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\title{The Devastating Effect of Gully Erosion Menace on Urban Infrastructures in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria}
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             \author[1]{Dr. Eni, D.  Imoke}

             \author[2]{Udoh, U.  Isidore}

             \affil[1]{  University of Calabar}

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\date{\small \em Received: 9 December 2019 Accepted: 3 January 2020 Published: 15 January 2020}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


Gully erosion is caused by several factors such as heavy rainfall, industrial construction, poor drainage system and deforestation were overtime resulted in loosening the soil structure and expose it to vagaries of agents of erosion. The study was aimed at assessing the effect of gully erosion menace on urban infrastructures in Calabar metropolis. Data for the research were collected using a structured questionnaire, handheld, measuring tape, leveling staff and rope. The coordinates of gully erosion sites and the affected infrastructure were obtained from the field using the Global positioning system (GPS). Findings revealed that the total length and average width of each of the gullies as at 2015 were 385m and 20m for Ikot Anwantim, 1925m and 43m for Ikot Udauk, 3995m and 68m for Ikot Nkebre, 721m and 40 for Etinym Abasi, 1430m and 48m for EdimOtop and 1700m and 28m for Ekeya respectively. Also 18 houses were destroyed at Ekeya gully site. Seventy respondents attributed the impact of gully erosion menace in urban infrastructure to be the collapse of buildings with 35 percent. The researcher recommended that public awareness programme sensitization be undertaken to discourage the inhabitants from developing areas prone to gully erosion.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{gully, erosion, hazards, degradation and infrastructures.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
he rate of environmental problems that have occurred in recent decades has assumed unprecedented height, especially in human populated areas such as Calabar metropolis and the multi-facet environmental issues that plague the global community includes global warming, pollution escalated desertification, drought, soil and land degradation, deforestation, food shortage, oil spillage, flora and fauna specie extinction, and flooding, which overtime defaced the earths structure, with a dire consequence on urban settlement in both developed and developing countries.\par
Amidst the different environmental hazard that occur in Nigeria. The most prevalent and threatening in Calabar is erosion, which involves the transportation of soil particles from one geographical space to another by a high flow of water at the peak of heavy down pour or after. Although we have three types of erosion namely; splash, rill and gully erosion, they most prevalent type in Calabar is the gully erosion, and it contributes to the sculpturing of the earth surface.\par
Infrastructures such as schools, hospitals, roads, houses and telecommunication mass have been greatly destroyed by gully erosion in Calabar. The dramatic increase in population has resulted to the high demand of land for building and over dependence on the available infrastructures. The scenario of rapid population expansion have been playing out in the metropolis over time in diverse measures, leading to urban growth and expanded land use development. There are two major factors responsible for the urban population expansion to out weight the capacities of urban management systems provided, there are the natural growth of the population at an overwhelming rate and the poor urban development control mechanism, which do not act proactively to pre-erupt urban disorder. Gully erosion menace in Calabar has caused socioeconomic and environmental issues such as; loss of arable lands, lives and properties, creation of bad land and topography, collapse of buildings and culverts, pot holes on roads and destruction of electricity and telecommunication poles. The researcher observed that along areas such as Murtala-Mohammed highway by Bebosco bus stop the road was almost cut off due to gully erosion, also at Ikot Anwatin gully site, but at EdimOtop a large chunk of a nursery school land collapsed and at Etinyin Abasi and Dr. Ekong street, several residential houses wave collapsed.\par
The effect of gully erosion on urban infrastructure can be assessed, studied, examined and evaluated when the morphometry of gully erosion in the study area is holistically studied. The morphometry of gully erosion is best explained through its variables which include gully, altitude, slope steepness, maximal catchment area as well as maximal, minimal, mean, horizontal, and vertical curvatures of mouth, base, fingers and end points of gullies. Gully morphometry indicators represent methods of describing basin attributes, impact on the development and expansion of ravines in the areas of processes compared to basin characteristics  {\ref (Musa, 2006)}. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Study Area}]{Study Area}\par
Calabar metropolis lies between 8 0 18 1 00" E to 8 0 24 1 00" and 4 0 54 1 00" N to 5 0 04 1 00"N. it is bounded by Calabar River to the west, Great Kwa River to the East, Odukpani Local Government Area to the north and the Greeks of the Cross River as it empties into the Atlantic ocean in the south. It covers a land area of 406 square kilometers. Under Koppen's climate classification, Calabar metropolis has a tropical monsoon climate with a lengthy wet season spanning eight more months and a short dry season covering the remaining three four months with an average annual rainfall of 270mm. Temperatures are relatively constant throughout the year with average high temperatures ranging from 25 to 28 degrees Celsius. Calabar is an inter-fluvial city that is drained by two major rivers, which are the Cross River and the Great Kwa River. The hydrological pattern influences the conventional rainfall commonly experienced in the city. The drainage pattern which is dendriliz is believed to be the remote factor responsible for gully erosion in the area. Calabar has a low lying gentle and undulating topography that forms the coastal plains of south Eastern Nigeria. The locations in Calabar closer to the coast are low lying with an average altitude of 10m above mean sea level, while the areas further away towards the north of the metropolis have heights of between 40 to 80m above sea level. The undulating nature of the Calabar terrain undoubtedly encourages the speed of gully erosion and agents of devaidation. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Research Methodology a) Population and Sample}]{Research Methodology a) Population and Sample}\par
This study adopted descriptive survey research design. The types of data used were, measurements of gully morphometric properties (length, width, perimeter, depth, bed, shoulder width and slope), attribute data of the affected urban infrastructures (type of infrastructure, nature of damage, extent of damage, number of persons displaced), response of residents and population of the area. 
\section[{b) Data and Sources of Data}]{b) Data and Sources of Data}\par
The primary data were obtained from questionnaire field observation and measurement. Equipments such as the measuring tape, leveling staff and rope were used to obtained direct measurements such as the depth, bed width and slope of the gully. The coordinates of gully erosion sites and affected infrastructures were obtained by using the geographic positioning system (GPS). The residents were also interviewed at each gully site to have first hand information on the impact of gully erosion on the population and infrastructures within the study area.\par
A purposive sampling technique was used to select locations ravaged by the scourge of gully erosion. During the reconnaissance the researchers identified seven gully erosion sites within the area and the served as sampling scope for the study. Furthermore, systematic sampling technique was used to select buildings to be sampled in the area. The buildings encompasses different land uses from residential to commercial and public land uses. This was done to ensure effective coverage of the aim of study. The research reveals that the remediation work at each of this gully site was not comprehensive and even abandoned at some point due to pavcity of funds from government. At Etinyim Abasi, Ikot Nkebre, Ikot Uduak and Ekeya gully points it was observed that government intervention was not pronounced enough to reduce the threat posed by gully erosion to infrastructures such as buildings, electric poles and access roads, which were seen to be degraded.   
\section[{IV.}]{IV.} 
\section[{Results and Discussion}]{Results and Discussion} 
\section[{a) Results of Descriptive Statistics of the study variables}]{a) Results of Descriptive Statistics of the study variables} 
\section[{Loss of lives Colapse of buildings}]{Loss of lives Colapse of buildings} 
\section[{Collapse of health centres}]{Collapse of health centres} 
\section[{Destruction of access roads}]{Destruction of access roads}\par
The table and figure revealed that 70 respondents agreed that the collapse of buildings was the major problem associated with gully erosion menace with 35 percent. But loss of livelihood, destruction of farmlands and collapse of communication installation were least affected with 2.5 percent.\par
From the study it was deduced that gully erosion distribution pattern cut across different wards within the study area, with each gully sites having unique features in terms of its morphometry properties. Also, it's was seen that the difference in magnitude of gully erosion sites is dependent on the morphometric characteristics. We can say that the morphometric parameters of any gully route do not only show the gully morphology, but also the rate of the gully development. Moreso, the study revealed that build up areas have encroached into the gully and green areas, thereby subjecting the gully route to pressure which results in expansion and ultimately effects the urban infrastructures. This finding is in line with Jimoh (2008), and \hyperref[b7]{Lonita(2006)} findings on gully erosion research. Despite the intervention effort of government agencies towards ameliorating gully menace, some threatening gully sites in the study area are still expanding due to erosional processes, supported by agents of deviation. The researcher recommends that public awareness be created on the danger posed by gully and residents within these areas be encouraged to adhere strictly to turn planning regulations regarding the types of infrastructures to be created close to gully sites. \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{41} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.016850220264317182\textwidth}P{0.1460352422907489\textwidth}P{0.355726872246696\textwidth}P{0.08050660792951542\textwidth}P{0.07676211453744493\textwidth}P{0.044933920704845816\textwidth}P{0.06552863436123348\textwidth}P{0.06365638766519824\textwidth}}
S/N\tabcellsep Gully erosion site\tabcellsep Coordinates\tabcellsep Total length @ 2006(m)\tabcellsep Total length @ 2018\tabcellsep Depth @ 2018\tabcellsep Average width @ 2005(m)\tabcellsep Average width 2018 (m)\\
1\tabcellsep Ikot Anwantim\tabcellsep 8 20 02 1 .86"E\tabcellsep 260\tabcellsep 385\tabcellsep 42\tabcellsep 41\tabcellsep 20\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 5 00 08 1 .87"N\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
2\tabcellsep Ikot Udauk\tabcellsep 8 20 51 1 .42"E\tabcellsep 1350\tabcellsep 1925\tabcellsep 29\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 43\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 4 59 56 1 .88"N\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
3\tabcellsep Ikot Nkebre\tabcellsep 8 21 32 1 .10"E\tabcellsep 2690\tabcellsep 3915\tabcellsep 41\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 68\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 5 03 32 1 .40"N\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
4\tabcellsep Etinyin Abasi\tabcellsep 8 20 12 1 .6"E\tabcellsep 345\tabcellsep 721\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 40\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 4 56 14 1 .82"N\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
5\tabcellsep EdimOtop\tabcellsep 8 21 18 1 .58"E\tabcellsep 1250\tabcellsep 1430\tabcellsep 29\tabcellsep 52\tabcellsep 48\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 4 57 46 1 .55"N\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
6\tabcellsep Ekeya\tabcellsep 8 19 37 1 .24"E\tabcellsep 652\tabcellsep 1700\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 28\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 4 55 35 1 .29"N\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 4 . 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{42} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.2125\textwidth}P{0.07806122448979592\textwidth}P{0.056377551020408166\textwidth}P{0.07372448979591836\textwidth}P{0.13877551020408163\textwidth}P{0.13443877551020408\textwidth}P{0.07806122448979592\textwidth}P{0.07806122448979592\textwidth}}
Gully site\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Urban infrastructures}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Access roads\tabcellsep Houses\tabcellsep Electric pole\tabcellsep Schools\tabcellsep Communication installations\tabcellsep Water pipes\tabcellsep Health centres\\
Ikot Nkebre\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 1\\
Ekeya\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 3\\
Ikot Uduak\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 2\\
Etinyin Abasi\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 2\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 4 . 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 4 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{43} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.689935064935065\textwidth}P{0.0689935064935065\textwidth}P{0.09107142857142857\textwidth}}
Effects of gully on urban infrastructures\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentage\\
Loss of source of livelihood\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 2.5\\
Loss of lives\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 5\\
Collapse of buildings\tabcellsep 70\tabcellsep 35\\
Collapse of health centres\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 15\\
Destruction of access roads\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 20\\
Collapse of electric poles\tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep 17.5\\
Collapse of communication installation\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 2.5\\
Destruction of farm lands\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 2.5\\
Total\tabcellsep 200\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 . 3 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2020 Global JournalsThe Devastating Effect of Gully Erosion Menace on Urban Infrastructures in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria} 		 		\backmatter   			 
\subsection[{Acknowledment}]{Acknowledment}\par
Our gratitude goes to the Almighty God for His kindness, strength and wisdom throughout this study. We humbly appreciate our families, lecturers and students of the Department of Environmental Resource Management, University of Calabar for their encouragement, love and care towards the success of this work. 			  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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