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\def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{2018-01-15 (revised: 15 January 2018)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{2018-01-15} \title{Impact Assessment of Non-Governmental Organization Development at Fugar, Nigeria} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ 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\textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Edigan B.I} \author[2]{Ikhanoba Aleakhue} \author[3]{Shaibu Segiru} \affil[1]{ Nnamdi Azikiwe University} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 10 December 2017 Accepted: 5 January 2018 Published: 15 January 2018} \maketitle \begin{abstract} Over the years, it has been observed that Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) has increased their development profiles at local, national and international levels. NGOs have come to be recognized as important actors on the landscape of development on health, education, provision of water, construction of school buildings in Nigeria. The major aim of this study is to assess the impact of Non-Governmental Organization in community development in community and some of the objectives of the paper are to assess the socio-economic and infrastructural development impact Non-Governmental organization has made in rural communities and identifies the major areas Non-Governmental organization has really impacted on rural communities. Taking inventory of the impacts of NGOs in other countries, the ?Tanzania Education Network has embarked on over 5 educational programs which have benefited close to 100,000 students and more than 850 teachers to date. These include: The Madrasa Pre-School program, the School Improvement Programmes, the International Academic Partnership, the Aga Khan Education Service Tanzania and the Coastal Rural Support Program. While in Nigeria a lot of projects like health, education and infrastructure were executed by NGOs in this regard, more is expected to be put in place by the growing number of NGOs in Nigeria, for the overall wellbeing of the society. However, the non-governmental organizations have some challenges which have limited their performances and also impeded their growth. Based on the findings, it has been recommended that Government should embark on aggressive development of the rural areas. Similarly, NGOs at the various levels should partner and work in collaboration with other private agencies. These can be done through an effective collaborative programmes and strategies with an effective and efficient leadership structure and Non-Governmental Organization should ensure that their programmes are not politicized. Allocation of projec \end{abstract} \keywords{non-governmental organizations, community development, programmes, collaboration, nigeria} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \par Abstract-Over the years, it has been observed that Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) has increased their development profiles at local, national and international levels.\par NGOs have come to be recognized as important actors on the landscape of development on health, education, provision of water, construction of school buildings in Nigeria. The major aim of this study is to assess the impact of Non-Governmental Organization in community development in community and some of the objectives of the paper are to assess the socioeconomic and infrastructural development impact Non-Governmental organization has made in rural communities and identifies the major areas Non-Governmental organization has really impacted on rural communities. Taking inventory of the impacts of NGOs in other countries, the 'Tanzania Education Network has embarked on over 5 educational programs which have benefited close to 100,000 students and more than 850 teachers to date. These include: The Madrasa Pre-School program, the School Improvement Programmes, the International Academic Partnership, the Aga Khan Education Service Tanzania and the Coastal Rural Support Program. While in Nigeria a lot of projects like health, education and infrastructure were executed by NGOs in this regard, more is expected to be put in place by the growing number of NGOs in Nigeria, for the overall wellbeing of the society. However, the non-governmental organizations have some challenges which have limited their performances and also impeded their growth. Based on the findings, it has been recommended that Government should embark on aggressive development of the rural areas. Similarly, NGOs at the various levels should partner and work in collaboration with other private agencies. These can be done through an effective collaborative programmes and strategies with an effective and efficient leadership structure and Non-Governmental Organization should ensure that their programmes are not politicized. Allocation of projects/programmes should be influenced by felt needs of rural communities. \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par ommunity development implies the provision of basic amenities such as roads, electricity, pipe borne water, health care facilities, schools including human capacity building and other necessities of life pertaining to man's general wellbeing. There is global realization of recent that, contemporary government can no longer single handedly meet most communities' needs within their jurisdiction in terms of service provision. This notion has triggered off the urgent desire for synergies with development partners while enlisting community participation to actualize the spread of development to the rural areas {\ref (Colderin, 2001)}. According to {\ref Mulgunji (1990)}, the problem of rural development cannot be viewed as a narrow technical problem of increasing output, but that of the institutions to mobilize and induce members of the rural society to greater productivity, to help them overcome the constraints in the way of utilizing available resources, and to enable them distribute the results of their efforts to develop the rural areas. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are non-profit creation, self-governing group outside the domain of government in the areas of formation, funding, management, and the process and procedures in which their objectives are set, reflect a conscious effort towards the cultural, socio-economic and political transformation of all facets of the society (Eni, 2005, Angba, 2008, Omofunmwan and Odia 2009).\par Studies have shown that, developmental activities of most NGOs usually focus on nature conservation, skill acquisition, economic empowerment, disease control and management, literacy schemes, capacity building, amenities provision, conflict resolution, charity, and peace promotion. For instance, in South Korea, {\ref (Eni, 2005)} reported that an environmental conservation association provided in service training programme for administrators and managers in public and private sectors and in Kenya, the Mazingira Institute (NGOs) spear headed tree planting campaign through sensitization of pupils in public schools. A study by \hyperref[b4]{Adebayo (1997)} revealed that most NGOs in Nigeria focus on development related issues which aptly indicate a positive drive to stamp out poverty plaguing the Nigerian citizenry at different levels.\par Rural development is a veritable tool for fighting poverty and achieving economic prosperity at the grassroots level {\ref (Nwachukwu and Ezeh, 2007)}. As an integral part of the overall national development, rural development is given prominent attention in development circles because dominant proportion of the population in most developing countries including Nigeria, live and derive their livelihood in rural areas. Also scholars in economic and broader social science literature have paid special attention to issues of agricultural and rural development, and their interaction with industrial and urban development (International Development Research Centre -IDRC, 2004). In most developing countries, the public sector plays a dominant role in the provision of agricultural anural development services. However, it has been observed that government alone cannot provide resources for rural development, because of the dwindling national resources and ever increasing competing needs. Besides, the public sector is being criticized as outdated, top-down, paternalistic, inflexible, subject to bureaucratic inefficiencies and thus unable to cope with the dynamic demands of rural populace {\ref (Rivera et al., 2000)}. This has paved way for an enhanced and more extensive civil society involvement in activities previously carried out by the public sector, such as delivering social services, promoting grassroots development, and preventing environmental degradation. It has also resulted in upsurge establishment of NGOs and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) with increased capacity to engage people at the grassroots level.\par Also, in Nigeria there has been increasing involvement of NGOs in rural development activities. However, in more recent times, it has been observed that certain factors limit their performance in contributing to rural development. Farinde and Adisa (2005) reported that the constraints facing NGOs in Nigeria ranges from poor collaboration with government agencies, political instability and strong affiliation to over dependence on donor partners. Traditionally, most donor organizations work only with NGOs with a legal status and which are able to produce project proposals, to plan properly, and to handle budget administration and produce financial and technical reports regularly. Unfortunately, most grass-roots NGOs in developing countries do not comply with these requirements and therefore cannot benefits from donor funds.\par In Nigeria, the network of NGOs is on the increase since the 1980s; and in recent decades, NGOs are networking with national and international agencies, with the aim of meeting national economic empowerment development strategy (NEEDS) and the millennium development goals (MDGs) by 2015. Specifically, NGOs in Nigeria contribute to national development in the areas of democracy and good governance, poverty alleviation, women empowerment, primary healthcare, STDs/AIDS and other health related matters, education and functional literacy .the development of the girl child, environment, conflict \section[{Research Methodology}]{Research Methodology}\par Research methodology is the various methods and techniques used in gathering research information. For any research to be meaningful data must be collected and analyzed. Research result can only be only be known if data collected are analyzed. Data on the other hand are facts relating to an element that is subject of study. {\ref Oniawu (2008)}. The research was carried out in the Fugar community. It covered six quarters. Data was obtained from people through open ended and face to face interviews with the respondents. In order to investigate how they view their plight and what they think can be the best solution to their vulnerability. Structured and semi-structured interviews were used for obtaining information. Household interviews were done using questionnaires. \section[{III.}]{III.} \section[{Sources of data Collection}]{Sources of data Collection}\par Basically, there are two types of instrument of data collection; they are Primary and Secondary Methods of data collection. The primary method of data collection involved the use of interview and questionnaire, while the secondary method involves the use of published materials and unpublished materials such as textbook, newspaper, magazine e.t.c. For the purpose of this research, primary and secondary methods of data collection were used. To ensure effective data collection, the study area was subdivided into five quarters they are: (i) Iviarua Quarte r (ii)Iviokhile Quarters (iii) Ivinone Quarters (iv)Iviavia Quarters (v) Iviadachi. \section[{a) Survey Method}]{a) Survey Method}\par The information contained in questionnaire falls into three categories and they are discussed exhaustively such are: i. Personal data ii. Socio-economic Survey iii. Infrastructural Survey Personal Data: The personal data survey which was contained in the Questionnaire displaced information which includes: Gender, Age, Marital Status, number of children and educational background of the respondent.\par Infrastructural Survey: These are information relating to the existing social amenities and infrastructural facilities provided for the community either by Government or Non-Governmental Organization. It also give attention to social amenities the community lacks, the sufficient ones and the ones that is not enough to accommodate the need gap of the inhabitant of the area. \section[{Socio-Economic}]{Socio-Economic} \section[{b) Sampling procedure}]{b) Sampling procedure}\par The term sample may simply be defined as a representative proportion of the population of the study that observed, which enable the researcher to make inferences about the population. The systematic approach to selecting sample from a population is known as sampling. While the total subjects or elements from which the sample is selected is known as population. The individual items or subjects that make up the population are known as element. These elements can either be animal, human being, houses, events equipment e.t.c. depending of the problem under study. For the purpose of this research random sampling techniques will be utilized in selecting the sample.\par Random Sampling Techniques: In research, these techniques are sampling methods were all the elements constitute the study populations have a chance of being selected in the sample. As a result of the size community and to ensure adequate information is gathered and too much time not to be over spent, the random sampling method was employed in selecting random sampling which every sixth house was selected and interviewed with the aid of questionnaire and oral interview.\par IV. \section[{Results and Discussion}]{Results and Discussion}\par This section of the research exercise is very important. At this stage, data collected must be transformed from its raw state to relevant information which will yield meaning to the readers. Information gathered through the administration of questionnaires and oral interview in the study area (Fugar).These data are analyzed and interpreted with various statistical tools such as table and charts for easy comprehension and by which findings and recommendation will be justified in the next chapter of the research endeavor. In order to present explicit and logical information about the research problem that will form the basis for decision making. The research highlighted some of the relevant issues as contained in the questionnaire. Out of the 300 questionnaire distributed 200 were received which then represent 100\% the numbers administered. Below is the order of data presented and analyzed in the study area. \section[{a) Administration of questionnaires}]{a) Administration of questionnaires}\par The survey analysis in Table \hyperref[tab_2]{1} shows how the questionnaires distributed were shared in the five quarters in Fugar. 30 \% of the questionnaire which is 60 numbers was distributed to respondent in Iviavhia quarters because it has the highest numbers due to the fact that a lot of willing respondent was found in the zone. Also, 22.5 \% of the questionnaire which is 45 numbers was distributed to respondent in Iviarua, 17.5 \% of the questionnaire which is 35 numbers was distributed to respondent in Iviadachi quarter 15\% of the questionnaire which is 30 numbers was distributed to respondent in Iviokhile quarter while 15\% of the questionnaire which is also 30 was distributed in Ivienone quarters. The questionnaire were distributed using the random sampling method, where by every 6th house were interviewed with the aid of questionnaire and interview. \hyperref[tab_3]{2} shows the occupation of the respondent. Looking at the obvious analysis, it therefore mean that the inhabitant of the area are more of students with 29\% of the 58 respondent, 21.5 \% of the respondent of 26 are trades, 13 \% of the respondent of 26 are civil servant 0.1\% of 1 of the respondent is into fishing, also 2.5 \% of the five respondent was artisan while 11\% of the 21 respondent was unemployed. With the analysis above, it is very clear that the resident of the study area (Fugar) are majorly mixed of civil servant, students and farmers. From the field survey, it was observed that the number of respondent that earn between N7,500-15,000 is 5\%, 15\% of the respondent earn between N15,000-22,000, also five percent of the respondent said they earn between N 20,000-30,000. Moreso, 50\% of the respondent earn between 25,000-40,000, 10\% of the respondent said they earn between N 35,000-45,000 while 15\% of the respondent earn between N40,000-50,000. It therefore implies that, the average salary of the respondent falls with N 20,000-40,000 as their monthly earnings. \section[{Volume XVIII Issue VI Version}]{Volume XVIII Issue VI Version}I 15 ( H ) c) Infrastructure\par The analysis of the survey result shows that 12.5\% of 25 respondent has erratic supply of power in their area while 50\% of 100 respondent claimed they always witness very epileptic power supply in their area. However, 12.5 \% of the 25 respondent claimed they experienced power once in a week, 15\% of the 30 respondent were supplied twice in a week, while 10 \% of the 20 respondent were on rotational basis as shown in Table \hyperref[tab_4]{3}. In addition water coverage in Fugar is not impressive. The outputs of the study indicated that 44\% of the 88\% respondents access water supply from borehole, while 17.5\% of the 35 respondent access well water, 7.5\% of the 15 respondent through pipe born water, 65\% of 12 respondent access water from the river, 10\% of the 20 respondent access stream water, while 15\% of the 30 respondent gather water from the board as indicated in Table \hyperref[tab_5]{4}. From the data collected on the existence of Non-Governmental Organization in the study area, Fugar, it was observed that Fugar has three basic functional Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs) namely as: i. Martins Imhore Agabi foundation ii. Okakagbe Foundation iii. Fugar Progressive Union (F.P.U) Apart from the aforementioned three NGOs whose presence is fully established in the study area, other two NGOs have also carried out project in the study area, namely; i. The Clem Agba Foundation ii. Pro-Health\par The outputs of the investigation revealed that 39\% of the 78 respondent claimed that the project in the study area were executed by philanthropist, whereas 55\% of 110 respondent confirmed that the projects were done by Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs), while 6\% of the 12 respondent laid claim that the project was done by individual effort as indicated in Table {\ref 5}. The activities of NGOs at Fugar have tremendously contributed to the development of community and its environs. According to the analysis on the Table 5, 3.5 \% out of the 65 respondent claimed that Martins Imhore Agabi Foundation has made impacts in the study area, 5\% of the 10 respondent also claimed that Fugar Progressive Union also impacted on the lives of the resident of the study area in the Youth Empowerment and Community Development, while 42.5 \% of the 85 of the respondent claimed that Okakagbe Foundation has impacted on the lives of the inhabitant of the study area in the area of Health, Education and Women empowerment and finally 40 \% of the 20 respondent reported that Clem Agba Foundation also impacted in the lives of the resident of Fugar in the area of health. There is high-level and widespread insecurity in the country that has led to the wanton destruction of lives and property is also a major factor that has hampered the progress of nongovernmental organizations.\par V. \section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par The impacts of Non-Governmental Organizations have made towards the development of the society in general is enormous and inexhaustible, and its activities cut across all sphere of human endeavours. In this regard, more is expected to be put in place by the growing number of NGOs in Nigeria, for the overall well-being of the society. These can be achieved through collaborative programmes and strategies with an effective and efficient leadership structure. To be able to meet up with the millennium development goals (MDGs), strategizing to ensure sustainable development in Nigerian local communities, through empowerment of the people with knowledge required to participate actively in the process of development is important.\par According to the World Bank (1992), many symptoms of poor government include failure to make a clear distinction between what is public and what is private that allows diversion of public resources for private gain; inability to establish a predictable framework of law and government behaviour conducive to development; or arbitrariness in the application of rules and laws; excess rules, regulations, licensing requirements, etc that impede the functioning of market and encourages rent seeking. Priorities inconsistent with development leading to misallocation of resources. Others are excessively narrowly based or nontransparent decision making. All the above and the exclusion of democracy impair our understanding of the political condition of economic, social and infrastructural development in rural communities.\begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png} \caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{51}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png} \caption{\label{fig_1}Table 5 :Fig. 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}} resolution, (Akpanudoedehe, 2006). II. drug abuse and human rights\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.30482758620689654\textwidth}P{0.3693103448275862\textwidth}P{0.17586206896551723\textwidth}} Quarters\tabcellsep No of Respondents\tabcellsep Percentage \%\\ Iviarua\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 22.5\\ Iviokhile\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 15\\ Iviavia\tabcellsep 60\tabcellsep 30\\ Iviadachi\tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep 17.5\\ Ivinone\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 15\\ Total\tabcellsep 200\tabcellsep 100\\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Source: Field Survey August, 2015}\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.4380102040816326\textwidth}P{0.27755102040816326\textwidth}P{0.13443877551020408\textwidth}} Occupation\tabcellsep No of Respondent\tabcellsep Percentage\\ Student\tabcellsep 58\tabcellsep 29\\ Trader\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 12\\ Civil Servant\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 21.5\\ Fishing\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0.1\\ Farming\tabcellsep 46\tabcellsep 23\\ Artisan\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 2.5\\ Unemployed\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 11\\ Total\tabcellsep 200\tabcellsep 100\\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Source: Field Survey August, 2015}\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{b) Occupation and income}\tabcellsep \\ Table\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_3}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.40652173913043477\textwidth}P{0.29565217391304344\textwidth}P{0.14782608695652172\textwidth}} Power Stability\tabcellsep No of Respondents\tabcellsep Percentage (\%)\\ Epileptic\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 12.5\\ Very epileptic\tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep 50\\ Power Supply\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Once a week\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 12.5\\ Twice a week\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 15\\ Rotational\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 10\\ Total\tabcellsep 200\tabcellsep 100\\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Source: Field Survey August, 2015}\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_4}Table 3 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{4} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.3827485380116959\textwidth}P{0.3181286549707602\textwidth}P{0.14912280701754385\textwidth}} Sources of Water Supply\tabcellsep No of Respondent\tabcellsep Percentage \%\\ Borehole\tabcellsep 88\tabcellsep 44\\ Well\tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep 17.5\\ Pipe Bore water\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 7.5\\ River\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 6\\ Stream\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 10\\ Water Board\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 15\\ Total\tabcellsep 200\tabcellsep 100\\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Source: Field Survey August, 2015}\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_5}Table 4 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{7} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.582121212121212\textwidth}P{0.12363636363636363\textwidth}P{0.14424242424242426\textwidth}} NGOs\tabcellsep No of Respondent\tabcellsep Percentage \%\\ Martins Imhore Agabi Foundation\tabcellsep 65\tabcellsep 32.5\\ Fugar Progressive Union F.P.U\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 5.0\\ Okakagbe Foundation\tabcellsep 85\tabcellsep 42.5\\ Pro-Health\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 11.0\\ Clem Agba Foundation\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_6}Table 7 :}\end{figure} \footnote{© 2018 Global Journals} \footnote{Year 2018 © 2018 Global Journals Impact Assessment of Non-Governmental Organization Development at Fugar, Nigeria} \backmatter \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[Carr-Hill R Ed ()]{b9}\label{b9} \textit{Adult Literacy Programs in Uganda: an Evaluation}, Carr-Hill R Ed . 2001. 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