had secondary school certificate and 55\% had tertiary education while 20\% had qur'anic education. Table \hyperref[tab_2]{1} also shows that 21.25\% of the respondents are still in school as Students, 2.5\% were farmers, while 12.5\% were traders, and 60\% are civil servants, while 3.75\% were of other occupations. Table \hyperref[tab_2]{1} also shows that 7.5\% of the respondents claimed that they have lived in the IDP's camp s for 2-4 years, 15\% have stayed 4-6 years, 30\% 6-8 years, while 47.5\% have lived for over eight years in the study area.  
\section[{Source: Field Work 2019}]{Source: Field Work 2019}\par
Table \hyperref[tab_5]{4} shows that 16\% of the respondents believe that children constitute the population involved in street begging, 25\%; claim that adults constitute the population of street beggers, while 59\% claimed that old ages constitute the population of street beggars.  
\section[{Source: Field Work 2019}]{Source: Field Work 2019}\par
Table \hyperref[tab_8]{7} revealed that 58\% of the respondents opined that crime or criminal activities is one of the leading consequences of street begging, while 25\%were of the opinion that debase personality is the consequences of street begging, and 17\% thought that prostitution is one of the effect of street begging.  
\section[{Source: Field Work 2019}]{Source: Field Work 2019}\par
Table \hyperref[tab_10]{9} shows that 48\% of the respondents opined that accident is one of the effects of street begging, 20\%claimed that kidnapping is one of the outcome of street begging, while 32\% of the respondents claimed that prostitution is the effect of street begging.  \hyperref[tab_11]{10} revealed that 93\% of the respondents believe that government is the one responsible in tackling street begging, while 7\% of the respondents opined that Non-governmental Organization (NGO's) were the one responsible in harnessing the issues of street begging. The study implies that the majority of the respondents believe that the government is the one responsible for undertake the issues of street begging.\par
V. 
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
From the result of the findings, it is clearly revealed that 82.5 percent of the respondents were male, while 17.5 were female. The majority of the responses from this research are male. It is also unveiled that 57.5 percent of the respondents are single, while 25 percent are married, and 5 percent were divorced, while 12.5 percent were widow, and there were no resp onses for the widowers. It al so implies that 20 percent of the respondents were within the age range of 18-24 years, 27.5 percent were within the age range of 25-29 years, 32.5 percent were within the age range of 30-34 years, 20 percent were within the age of 35 years and above. This implies that majority of the respondents were within the age range of 30-34 years. These findings were by that of Ogunkan et al.   {\ref 2015}), who indicated that poverty and the need to provide for the family form parts of the leading reasons for street begging in Maiduguri, Nigeria. The research also ob served that 1.25 percent of the respondents have primary educational qualifications, 23.75 percent have secondary school qualifications, and 55 percent were in the tertiary level, while 20 percent have qur'anic qualification. This implies that the majority of the respondents are in the tertiary level of education. Consequently the study also revealed that 21.25 percent of the respondents were students, 2.5 percent were farmers, 12.5 percent were traders, while 60 percent were civil servant s and 3.75 percent were with other occupations. This implies that the majority of the respondents are a civil servants. Moreover, 7.5 percent of the respondents believed that IDP's dwell for 2-4 years in the Camp, 15 percent of the respondents opined that IDP's stay for 4-6 years, 30 percent stay for 6.8 years, while 47.5 percent stay for eight years and above. The findings show that the majority of the respondents expressed that IDP's stay for eight years and above in camp .\par
The information revealed that 27.5 percent of the respondents believed that the IDP's have any means of income, while 72.5 percent concluded that they don't have any means of income. It can be summarized that the majority of the respondent s stated clearly that the IDP's don't have any means of income.\par
From the ab ove heading, it is revealed that 53.75 percent of the respondents believe that street begging is as a result of poverty, 45 percent pointed to lack of employment as the leading cause, while 1.25 percent was with the opinion that illiteracy is the major causes of street begging. Therefore, the result revealed that the majority of the respondent s believe that poverty is the leading cause of street begging in the Maiduguri. In the work of \hyperref[b0]{Adedube (1989)} and \hyperref[b11]{Maishanu (2006)} that poverty is viewe as a result of laziness, or lack of intelligence, which leads people to the act of begging on the street. It is also about \hyperref[b9]{Kennedy and Fitzpatrick (2001)}, \hyperref[b10]{Lynch (2005)}, \hyperref[b7]{Jelili (2006)}, Ogunkan and Fawole (2009), Ogunkan (2009), Tambwal (2010), \hyperref[b3]{Gloria and Samuel (2012)}, and \hyperref[b14]{Namwata et al. (2012)}. In such a vicious cycle, poverty is maintain across generations. To meet their basic needs, the poor resort to begging. As a result, the hapless are unfree into a begging lifestyle, with minor opportunity of dodging.\par
It is stated that 16.25 percent of the respondents believe that children constitute the large population of street begging, 25 percent of the respondents believe that adult constitute the number of beggars on the street, while 59 percent concluded that old ages constituted the number of beggars on the street. It indicated that the majority of the respondents were with the opinion that old ages constituted a large number of beggars on the city of Maiduguri, Borno, State, Nigeria. The finding also supported Elombah (2011), who categorically emphasize that it is common all over Nigeria to see Old ages and young adults who are supposed to be in some form of educational or vocational institution roaming the street hawking or begging on the streets. Similarly, elderly persons were found to engage in street begging than younger persons. Thi s is against the findings of Namwatal et al.\par
(2010) and clapper (2011), who deduced that people who are in the active age were found to engage in street begging.\par
The above statement revealed that 85 percent of the respondents believe insurgency increases mass street begging, while 15 percent were with the opinion It is reveal that 86.25 percent of the respondents opined that the government render help in tackling street begging, while 13.75 percent were with the opinion that government did not provide help in tackling street begging. This study reveal that majority of the respondents agreed that the government provides a remedy in harnessing street begging. Okoli (1993), the problem of begging has drawn the attention of governments at various level s. For instance, the Lag os state government made an effort to provide help by tackling the menace of begging in Lagos by building rehabilitation centers to cater for beggars.\par
The study revealed that 57.5 percent of the respondents opined that crime or criminal activities are one of the leading issue of street begging, while 25 percent of the respondents opined that debase personality is the aftermath of street begging, and 17.5 percent were with the opinion that prostitution is one of the consequences of street begging. Finally, the studies revealed that the majority of the resp ondents were with the persuasion that crime i s the preeminent consequence of street begging. Supported by Jowette, Banks, and Brown (2001), Horn and Cooke (2001), \hyperref[b10]{Lynch (2005)}, and  {\ref Gloria and Samuel (2015)}. \hyperref[b14]{Namwata et al. (2012)}, in their findings, show that majorly the consequences of street-begging are poverty and crime. Beggars were into street-begging due to their unfitness to fulfil their local and modern basic need s of food, clothing, adjustment, education as well as engagement, after they lose either one or both of their guardian.\par
The above statement revealed that 37.5 percent of the respondent s believed that government should provide ample education to the victim of street begging, 7.5 percent opined that government should provide capital for business activities to thrive that will minimize or even eradicate the problems of street begging, while 55 percent of the respondents revealed that provision of food and shelter by the government would tackle the act of street begging. In summary, the study unveil that the majority of the respondents believed that provision of food and shelter to the victims will tackle the act of street begging. In the work of Okoli (1993), the problem of begging has drawn the attention of governments at various level s. For instance, the Lagos state government made an effort to resolve the menace of begging in Lagos by building reformation centers to cater for beggars.\par
The above information revealed that 47.5 percent of the respondents opined that accident is one of the effects of street begging, 20 percent of the respondents identified that kidnapping is one of the effects of street begging, while 32.5 percent of the respondents believe that prostitution is the effect of street begging. The study concluded that majority of the respondent conceive that accident is likely to occur as a result of street begging. Rahim, (2005) was of the view that unhealthy lifestyles or attitude might have direct or indirect consequences in the health and well-being of individual causing restlessness, accidents, and untimely deaths among others may occur as a result of street begging.\par
Lastly, the discussion reveal that 92.5 percent of the respondents believes that government is the one responsible in solving street begging, while 7.5 percent of the respondents opined that Non-g overnmental Organization (NGO's) were the one responsible in tackling the issues of street begging. The study implies that the majority of the resp ondents believe that the government is the one resp onsible for tackling the upshot of street begging. \hyperref[b2]{Elombah (2011)}, reported that the government is the one responsible for tackling the menace of street begging in Nigeria, particularly Maiduguri, where the incidence i s higher as a result of Boko Haram Attack in the villages. 
\section[{VI.}]{VI.} 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
The study has examined the effect of the Boko Haram insurgency in Borno State, The results of the study establish that the factors that cause people to become street beggars and the phenomenon of begging are diverse and multifaceted. Poverty influences begging to a large extent in all of the studied municipalities. Other factors include unemployment, physical challenges, death of both parents, and family disintegration as a result of insurgency.\par
This result indicates that respondents have some knowledge about the effects, causes, factors, and solutions to street begging. However, there i s a need to re-orientate people on the imperative role that education plays on the children who are involved in the act of begging. Hence, lack of reputable upbringing, lack of love from parents, poverty, and low educational status of parents needs to be addressed continuously by the government and community organizations and parents inclusive to prevent street begging.\par
The study highlighted the need for peace to return to Maiduguri, this is because it is only a society with ease and tranquillity that can strive to make ends meet. The effect of Boko Haram is such that has plunged even able-bodied men and women into street begging to help sustain themselves and their families in Maiduguri as a result of Boko Haram Insurgency that have been form over a decades. The Local , State, Federal Government, Non-governmental Organization and Individual Philanthropist look toward pulling such beggars out of the streets because they deserved better lives.\par
VII. 
\section[{Recommendations}]{Recommendations}\par
The following recommendations were suggested: i. Policy planners must ad opt several approaches if they are to have any impact on the lives of street beggars in all categories. Specific policies and other legislative agendas are needed in terms of age, sex, disability, and family-related issues to successfully address the issue of begging. ii. There is a need to advance more attempt to be situate on alter community attitudes towards beggars who are children with handicap and accenting the necessity of educating children with disabilities in to enable them to face their future as independent individuals. iii. If begging is an unwanted strategy, the governments and other stakeholders should create room for street beggars to make a living by getting other means of surviving. iv. All rehabilitation centers should be adequately maintain and well equip with basic needs. v. The Federal Government should assist the state Government (where there are Islamic school s) in providing food for students and those in the IDP's camps in the hope that they will not take to the streets. vi. The divert giving Scheme should be introduce in conjunction with social welfare agencies allocating funds for the underprivileged or less advantaged individuals with the hope to minimize or completely eradicate the acts. vii. The government should provide policy and programs that will empower street beggars with skills acquisition and start up a proper business and go into petty traders. viii. The government should gear up in the fight against Boko Haram so that there will be peace in Borno State, particularly the remote communities where the insurgency dominated so that the Internally Displaced Persons (IDP's) can g o back to their communities and engage themselves with their farming. ix. The government should provide free education to the beggars to enable them to understand life deeper and to have a psychological and social balance.\par
Volume XX Issue IV Version I    \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.3833460949464012\textwidth}P{0.025382848392036753\textwidth}P{0.441271056661562\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{across the twenty-Seven (27) Local Government}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Councils and adjacent States like Yobe and Adamawa}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{severally to seek safety in the state capital which is}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{comparatively safer than the destroyed residential areas}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{they left. Thi s study is geared towards finding the socio-}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{economic and socio-p olitical factors that necessitated}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{the increase in street begging and also the effect of}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Boko Haram insurgency in the community. Because of}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{the increase in the number of street beggars and the plight of the Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Maiduguri, the individuals, Government and Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) are playing their roles t o reduce these menaces to the minimal level.}\tabcellsep that since the intensification of the Boko Haram insurgency in 2009 about two million Nigerians have fled their homes and ended up in city areas about the main crisis zones and only 10 percent of this number are protected from the danger of displacement by the\\
II.\tabcellsep Description of the Study Area\tabcellsep official humanitarian spaces in 13 States in Nigeria (IDMC 2016). Indeed, this unnatural crisis has exhibited\\
\tabcellsep The study was carried out in Maiduguri, Borno\tabcellsep the mobility of Internally Displaced Persons who can\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{State, Nigeria. Maiduguri is one of the twenty-Seven (27)}\tabcellsep travel 500-1,000km to look for shelter in the cities and\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Local Government Areas in Borno State. It has about}\tabcellsep towns of their selection in the country. Furious and\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{812,486 populations (2006 Census). Maiduguri}\tabcellsep insecurity enhances the fragility of urban areas in many\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Metropolis has nine large industries, twenty-four (24)}\tabcellsep industrialize countries, and the consequences of that\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{medium scale industries, Forty-nine (49) small scale}\tabcellsep include the depreciating capability and cheerful\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{industries (Borno State Executive Diary, 2006). It is}\tabcellsep compliances of governments to present their standard\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{divided into two districts: Old Maiduguri and Yerwa. The}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{main languages spoken are Kanuri and Hausa. The}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{majority of the people are farmers, although there are}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{traders, and civil servants.}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep III.\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (Mustapah, Habu \& Ibrahim, 2008).\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Maiduguri has become densely populated as a\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep result of the influx of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep which gave rise to proliferation of street begging in the\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep state capital. Although, before the activities of the\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep insurgency, Mai shanu (2006) argued that street begging\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep is common in the far Northern States of Nigeria, and\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Maiduguri inclusive. Street begging has become a\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep societal threat in Northern Nigeria particularly Maiduguri\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep in Borno State. The activities of the awful insurgents\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep group popularly known as the Boko Haram has been a\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep pull factor that unscheduled the people to be displaced\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: Introduction he Boko Haram insurgency in Northern Nigeria is one of the fatal conflicts that have resulted in population displacement in Africa. It is forecasted societal obligations (M uggah, 2014). As of 2014, Boko Haram had total ascendancy of Nigerian soil covering a region of 21,545 square kilometers (Ibrahim et al. 2014). The significance of this is multiple: one, most of the conquered areas are far rural areas and therefore, citizenry in such conquered territories try to streak from Boko Haram for relatively more-guarantee urban areas.In the same vain, there are challenges and risk faces by those women, children and the old ages in their attempt to reach cities by foot . The number of people in both cases could be very eminent even though there are no statistics to document such appraisal. Indeed, it is estimated that about 70 million people were forced to move into cities of the worlds most delicate and conflictincline countries (De Boer 2015).]} 
\caption{\label{tab_1}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.11900000000000001\textwidth}P{0.35274999999999995\textwidth}P{0.153\textwidth}P{0.22525\textwidth}}
Year 2020\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
48\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
( C )\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Global Journal of Human Social Science -\tabcellsep Gender Male Female Total Marital status Single Married Divorce Widow Widower\tabcellsep 66 14 80 Frequency 46 20 4 10 0 Frequency\tabcellsep 82.5 17.5 100 Percentages 57.5 25 5 12.5 0 Percentage (\%)\\
\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 100\%\\
\tabcellsep Age\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentages\\
\tabcellsep 18-24 years\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 20\\
\tabcellsep 25-29 years\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 27.5\\
\tabcellsep 30-34 years\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 32.5\\
\tabcellsep 35 and above\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 20\\
\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 100\%\\
\tabcellsep Educational qualification\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentages\\
\tabcellsep Primary\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1.25\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: © 2020 Global JournalsVolume XX Issue IV Version I]} 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.4454\textwidth}P{0.030599999999999995\textwidth}P{0.2142\textwidth}P{0.1598\textwidth}}
Have sources of income\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Frequency}\tabcellsep Percentages\\
Yes\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 27.5\\
No\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 58\tabcellsep 72.5\\
Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 100\%\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Source: Field Work 2019\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Table 2 revealed that 27.5\% of the respondents}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{72.5\% claimed that they don't have any sources of}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{claimed that the IDP's have sources of income, while}\tabcellsep income.\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.4184615384615385\textwidth}P{0.10461538461538462\textwidth}P{0.3269230769230769\textwidth}}
Causes of street begging\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentages\\
Poverty\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 53.75\\
Lack of employment\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep 45\\
Illiteracy\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1.25\\
Total\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 100\%\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Source: Field Work 2019\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.49354838709677423\textwidth}P{0.1553763440860215\textwidth}P{0.2010752688172043\textwidth}}
Categories of people involved\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentages\\
Children\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 16\\
Adult\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 25\\
Old Age\tabcellsep 47\tabcellsep 59\\
Total\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 100\%\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.38925233644859814\textwidth}P{0.11915887850467288\textwidth}P{0.34158878504672896\textwidth}}
Insurgency increase mass street begging\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentages\\
Yes\tabcellsep 68\tabcellsep 85\\
No\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 15\\
Total\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 100\%\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Source: Field Work 2019\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.4906249999999999\textwidth}P{0.3125\textwidth}P{0.046875\textwidth}}
Yes\tabcellsep 69\tabcellsep 86.25\\
No\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 13.75\\
Total\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 100\%\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Source: Field Work 2019}\\
Table 6 revealed that 86\% of the respondents\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{government did not provide any assistance in}\\
opined that the government provide help in tackling\tabcellsep elimination street begging.\tabcellsep \\
street begging, while 14\% were of the opinion that\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_7}Table 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{7} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5265486725663716\textwidth}P{0.12787610619469028\textwidth}P{0.19557522123893806\textwidth}}
Consequences of street begging\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentages\\
Crime\tabcellsep 46\tabcellsep 57.5\\
Debase Personality\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 25\\
Prostitution\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 17.5\\
Total\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 100\%\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_8}Table 7 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{8} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5510989010989011\textwidth}P{0.07472527472527472\textwidth}P{0.22417582417582418\textwidth}}
Ways Government can eliminate street begging\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentages\\
Provide Education\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 37.5\\
Provide Capital for Business\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 7.5\\
Provide food and Shelter\tabcellsep 44\tabcellsep 55\\
Total\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 100\%\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Source: Field Work 2019\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_9}Table 8 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{9} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.4916666666666667\textwidth}P{0.14166666666666666\textwidth}P{0.21666666666666665\textwidth}}
Effect of Street Begging\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentages\\
Accident\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep 47.5\\
Kidnapping\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 20\\
Prostitution\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 32.5\\
Total\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 100\%\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_10}Table 9 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{10} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5347682119205298\textwidth}P{0.07880794701986756\textwidth}P{0.23642384105960262\textwidth}}
Tackling the Issues of Street Begging\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentages\\
Government\tabcellsep 74\tabcellsep 93\\
Non-Governmental Organizatio n (NGO's)\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 7\\
Total\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 100\%\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Source: Field Work 2019\\
Table\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_11}Table 10 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2020 Global JournalsThe Effect of Boko Haram Insurgency in Borno State: A Study of Street Begging} 		 		\backmatter  			 			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Idmc ()]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		\textit{},  		 			Idmc 		.  		 \url{http://www.internal-displacement.org/countries/Nigeria}  		2016.  	 
\bibitem[Adedube ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		‘Begging and Poverty in Third World cities: A case study of Ilorin Nigeria’.  		 			A Adedube 		.  	 	 		\textit{Ilorin J. Bus Social Sci., SD (IJBSS)}  		1989. 1 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Lynch ()]{b10}\label{b10} 	 		‘Critique and Comments: Understanding and responding to begging’.  		 			P Lynch 		.  	 	 		\textit{Australian Journals of Sociology}  		2005. 16 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Namwata et al. ()]{b13}\label{b13} 	 		‘Dynamics of street begging and begging life in Urban Area of Central Zone Tanzania: The case of Dodoma and Singida Municipalities’.  		 			B M.L Namwata 		,  		 			M Mgabo 		,  		 			P Dimoso 		.  	 	 		\textit{The Draft Report Submitted to Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA)}  		2010.  	 
\bibitem[Jelili ()]{b7}\label{b7} 	 		\textit{Environmental and socioeconomic Dimensi ons of Begging in Ilorin and Ogbomoso. Unpublished M . Tech dissertation, Department of Urban Regional Planning},  		 			M Jelili 		.  		2006. Ogbomoso, Nigeria.  		 			Lad oke Akintola University of Technology 		 	 
\bibitem[Horne and Cooke ()]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		 			M Horne 		,  		 			M Cooke 		.  		\textit{Relationship between poverty, homelessness and street begging},  				 (Melbourne Australia)  		2001.  	 
\bibitem[Jowett et al. (ed.) ()]{b8}\label{b8} 	 		\textit{Looking for change: The role and impact of begging on the lives of people who beg},  		 			S Jowett 		,  		 			G Banks 		,  		 			A Brown 		.  		Lynch (ed.)  		2001.  	 	 (Australian journals) 
\bibitem[
			Ibrahim
		 ()]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		‘Micro-level conflict analysis in five state of North-eastern Nigeria: a final report’.  		 			Ibrahim 		.  	 	 		\textit{Search for Common Ground}  		2014.  	 
\bibitem[Namwata et al. ()]{b14}\label{b14} 	 		 			B M L Namwata 		,  		 			M R Mgabo 		,  		 			P Dimoso 		.  		\textit{Categories of Street Beggars and factors},  				2012.  	 
\bibitem[Mustapha et al. ()]{b12}\label{b12} 	 		\textit{Poverty in Nigeria: causes mani festations and alleviation strategies},  		 			C D Mustapha 		,  		 			M Habu 		,  		 			A K Ibrahim 		.  		2008. 2008. Adanis and Abbey Published Ltd. ENGELSKA.  	 
\bibitem[Boer (2015)]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		‘Resilience and the fragile city: stability’.  		 			De Boer 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/sta.fkpublishedon27}{10.5334/sta.fkpublishedon27}.  		 \url{http://doi.org/10.5334/sta.fkpublishedon27}  	 	 		\textit{International Journal of Security and Development}  		2015. Apr 2016. 4  (1) .  	 	 (P. Art. 17.) 
\bibitem[Maishanu ()]{b11}\label{b11} 	 		\textit{The Begging Syndrome in Nigeria. Official home page of the begging syndrome in Nigeria},  		 			D Maishanu 		.  		2000. 2006. May 19, 2006.  	 	 (From moyee@yahoo.c om (Re-trieved) 
\bibitem[Kennedy and Fitzpatrick ()]{b9}\label{b9} 	 		‘The links between begging and rough sleeping: A question of legitimacy’.  		 			C Kennedy 		,  		 			S Fitzpatrick 		.  	 	 		\textit{Housing studies}  		2001. 80  (5)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Gloria and Samuel ()]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		‘The prevalence of street begging in Nigeria and the counselling intervention strategies’.  		 			Gloria 		,  		 			A Samuel 		.  	 	 		\textit{Review of European Studies}  		2012. 4  (4)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Elombah ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		\textit{The Turbulent North and the Almajirai Threat Pt. 1. Elombah.com, May 13, www.el ombah,c om/index.php?option=com\textunderscore content \&view=article\&id-6541:Nigeria-theturbulent-north -and-the-almajiri-threat-part},  		 			D Elombah 		.  		 1\& catid-52:Daniel -elombah\&Itemid=73.  		2011.  	 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
