@incollection{, 740B3C670FD028F4808B2A5A1DC501FC , author={{JimWelles}}, journal={{Global Journal of Human Social Sciences}}, journal={{GJHSS}}2249-460X0975-587X10.34257/GJHSS, address={Cambridge, United States}, publisher={Global Journals Organisation}1916380 } @book{b0, , title={{}} , author={{ CWickham } and { Europe }} , year={2016} , publisher={Yale University Press} 19 , address={New Haven, CT} } @book{b1, , title={{Mysteries of the Middle Ages}} , author={{ TCahill }} , year={2006} 153 , address={New York} , note={Anchor Books; Random House} } @book{b2, , title={{The Birth of the West. PublicAffairs; New York}} , author={{ PCollins }} , year={2013} 58 } @book{b3, , title={{Referred to about 1,000 years later in an entirely different context (American radicalism of the 1960's) by Saul Alinsky in his Rules for Radicals}} } @book{b4, , title={{}} , author={{ NewYork }} , year={1972} 13 } @book{b5, , title={{A History of Western Philosophy. Simon and Schuster}} , author={{ BRussell }} , year={1945} 306 , address={New York} } @incollection{b6, , title={{By the 12 th century, a new comic spirit had developed, as evinced by a group of Oxford students in the 13 th who followed the preachings of St. Francis so closely that they had to laugh. (Camille. p. 116.) Across the channel}} , author={{ NursiaBenedict Of }} 38:8. Ca. 525 , booktitle={{The Rules of Benedict}} 115 , note={The early church did follow Plato's dour attitude toward humor (Republic. p. 69.), with laughter regarded as dangerous, disruptive, disturbing and the act of a fool. saint king Louis IX effected a compromise by resolving not to laugh on Fridays. (Goff. pp. 483488.} } @book{b7, , title={{How to Sound Cultured}} , author={{ THodgkinson } and { HVBergh }} , year={2015} 250 , address={Berkeley, CA} , note={Publishers Group West} } @book{b8, , title={{}} , author={{ STheGreenblatt } and { Swerve }} , year={2012} 28 , address={Norton; New York} } @book{b9, , title={{Great Tales from English History. Back Bay Books}} , author={{ Russell } and { RLacey }} , year={2007} 2324 , address={New York} } @incollection{b10, , title={{}} , author={{ SBauer }} , journal={{History of the Medieval World}} } @book{b11, , title={{}} , author={{ NewYork }} , year={2010. 2019 11. 2016} 24 , address={Mortimer, I. Millennium. Pegasus; New York} } @book{b12, , title={{The Uses of the Past. Mentor; New York}} , author={{ HJMuller }} , year={1952} } @book{b13, , title={{}} , author={{ OpBauer } and { Cit }} } @book{b14, , title={{}} , author={{ Muller } and { Op }} 213 } @incollection{b15, , title={{History's Great Untold Stories}} , author={{ JCummins }} , journal={{National Geographic}} } @book{b16, , title={{}} , author={{ DCWashington }} , year={2006} 15 } @book{b17, , title={{}} , author={{ OpMuller } and { Cit }} } @book{b18, , title={{}} , author={{ Greenblatt } and { Op }} 16 } @book{b19, , title={{A World Lit by Fire}} , author={{ WManchester }} , year={1992} 20 , address={Boston, MA} , note={Back Bay Books} } @book{b20, , title={{Worse yet, the fear was justified in so far as an unnamed extremist Roman theologian opined it was better the entire population of the world die in extreme agony due to starvation than that one soul should commit a single sin}} , author={{ OpMuller } and { Cit }} 678 , note={Manchester. op. cit.} , note={21.) a positive feedback system clearly gone to excess. Later on, Aquinas would continue the Socratic coupling of reason with virtue} } @book{b21, , title={{}} , author={{ Manchester } and { Op }} 117 } @book{b22, , title={{The Seeds of Life}} , author={{ EDolnick }} , year={2017} 40 , address={New York} , note={Basic Books} } @incollection{b23, , title={{}} , author={{ StVincent }} , journal={{Commonitoria. (Memoranda. ca}} 430 , note={of Lérins} } @book{b24, , title={{}} , author={{ Manchester } and { Op }} 20 } @book{b25, , title={{Knowledge puffeth up}} , author={{ StOnePaul } and { Corinthians }} 8 , note={53/54 A.D} } @book{b26, , title={{}} , author={{ Muller } and { Op }} 214 } @book{b27, , title={{}} , author={{ Russell } and { Op }} 306 } @book{b28, , title={{}} , author={{ OpMuller } and { Cit }} 40 } @book{b29, , title={{}} , author={{ Cahill } and { Op }} , note={cit. p. 155. 12. Ibid} } @book{b30, , title={{}} , author={{ JBronowski } and { Ascent Of Man } and { Little } and { &Brown } and { Co } and { MABoston }} , year={1973} 110 , address={France} , note={p. 109. E.g., the cathedral at Beauvais} } @book{b31, , title={{}} , author={{ Russell } and { Op }} 408 } @book{b32, , title={{Question posed with the posting of his Theses on the door of the Church in Wittenberg}} , author={{ MLuther }} , year={Oct. 31, 1517} } @book{b33, , title={{}} , author={{ OpRussell } and { Cit }} } @book{b34, , title={{Like a Virgin: Virgin Mary Sightings, Prophecy, and UFOs. Paranoia. #5. Summer, 1994. Her lack of practical effect is eternal but pray on}} , author={{ JoanDArc }} } @incollection{b35, , title={{Histoire del'etablissement du christianisme. 1777}} , author={{ Voltaire }} , booktitle={{The Complete Works of Voltaire. Paris. 1880. XXXI. p}} 59 } @book{b36, , title={{}} , author={{ Muller } and { Op }} 89 } @book{b37, , title={{Random House}} , author={{ JMichener }} , year={1994} 217 , address={New York} } @book{b38, , title={{Fast-forwarding to 1782, a court decision confirmed wife beating was legal if the stick was no thicker than a man}} , author={{ OpMuller } and { Cit }} , note={s thumb} } @book{b39, , title={{The Wise King}} , author={{ SDoubleday }} , year={2015} 54 , address={New York} , note={Basic Books} } @book{b40, , title={{Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds. 1852}} , author={{ CMackay }} , year={1980} 359 , address={New York} , note={Reissued by Harmony Books} } @book{b41, , title={{On the other hand, wisdom is coupled with vexation and suffering. Ecclesiastes 1:18. (Wisdom, and folly are kicked around in this section extended.) and Aeschylus: Agamemnon, line 177. 458 BC. (Learners suffer.) For an updated, modern take, see: Cook, G. The Dark Side of 35. Anonymous. 947 A.D. In Lewis, B. A Middle Eat Mosaic}} , author={{ OpRussell } and { Cit }} , year={2000} 305 , address={New York} , note={Random House} } @book{b42, , title={{}} , author={{ Cahill } and { Op }} 190 } @book{b43, , title={{The Outline of History}} , author={{ HGWells }} , year={1920} , publisher={Cassel} } @book{b44, , title={{}} , author={{ Lon-Don }} , note={4th ed. Revised by R. "Postgate" 1961. p. 644.} } @book{b45, , title={{}} , author={{ WallaceHadrill } and { JThe Frankish } and { Church }} , year={1983} } @book{b46, , title={{Two hundred years later, Otto III showed the same shallow commitment to Jesus being Christian in claim only when it came to dealing with defeated political rivals and heretics. Ibid. p. 586. The Ottonians were more intellectual than moralistic in bent}} , author={{ OpBauer } and { Cit }} 78 } @book{b47, , title={{}} , author={{ OpWells } and { Cit }} } @book{b48, , title={{Father Adolf" yet. Who would have thunk?) As Erasmus was to find ca. 1500, the monk's life was an iron door closed against knowledge}} , author={{ MTwain }} , year={1922} 427 , address={New York} , note={The Mysterious Stranger and Other Stories} } @book{b49, , title={{}} , author={{ Cahill } and { Op }} 88 } @book{b50, , title={{Exodus: 20:1-10. 10th Century B.C. (Date in dispute.) A bit of joyful confusion occurred in 1631 version of the King James Bible}} , author={{ JHecht }} , year={2003} 28 269 , address={New York} , note={Doubt: A History. when the word "Not" was omitted from the commandment about adultery. (Ferguson. 2011. p. 62f.) N.b. how self-centered and negative God is in His directives} } @book{b51, , title={{}} , author={{ Muller } and { Op }} , note={cit. p. 260. 30. Ibid} } @book{b52, , title={{}} , author={{ Ibid }} 58 , note={Mortimer. op. cit} } @book{b53, , title={{The Redneck Manifesto. Touchstone; New York}} , author={{ JGoad }} , year={1997} 46 } @book{b54, , title={{The Age of Faith. Simon and Schuster}} , author={{ WDurant }} , year={1950} 575 , address={New York} } @book{b55, , title={{The Year 1000. Back Bay Books}} , author={{ RLacey } and { DDanziger }} , year={2000} 152 , address={New York} } @book{b56, , title={{}} , author={{ OpWickham } and { Cit }} } @book{b57, , title={{}} , author={{ OpWells } and { Cit }} } @book{b58, , title={{}} , author={{ OpCollins } and { Cit }} } @book{b59, , title={{}} , author={{ OpMuller } and { Cit }} } @incollection{b60, , title={{Essai sur les Moeurs}} , author={{ Voltaire }} , booktitle={{Essays on Morals)}} 1756 } @book{b61, , title={{}} , author={{ Collins } and { Op }} 268 } @book{b62, , title={{}} , author={{ Russell } and { Op }} 397 } @book{b63, , title={{}} , author={{ Ibid }} 399 } @book{b64, , title={{Ratherii Opusculum de nupta cuiusdam illicit. Quoted on pages 452 and 455 of The Complete Works of Rather of Verona. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies}} , author={{ DReid } and { Trans }} , year={1991} } @book{b65, , title={{}} , author={{ Collins } and { Op }} 82 } @book{b66, , title={{Cambridge Medieval History}} , publisher={Cambridge University Press} } @book{b67, , title={{Alexander VI would give him a good run for his money}} , author={{ EnglandCambridge }} , year={1922} II 455 } @book{b68, , title={{}} , author={{ Collins } and { Op }} 84 } @book{b69, , title={{Peabody, Dr. Referred to by Franklin Roosevelt in a speech at Milton Academy}} , author={{ Russell } and { Op }} , year={1926} 398 , address={Milton, MA} } @book{b70, , title={{}} , author={{ OpRussell } and { Cit }} } @book{b71, , title={{}} , author={{ Ibid }} } @book{b72, , title={{}} , author={{ Russell } and { Op }} 414 } @book{b73, , title={{Weathervane Books; NY. 1972}} , author={{ AToynbee }} 202 , note={A Study of History} } @book{b74, , title={{}} , author={{ Mortimer } and { Op }} 58 } @book{b75, , title={{The Almohad Movement in North Africa in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries}} , author={{ RTourneau } and { Le }} , publisher={Princeton University Press} } @book{b76, , title={{Ansary has an excellent section on the Crusades pp}} , author={{ NJPrinceton }} , year={1969} } @book{b77, , title={{}} , author={{ Matthew }} , note={22: 21. 37 A.D} } @book{b78, , title={{Forged Through Fire}} , author={{ JFerejohn } and { FRosenbluth }} 88 , address={Norton} } @book{b79, , title={{}} , author={{ Wells } and { Op }} 665 } @book{b80, , title={{Reduced to a bumper sticker, it would read}} , author={{ Lacey } and { Op }} 94 , note={Believe what I do or I'll kill you} } @book{b81, , title={{}} , author={{ OpMackay } and { Cit }} } @book{b82, , title={{}} , author={{ RIbrahim } and { Sword } and { Scimitar } and { Da Capo }} , year={2018} , address={New York} } @incollection{b83, , title={{}} , author={{ Riley-Smith }} , journal={{J. Religious Warriors. Economist}} 67 , year={Dec. 23. 1995} } @book{b84, , title={{Heroes & Villains. Pegasus Books}} , author={{ FMclynn }} , year={2009} 128 , address={New York} } @book{b85, , title={{Riley-Smith, J. The Crusades: A Short History}} , author={{ Mackay } and { Op }} , year={2005} , publisher={Yale University Press} , address={New Haven, CT} } @book{b86, , title={{}} , author={{ PBabbitt } and { Terror } and { Consent } and { Knopf }} , year={2008} , address={New York} } @book{b87, , title={{}} , author={{ Mackay } and { Op }} , note={cit. p. 369. 80. Ibid} } @book{b88, , title={{Simon & Schuster}} , author={{ DDanziger } and { JGillingham }} , year={1215. 2005} , address={New York} } @book{b89, , title={{}} , author={{ Russell } and { Op }} 434 } @book{b90, , title={{How Chance and Stupidity Have Changed History. Arcade; New York}} , author={{ EDurschmied }} , year={2016} } @book{b91, , title={{In the Land of Giants. Pegasus}} , author={{ MAdams }} , year={2016} 15 , address={New York} } @book{b92, , title={{}} , author={{ Russell } and { Op }} 439 } @book{b93, , title={{}} , author={{ Muller } and { Op }} 270 } @book{b94, , title={{Watson emphasizes the element of rationality in Christianity at the expense of miracles}} , author={{ PWatson }} , year={2011} , note={The Great Divide. HarperCollins; New York} } @book{b95, , title={{The Victory of Reason}} , author={{ RStark }} , year={2005} , address={New York} , note={Random House} } @book{b96, , title={{}} , author={{ Watson } and { Op }} 446 } @book{b97, , title={{}} , author={{ Ibid }} 519 } @book{b98, , author={{ GJones } and { Marx }} , title={{Greatness and Illusion}} , publisher={Harvard University Press} } @book{b99, , title={{}} , author={{ MACambridge }} , year={2016} 74 } @book{b100, , title={{The Seekers. Vintage; NY}} , author={{ DBoorstin }} , year={1998} 43 } @book{b101, , title={{Sic et Non. (Yes and No.) Ca}} , author={{ PAbelard }} 1120 } @book{b102, , title={{}} , author={{ Russell } and { Op }} 435 } @book{b103, , title={{}} , author={{ Ibid }} 441 } @book{b104, , title={{}} , author={{ TDaLester } and { Vinci's Ghost }} , year={2012} , publisher={Free Press} , address={New York} } @book{b105, , title={{}} , author={{ OpGreenblatt } and { Cit }} } @book{b106, , title={{The Way of the World}} , author={{ RSuskind }} , year={2008} , publisher={Harper} 114 , address={New York} } @book{b107, , title={{}} , author={{ Greenblatt } and { Op }} 98 } @book{b108, , title={{}} , author={{ TOpLester } and { Cit }} 51 } @book{b109, , title={{}} , author={{ Ibid }} 52 } @book{b110, , title={{Nature Man, and Society in the Twelfth Century}} , author={{ M-DChenu }} , editor={Trans.} , publisher={Chicago University Press} } @book{b111, , title={{}} , author={{ ILChicago }} , year={1968} 10 } @book{b112, , title={{De philosophic muni}} , author={{ ConchesWilliam Of }} , note={I; 22. Ca. 1130. (On p. 11 of Chenu. op. cit.} } @book{b113, , title={{}} , author={{ Russell } and { Op }} 435 } @book{b114, , title={{}} , author={{ Muller } and { Op }} 271 } @book{b115, , title={{}} , author={{ BerghHodgkinson }} 231 } @incollection{b116, , title={{Entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily}} , author={{ OpRussell } and { Cit }} , journal={{Quodlibeta Septem. Ca}} , year={1320} , note={Durant. op. cit. p. 966. 118} , note={The Skeptic's Dictionary} } @book{b117, , title={{}} , author={{ Muller } and { Op }} 276 } @book{b118, , title={{}} , author={{ OpRussell } and { Cit }} } @book{b119, , title={{The Story of Philosophy. Dorling Kinder-sley; NY}} , author={{ BMagee }} , year={1998} 49 } @book{b120, , title={{}} , author={{ Russell } and { Op }} 304 } @book{b121, , title={{}} , author={{ SJosephZweig } and { Fouché }} NY. 1930 4 } @book{b122, , author={{ Muller } and { Op }} , title={{Cahill, T. Heretics and Heroes. Anchor Books; New York. 2013. p. 27. Lacey}} } @book{b123, , title={{}} , author={{ GillinghamOpDanziger } and { Cit }} } @book{b124, , title={{}} , author={{ Russell } and { Op }} , note={Ibid} } @book{b125, , title={{Your Money or Your Life: Economy and Religion in the Middle Ages. Zone Books; NY}} , author={{ LeGoff } and { J }} , year={1988} 29 } @book{b126, , title={{Lend without expecting any return}} , author={{ OpMuller } and { Cit }} 22 35 , address={Matthew} , note={See Exodus. Obviously, not from the patron saint of bankers.} } @book{b127, , title={{}} , author={{ Muller } and { Op }} 269 } @book{b128, , title={{}} , author={{ Ibid }} 273 } @book{b129, , title={{}} , author={{ Ibid }} 275 } @book{b130, , title={{}} , author={{ Russell } and { Op }} 304 } @book{b131, , title={{}} , author={{ Ibid }} 443 } @book{b132, , title={{}} , author={{ OpDurant } and { Cit }} } @book{b133, , title={{}} , author={{ RosenbluthFerejohn }} 93 } @book{b134, , title={{O'Shea, S. The Perfect Heresy}} , author={{ OpWells } and { Cit }} , year={2000} , publisher={Walker} , address={New York} } @book{b135, , title={{}} , author={{ Mortimer } and { Op }} 77 } @book{b136, , title={{}} , author={{ GEliot } and { RAshton } and { Middlemarch }} , year={1871} } @book{b137, , title={{The Age of Genius. Bloomsbury}} , author={{ AGrayling }} , year={2016} 141 , address={New York} } @book{b138, , title={{}} , author={{ OpRussell } and { Cit }} , note={Durant. op. cit} } @book{b139, , title={{}} , author={{ RIbrahim } and { Sword } and { Scimitar } and { Da Ibrahim } and { Capo }} , year={2018} 181 , address={New York} } @book{b140, , title={{}} , author={{ Wells } and { Op }} 681 } @incollection{b141, , title={{}} , journal={{Survival Solution. Harmony Books}} 12 , year={1982} } @book{b142, , title={{}} , author={{ Watson } and { Op }} 457 } @book{b143, , title={{Undated citation on page 415 of McWilliams's Ain't Nobody's Business If You Do}} , author={{ AAugustine } and { St }} } @book{b144, , title={{}} , author={{ OpWells } and { Cit }} } @book{b145, , title={{45 B.C.< De Natura Deorum. (The Nature of the Gods. H. McGregor translation. Viking; NY}} , author={{ MCicero }} 145 } @book{b146, , title={{}} , author={{ Cahill }} , year={2006} 154 , note={Matthew 10:8. 37 A.D} } @book{b147, , title={{}} , author={{ Russell } and { Op }} 449 } @book{b148, , title={{}} , author={{ Durant } and { Op }} 799 } @book{b149, , title={{}} , author={{ Russell } and { Op }} 450 } @book{b150, , title={{}} , author={{ Durant } and { Op }} 802 } @book{b151, , title={{}} , author={{ Muller } and { Op }} 267 } @book{b152, , title={{}} , author={{ Russell } and { Op }} 479 } @book{b153, , title={{}} , author={{ OpCahill } and { Cit }} } @book{b154, , title={{}} , author={{ Muller } and { Op }} 276 } @book{b155, , title={{}} , author={{ OpHecht } and { Cit }} } @book{b156, , title={{}} , author={{ Mortimer } and { Op }} 102 } @book{b157, , title={{}} , author={{ WBernstein } and { Masters } and { Word }} , year={2013} , publisher={Grove Press} 128 , address={New York} } @book{b158, , title={{}} , author={{ Bernstein } and { Op }} 132 } @book{b159, , title={{}} , author={{ Muller } and { Op }} 264 } @book{b160, , title={{}} , author={{ Ibid }} } @book{b161, , title={{}} , author={{ Ibid }} 265 } @book{b162, , title={{}} , author={{ OpGreenblatt } and { Cit }} } @book{b163, , title={{}} , author={{ MFelix } and { Octavius }} , publisher={Harvard University Press} } @book{b164, , title={{}} , author={{ MACam-Bridge }} , year={1931} 345 }