@incollection{,
	
					
					
					42C6CB1E1B6DACEA60489848DAACB300
				,
	author={{Yaradua AI, Alhassan AJ, Nasir A, Hamisu I, Usman A, Idi, Muhammad I, Muhammad IU, SaulawaLA} and {Umaru Musa Yar?adua University}},
	journal={{Global Journal of Human Social Sciences}},
	journal={{GJHSS}}2249-460X0975-587X10.34257/GJHSS,
	address={Cambridge, United States},
	publisher={Global Journals Organisation}1914350
}

@incollection{b0,
	
	
		,
	title={{Levels of Heavy Metals in Soil as Indicator Of Environmental Pollution in Maiduguri}}
		,
	author={{
			BAbdullateef
		} and {
			BGKolo
		} and {
			IWaziri
		} and {
			MAIdris
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Nigeria. Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci}}
		
			3
			11
			
			,
	year={2014}
		
	

}

@incollection{b1,
	
	
		,
	title={{Assessment of Heavy Metals in Nigerian Agricultural Soils}}
		,
	author={{
			IEAhaneku
		} and {
			BOSadiq
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Pol. J. Environ. Stud}}
		
			23
			4
			
			,
	year={2014}
		
	

}

@incollection{b2,
	
	
		,
	title={{Heavy Metal accumulation in Artemisia and Foliaceous Lichen species from the Azerbaijan flora, Forest Snow and Landscape}}
		,
	author={{
			EGAlirzayeva
		} and {
			TSShirvani
		} and {
			MAYazici
		} and {
			SMAlverdiyeva
		} and {
			ESShukurov
		} and {
			LOzturk
		} and {
			VMAli-Zade
		} and {
			ICakmak
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Research}}
		
			80
			
			,
	year={2006}
		
	

}

@incollection{b3,
	
	
		,
	title={{Toxic Metal Contamination of Staple Crops (Wheat and Millet) in Periurban Area of Western Rajasthan}}
		,
	author={{
			AAnjula
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science}}
		IRJES) (Online) 2319-183X
		
			3
			4
			
			,
	year={2014}
		
	
	,
	note={Print}

}

@incollection{b4,
	
	
		,
	title={{Loss of plant species diversity reduces soil erosion resistance}}
		,
	author={{
			FBerendse
		} and {
			JVan Ruijven
		} and {
			EJongejans
		} and {
			SKeesstra
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Ecosystems}}
		
			18
			
			,
	year={2015}
		
	

}

@incollection{b5,
	
	
		,
	title={{The interdisciplinary nature of soil}}
		,
	author={{
			ECBrevik
		} and {
			ACerdà
		} and {
			JMataix-Solera
		} and {
			LPereg
		} and {
			JNQuinton
		} and {
			JSix
		} and {
			VanOost
		} and {
			K
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		10.5194/soil-1-117
	
	
		,
	journal={{SOIL}}
		
			1
			
			,
	year={2015}
		
	

}

@incollection{b6,
	
	
		,
	title={{Assessment of trace metal distribution and contamination in surface soils in Hong Kong}}
		,
	author={{
			TBChen
		} and {
			JWWong
		} and {
			HYZhou
		} and {
			MHWong
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Environmental Pollution}}
		
			96
			1
			
			,
	year={1997}
		
	

}

@incollection{b7,
	
	
		,
	title={{Mitigating N2O emissions from soil: from patching leaks to transformative action}}
		,
	author={{
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		} and {
			JLee
		} and {
			MNecpalova
		} and {
			EipPereira
		} and {
			DMTendall
		} and {
			JSix
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Soil}}
		
			1
			
			,
	year={2015}
		
	

}

@incollection{b8,
	
	
		,
	title={{Assessment of potential health risk for inhabitants living near a former lead smelter, Part 1: metal concentrations in soils, agricultural crops, and homegrown vegetables}}
		,
	author={{
			FDouay
		} and {
			APelfrêne
		} and {
			JPlanque
		} and {
			HFourrier
		} and {
			ARichard
		} and {
			HRoussel
		} and {
			BGirondelot
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Environ. Monit. Assess}}
		
			185
			
			,
	year={2013}
		
	

}

@incollection{b9,
	
	
		,
	title={{Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soil and wheat (triticum aestivum l.) plant around the Çorlu-Çerkezkoy highway in Thrace region}}
		,
	author={{
			TFEkmekyapar
		} and {
			G??abudak
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Global NEST Journal}}
		
			14
			4
			
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@incollection{b10,
	
	
		,
	title={{Heavy Metals (Cd, Ni and Pb) Contamination of Soils, Plants and Waters in Madina Town of Faisalabad Metropolitan and Preparation of Gis Based Maps}}
		,
	author={{
			GFarid
		} and {
			NSarwar
		} and {
			AhmadASaifullah
		} and {
			AGhafoor
		}}
		
		
		
		10.4172/2329-8863.1000199
	
	
		,
	journal={{Adv Crop Sci Tech}}
		
			4
			199
			,
	year={2015}
		
	

}

@incollection{b11,
	
	
		,
	title={{An Ecological Risk Index for Aquatic Pollution Control a Sedimentological Approaches}}
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			LHakanson
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}

@incollection{b12,
	
	
		,
	title={{Spatial and temporal variation of heavy metal risk and source in sediments of Dongting Lake wetland, mid-south China}}
		,
	author={{
			JLiang
		} and {
			JYLiu
		} and {
			XZYuan
		} and {
			GMZeng
		} and {
			XLai
		} and {
			XDLi
		} and {
			HPWu
		} and {
			YJYuan
		} and {
			FLi
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{J. Environ. Sci. Health}}
		
			50
			
			,
	year={2015}
		
	

}

@incollection{b13,
	
	
		,
	title={{Impacts of Sewage Irrigation on Heavy Metal Distribution and Contamination in Beijing}}
		,
	author={{
			WHLiu
		} and {
			JZZhao
		} and {
			ZYOuyang
		} and {
			LSöderlund
		} and {
			GHLiu
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{China, Environmental International}}
		
			31
			6
			
			,
	year={2005}
		
	

}

@incollection{b14,
	
	
		,
	title={{Heavy metal immobilization in contaminated soils using phosphogypsum and rice straw compost}}
		,
	author={{
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		} and {
			AbdEl-Kader
		} and {
			N
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Land Degrad. Dev}}
		
			26
			
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}

@book{b15,
	
	
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	title={{Elemental Mass-Balance of Material Carried by Major World Rivers. Marine Chemistry}}
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		} and {
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		}}
		
		
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}

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		,
	title={{Assessment of heavy metals (total chromium, lead, and manganese) contamination of residential soil and homegrown vegetables near a former chemical manufacturing facility in Tarnaveni}}
		,
	author={{
			RGMihaileanu
		} and {
			IANeamtiu
		} and {
			MFleming
		} and {
			CPop
		} and {
			MSBloom
		} and {
			CRoba
		} and {
			MSurcel
		} and {
			FStamatian
		} and {
			EGurzau
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		10.1007/s10661-018-7142-0
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Romania. Environmental Monitoring Assessment}}
		
			191
			8
			,
	year={2019}
		
	

}

@incollection{b17,
	
	
		,
	title={{Assessment of Ecological Risk of Heavy Metal Contamination in Coastal Municipalities of Montenegro}}
		,
	author={{
			BMugo?a
		} and {
			D?urovi?
		} and {
			MNedovi?-Vukovi?
		} and {
			SBarjaktarovi?-Labovi?
		} and {
			MVrvi?
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}}
		
			13
			4
			393
			,
	year={2016}
		
	

}

@incollection{b18,
	
	
		,
	title={{Index of Geoaccumulation in Sediments of the Rhine River}}
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	author={{
			GMüller
		}}
	
	
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			2
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			,
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}

@incollection{b19,
	
	
		,
	title={{The Heavy Metal Pollution of the Sediments of Neckars and Its Tributary}}
		,
	author={{
			GMuller
		}}
	
	
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	journal={{A Stocktaking Chemische Zeit}}
		
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}

@incollection{b20,
	
	
		,
	title={{Environmental hazard and risk assessment under the United States Toxic Substances Control Act}}
		,
	author={{
			JVNabholz
		}}
		10.1016/0048-9697(91)90218-4
	
	
		,
	journal={{Sci. Total Environ}}
		
			109
			
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}

@incollection{b21,
	
	
		,
	title={{Heavy metal concentrations of soil in Ogbomosho and its environs}}
		,
	author={{
			JTOladeji
		} and {
			SOAdetola
		} and {
			ADOgunsola
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Merit Research Journal of Environmental Science and Toxicology}}
		
			4
			1
			
			,
	year={2016}
		
	

}

@incollection{b22,
	
	
		,
	title={{Determination of heavy metal pollution in grass and soil of City Centre Green areas}}
		,
	author={{
			SOnder
		} and {
			SDursun
		} and {
			SGezgin
		} and {
			ADemirbas
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Turkey) Polish J. Environmental Studies}}
		
			16
			1
			
			,
	year={2007}
		
	

}

@incollection{b23,
	
	
		,
	title={{Heavy metal concentrations in soils, plant leaves and crops grown around dump sites in Lafia Metropolis}}
		,
	author={{
			ODOpaluwa
		} and {
			MOAremu
		} and {
			LOgbo
		} and {
			OAbiola
		} and {
			KAOdiba
		} and {
			IEAbubakar
		} and {
			MMNweze
		} and {
			NO
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Advances in Applied Science Research}}
		
			3
			2
			
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@incollection{b24,
	
	
		,
	title={{Heavy metals health risk assessment for population via consumption of food crops and fruits in Owerri}}
		,
	author={{
			OEOrisakwe
		} and {
			JONduka
		} and {
			CNAmadi
		} and {
			DODike
		} and {
			OBede
		}}
		
		
		
		
		10.1186/1752-153X-6-77
	
	
		,
	journal={{Chemistry Central Journal}}
		
			6
			77
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@incollection{b25,
	
	
		,
	title={{Ecological Risk Assessment using Trace Elements from Surface Sediments of Izmit Bay (Northeastern Marmara Sea) Turkey}}
		,
	author={{
			HPekey
		} and {
			DKarakas
		} and {
			SAyberk
		} and {
			LTolun
		} and {
			MBakoglu
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Marine Pollution Bulletin}}
		
			48
			9
			
			,
	year={2004}
		
	

}

@incollection{b26,
	
	
		,
	title={{Semple KT Carbon nano materials in clean and contaminated soils: environmental implications and applications}}
		,
	author={{
			MJRiding
		} and {
			FLMartin
		} and {
			KCJones
		}}
		
		
		10.5194/soil-1-1
	
	
		,
	journal={{SOIL}}
		
			1
			
			,
	year={2015}
		
	

}

@incollection{b27,
	
	
		,
	title={{Metal uptake in plants and health risk assessments in metal-contaminated smelter soils}}
		,
	author={{
			MRoy
		} and {
			LMMcdonald
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Land Degrad. Dev}}
		
			26
			
			,
	year={2015}
		
	

}

@incollection{b28,
	
	
		,
	title={{Geochemistry of Major and Trace Elements in Sediments of the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain) an Assessment of Metal Pollution}}
		,
	author={{
			RRubio
		} and {
			FVilas
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Marine Pollution Bulletin}}
		
			40
			11
			
			,
	year={2000}
		
	

}

@incollection{b29,
	
	
		,
	title={{Heavy metals contamination through industrial effluent to irrigation water and soil in Korangi area of Karachi (Pakistan)}}
		,
	author={{
			MSSaleem
		} and {
			MUHaq
		} and {
			KSMemon
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Int J Agri and Biol}}
		
			7
			
			,
	year={2005}
		
	

}

@incollection{b30,
	
	
		,
	title={{Grain size fraction of heavy metals in soil and their relationship with land use}}
		,
	author={{
			MHSayadi
		} and {
			ARezae
		} and {
			MrgSayyed
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences}}
		
			7
			1
			
			,
	year={2017}
		
	

}

@incollection{b31,
	
	
		,
	title={{Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of foodstuffs from the wastewater irrigated site of a dry tropical area of India}}
		,
	author={{
			ASingh
		} and {
			RKSharma
		} and {
			MAgrawal
		} and {
			FMMarshall
		}}
		
		
		
		doi:10.1016/ j.fct.2009. 11.041
	
	
		,
	journal={{Food Chem. Toxicol}}
		
			48
			
			,
	year={2010}
		
	

}

@incollection{b32,
	
	
		,
	title={{Biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity as key drivers of ecosystem services provided by soils}}
		,
	author={{
			PSmith
		} and {
			MFCotrufo
		} and {
			CRumpel
		} and {
			KPaustian
		} and {
			PJKuikman
		} and {
			JAElliott
		} and {
			RMcdowell
		} and {
			RIGriffiths
		} and {
			SAsakawa
		} and {
			MBustamante
		} and {
			JIHouse
		} and {
			JSobocká
		} and {
			RHarper
		} and {
			GPan
		} and {
			PCWest
		} and {
			JSGerber
		} and {
			JMClark
		} and {
			TAdhya
		} and {
			RJScholes
		} and {
			MCScholes
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
		10.5194/soil-1-665-2015
	
	
		,
	journal={{SOIL}}
		
			1
			
			,
	year={2015}
		
	

}

@book{b33,
	
	
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	title={{Chemical speciation and Phyto availability of Zn, Cu, Ni and Cd in soils amended with fly ash stabilized sewage sludge}}
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	author={{
			DCSu
		} and {
			YSWong
		}}
		
		
	

}

@incollection{b34,
	
	
		,
	title={{}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Environ. Int}}
		
			1060
			1
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	year={2003}
		
	

}

@incollection{b35,
	
	
		,
	title={{Assessment of spatial distribution and potential ecological risk of the heavy metals in relation to granulometric contents of Veranam lake sediments}}
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	author={{
			GSuresh
		} and {
			PSutharsan
		} and {
			VRamasamy
		} and {
			RVenkata
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
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	journal={{India. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf}}
		
			84
			
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@incollection{b36,
	
	
		,
	title={{Bed Sediment Associated Trace Metals in an Urban Stream}}
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	author={{
			RASutherland
		}}
	
	
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	journal={{Environmental Geology}}
		
			39
			6
			
			,
	year={2000}
		
	

}

@incollection{b37,
	
	
		,
	title={{Assessment of heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils around Dhaka Export processing zone (DEPZ), Bangladesh: Implication of seasonal variation and Indices}}
		,
	author={{
			HRSyed
		} and {
			KDilara
		} and {
			MATanveer
		} and {
			SIMohammad
		} and {
			AAMohammad
		} and {
			AAMohammad
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
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	journal={{Applied Science}}
		
			2
			583
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@book{b38,
	
	
		,
	title={{An Environmental Characterization of Chesapeake Bay and a Frame Work for Action}}
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	author={{
			VKTippie
		}}
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	editor={V. Kennedy}
		
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	year={1984}
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	publisher={Academic Press}
			,
	address={New York}
		
	
	,
	note={The Estuary as a Filter}

}

@incollection{b39,
	
	
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	title={{Problems in the Assessment of Heavy-Metal Levels in Estuaries and the Formation of a Pollution Index}}
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	author={{
			DLTomlinson
		} and {
			JGWilson
		} and {
			CRHarris
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			DWJeffney
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
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	year={1980}
		
	

}

@book{b40,
	
	
		,
	title={{Heavy metals in soil, vegetables and fruits in the endemic upper gastrointestinal cancer region of Turkey. Environmental toxicity and pharmacology}}
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	author={{
			MKTurkdogan
		} and {
			FKilicel
		} and {
			KKara
		}}
		
		
		
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	year={2002}
			13
			175
		
	

}

@incollection{b41,
	
	
		,
	title={{Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Soil Samples within Mkpanak in Ibeno Coastal Area of Akwa Ibom State}}
		,
	author={{
			EDUdosen
		} and {
			MEUkpong
		} and {
			EEEtim
		}}
		
		
	
	
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	journal={{Nigeria. International Journal of Modern Chemistry}}
		
			3
			2
			
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@incollection{b42,
	
	
		,
	title={{Heavy Metal Distribution in Surface Sediments of the Tirumalairajan River Estuary and the Surrounding Coastal Area}}
		,
	author={{
			SVenkatramanan
		} and {
			TRamkumar
		} and {
			IAnithamary
		} and {
			SVasudevan
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Arabian Journal of Geosciences}}
		
			7
			1
			
			,
	year={2012}
		
		
			East Coast of India
		
	

}

@incollection{b43,
	
	
		,
	title={{Remediation of a magnesium contaminated soil by chemical amendments and leaching}}
		,
	author={{
			HQWang
		} and {
			QZhao
		} and {
			DHZeng
		} and {
			YLHu
		} and {
			ZYYu
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Land Degrad. Dev}}
		
			26
			
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	year={2015}
		
	

}

@incollection{b44,
	
	
		,
	title={{Spatial distribution of heavy metals of agricultural soils in Dongguan}}
		,
	author={{
			YXia
		} and {
			FLi
		} and {
			HWan
		} and {
			JMa
		} and {
			GYan
		} and {
			TZhang
		} and {
			WLuo
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
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	journal={{China. J. Environ. Sci}}
		
			16
			6
			912
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	year={2004}
		
	

}

@incollection{b45,
	
	
		,
	title={{Calculation of Heavy Metals Toxicity Coefficient in the Evaluation of Potential Ecological Risk Index}}
		,
	author={{
			ZXu
		} and {
			SNi
		} and {
			XTuo
		} and {
			CZhang
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
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	journal={{Environ. Sci. Technol}}
		
			31
			
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	year={2008}
		
	

}

@incollection{b46,
	
	
		,
	title={{Evaluation of heavy metals in sediment of some selected Dams from Katsina state Nigeria}}
		,
	author={{
			AIYaradua
		} and {
			AJAlhassan
		} and {
			ANasir
		} and {
			KIMatazu
		} and {
			IMuhammad
		} and {
			AIdi
		} and {
			IUMuhammad
		} and {
			SMAliyu
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{International Journal of Scientific and Technical Research in Engineering (IJSTRE)}}
		
			3
			
			,
	year={2018}
		
	

}

@book{b47,
	
	
		,
	title={{Contamination and Spatial Variation of Heavy Metals in the Soil-Rice System in Nanxun County, Southeastern China}}
		,
	author={{
			KZhao
		} and {
			WFu
		} and {
			ZYe
		} and {
			CZhang
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	,
	note={Int}

}

@incollection{b48,
	
	
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	title={{}}
		10.3390/ijerph120201577
	
	
		,
	journal={{J. Environ. Res. Public Health}}
		
			12
			
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	year={2015}
		
	

}