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\title{Inter-State Irregular Migration Cause and its Impact on Human Rights: A Study of Gurghe Zone, Ethiopia}
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             \author[1]{Gizachew  Asrat}

             \author[2]{Adane  Mengist}

             \affil[1]{  Punjabi university}

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\date{\small \em Received: 14 December 2017 Accepted: 3 January 2018 Published: 15 January 2018}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Population movement is an integral part of human activity since the ancient time. Motivated by voluntary and forceful factors, the history of civilization were built through dynamic processes of movements. The pattern, the magnitude and the impacts of migration is not similar overtime. Particularly nowadays, due to an increasing crisis of migration, it is a crucial issue of global concern.International migration is a type of cross border migration and one of the central themes of debate and concern among different academic, political and economic domains. Despite, international migration being a complex and diverse concept, the particular focus of this study is not with all aspects and types of international migration; instead, it only focuses on causes and consequences of international irregular migration and its impact on human right.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{migration, irregular migration, interstate}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
opulation movement is an integral part of human activity since the ancient time  {\ref (Koser 2007:1)}. Motivated by voluntary and forceful factors, the "history of civilization?were built through dynamic processes of ? movements"  {\ref (Jamie, 2013:186)}. It was this movement of peoples that developed into the term migration. However, the pattern, the magnitude and the impacts of migration is not similar overtime. Particularly nowadays, due to an increasing crisis of migration, it is a crucial issue of global concern.\par
Human migration which can be described as "a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence" is becoming increasingly a subject of discussion and realistic challenge, as well as one of the "forefront national and international agenda". According to UN, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, report there were "232 million international migrants in 2013" (UN, 2013:1). This considerably huge number of migrant population with a firm tendency to "increase for the foreseeable future", has direct negative and positive consequences on all sending, transit and receiving states.\par
International migration also "presents significant challenges" on migrant's themselves. For example, exploitation and human right abuse are critical challenges that are encountered by international migrants. As Koser (2007:1) describes, "some migrants are exploited and their human rights abused; integration in destination countries can be difficult; and migration can deprive origin countries of important skills".\par
International migration is one of the various types of migration known currently. It is a type of cross border migration and "one of the central themes of debate and concern among different academic, political and economic domains"  {\ref (Jamie, 2013:186)}. Despite, international migration being "a complex and diverse concept", the particular focus of this study is not with all aspects and types of international migration; instead, it only focuses on causes and human security impact of international "irregular" or "illegal migration" which is described as "the movement of persons that takes place outside the regulatory norms of the sending, transit and receiving countries" (International Labor Organization [ILO], 2011  {\ref :11)}.\par
Cross border "irregular migration" facilitated by human smugglers and traffickers, is increasingly becoming a socio-economic and security problem of world states. An increasing migrant's movement in "irregular fashion" than the "legal ways" which considerably create migrant crisis is the phenomenon of the current international migration problem. Various contributing factors are suggested for this increasing crisis of irregular migration. For instance,  {\ref Koser (2007:54)} claim that "the reason that increasing numbers of migrants are moving in an irregular rather than a legal way is mainly because of increasing restrictions on legal movements, mostly in destination countries". However, it is not only destination countries which restrict people legal cross border migration, but also the sending countries too. Due to these reasons, an increasingly crisis of irregular migration consequently brought significant challenges on the national-state, international community and on the migrant themselves. For example, security threat to states' sovereignty, transmission of infectious diseases, and also "undermining (sic) the human security of the migrants themselves", are the major negative consequences of irregular migration (ibid: 62).\par
As far as irregular migration is a global issue, Ethiopia cannot escape from this problem; rather presently it has become a chronic problem for the country. It is usual to hear the discourse of migration crisis from the local Mass Medias, mainstream international Mass Medias and from the public's day to day discussion. The phenomenon of exploitation and human right abuse of the Ethiopian migrants in abroad is not uncommon to hear. Xenophobic attack in South Africa, terrorists ruthless inhuman killing in Libya \hyperref[b14]{(Mehari, 2015)}, government planned eviction of a huge Ethiopian migrant (around 154,450 individuals) in Saud Arabia (IOM, 2014) and hundreds of government sponsored returnees from Yemen uprooted by its current violent conflict, and from Libya by the threat of ISIS, are only the few to mention the chronic crisis of the Ethiopian migrants. Thus, examining the question what causes irregular international migration and what negative consequences it brings on human rights of migrant themselves in Ethiopia, particularly taking Guraghe Zonal administration of the country as a case is the main purpose of this article. 
\section[{II. Methodology and Methods of the Study}]{II. Methodology and Methods of the Study}\par
Basic information was collected from different individuals. First migrant returnees were the major source of information. Emphasis were given for those migrants who spent abroad relatively more time and migrants who were victim by irregular migration. Second the families of the migrants who have returned, the families of the victims of illegal migrants, potential migrants were contacted for further investigation. Government and Non-government institutions who are working on migrant issues were also supplement the research and the study incorporates variety of perspectives from different point of views.\par
For the research migrant returnees, their families and potential migrants were selected to share their experiences concerning the causes of irregular migration and the impact on human security to ensure a representation of different types of experience. The researchers plan to conduct an in-depth interview schedule for the systematic questioning of informants. And the interview were flexibility in the sense that the respondents should be allowed to raise issues and questions that they think are important.\par
For the reason of intensive investigation and interpretation of the issues, only based on the researchers' deliberate judgment, a sample subjects were designed to be selected from specific peoples of concerns such as returnee migrants, active migrant, families and relatives of migrants, government and nongovernmental institutions working in the areas and so on. More specifically, snowball technique were employed to directly access peoples of concern. Thus, from the three Districts and Two City Administration-Meskan, Qubena, Marko, Butajera and Wolkite Town, 24 (twenty four) participants were accessed for an interview and questionnaires were distributed for 43 returnee migrants and victims.\par
Both primary and secondary sources of data are expected to obtain for this study. Primary sources of data was accessed through instruments of interviews, FDGs and questionnaires. And secondary data from relevant literatures, including research publications, articles, books, 
\section[{a) Methodology of Data Analysis}]{a) Methodology of Data Analysis}\par
The study were focused on qualitative approach for data interpretation and analysis. It gives a due emphasis for qualitative approaches, since the issue raised here needs description and interpretation of meanings than numeric expression. But the researchers were used quantitative data for respondent's background information and some data which were numerically stated. First the raw data gathered from purposively selected respondents through methods of in-depth interviews, and questionnaires were coded and classified according to common attributes. Next, the data in Amharic was translated in English. Then the organized data were interpreted and analyzed using thematic arrangement. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Discussions a) Prevalence of Migration in Ethiopia}]{Discussions a) Prevalence of Migration in Ethiopia}\par
Ethiopia is one of the countries with a large number of migrants in North America, Europe and the Middle East. According to Tefere and Beruk (2009), by The end of 2005, more than 1 million Ethiopians migrated to the rest of the world. Looking for a better education, employment opportunities, and political instability are considered major causes for migration. Political migration was intensified in Ethiopia during 1970-1990 due to political instability at the time. Although the stock of migrants is decreasing since 1990, migration is still important and a hot issue in the current day Ethiopia.\par
The UN 2008 Revised Population Database shows that 546,000 Ethiopian migrants live in different parts of the world. This estimate is, however, very small vis-à-vis the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia estimates which sometimes reach as big as 1 million (Tefere and Beruk 2009). According to the Population and Housing Census conducted in 2007, Ethiopia's population grew by about 2 million people. At the same time, close to 120 thousand Ethiopian left their country every year.\par
Political and economic reasons accounted for the increase of Ethiopian migrants since the 1970s. But, these are not the only reasons. According to Abye (2008), some migrants come from a well to do family who can afford the travel and living expenses abroad. Those who are facing hardship at home are not those who migrate because the poor can't afford to travel. Hence, it can be argued that although the initial reason of migration is political instability, the recent migration trend can be accounted for by the desire to acquire western culture and enjoy better standard of living. This, however, does not include those who migrate to the Middle East whose case is mostly economic. According to Adamnesh (2006), survey on Ethiopian returnee shows a search for education in host country, political instability at home and better standard of living in host country accounted for 54\%, 27\% and 10\% respectively of the respondents.\par
A study by  {\ref Bathseba (2007)} shows that Ethiopia lost 74.6\% of its skilled manpower during the period 1980-1991. In the end of2002, Ethiopia lost more than one third of medical doctors. However, during the 1980-1991 period, only 25\% of those who had gone for further studies returned. Moreover, according to Abye (2008), out of the 5000 PhD holders and 5000-6000 MDs the country has produced during the last 100 years, over 30\% live and work abroad. As a result, the country spends about USD 5.3 million per annum on expatriate professionals to fill its human resource gap.\par
People migrate from Ethiopia mainly through family ties, networks, labor brokers, smugglers and traffickers. Business meetings and conferences are also becoming a major source of migration these days. Young women are the main victims of traffickers in Ethiopia. According to  {\ref Emebet (2006)}  According to a study conducted by IOM in April 2004 in Egypt, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Lebanon, 7.5 per cent of all Ethiopian migrants who had left their country for employment and other purposes were between the ages of 13-17 years at the time of their migration. The study also showed that 87.1 per cent of these migrants were trafficked.\par
Different reports indicated that cross-border human trafficking is highly prevalent in Ethiopia. Key institutional stakeholders said that the prevalence of trafficking is very high. In relation to this community representtatives, returnees/victims, and parents of migrants have similar perception about the prevalence of irregular migration from Ethiopia in general and from the study areas in particular. Migration related problems are common to all parts of Ethiopia. However, this study only takes into consideration selected areas of Guraghe Zonal administration which is Meskan, Qubena, Marko, Butajira and Wolkite Town due to the reason that those woredas are identified by the Zone Administration and other nongovernmental organization by which they are highly victim and exposed for such act. The phenomena of migration related problems and particularly vulnerability to the risks of irregular migration such as death, slavery, torture, forced labor, sex and gender based violence, financial exploitation and so on, are increasingly becoming a crucial problem on the Ethiopia migrants in general, as well as particularly to migrants from Guraghe Zone. To make matters worse, the issues in general and "the general public assumptions about migration causes, triggers and accelerators are not necessarily scientifically supported by research" \hyperref[b14]{(Mehari, 2015)}.\par
Even if the Guraghe Zonal administration is one of the most vulnerable area to migration problems in the country, nothing is still done in the area of the research world, ironically which is vital to tackle the problem at its base. And out of 154,450 Ethiopian returnees from Saudi Arabia in 2014 around 2019 is from Gurage Zone (Guraghe Zone Labour and Social Affairs, 2014) which is an indication of the area is vulnerable to irregular migration. What driving factors are there contributing for the widespread prevalence of migration in the area, and the resulting vulnerability of human right abuse were the issues discussed under. The following table illustrates the number of returnee irregular migrants since 2014 in Gurghe Zone. As we see in the above table 1 the total rate of regular migrants per region as well as at the national level from 2003 E.C to 2007 E.C were in a decreasing rate. This is due to the ban of migration towards Gulf state migration by the Ethiopian government starting from 2013 which in turn facilitate the irregular path of migration towards this countries. The majority of the migrants are from Oromia, Amahra, Addis Ababa and SNNP regions respectively but when we see in terms of number of population with the number of migrant Addis Ababa taking the highest and Amhara and Oromia regions are ranked next respectively and Tigray and SNNP comes as a third and fourth with almost comparable proportion of their population migrate towards Arab and Middle East as well as African countries for the past five years. The above table shows that peripheral regions like (Afar, Gambella, Harari, Benishangul-Gumuz as well as Somali) sends the lowest number of migrants from their total population.\par
V. 
\section[{Causes of Migration}]{Causes of Migration}\par
The causes of irregular migration are varied and interrelated. The causes may be categorized into two, namely, supply-sides (push factors) and demand-side factors (pull factors). Push factors are understood as the reasons behind migration in general, as well as the 30 ( F ) conditions for the incidence of trafficking within the country of origin; i.e. Ethiopia or from their local areas which is from Guraghe Zone. This section of the study gives particular attention to these factors, taking into account the nature and context of the study. Demand side factors, on the other hand, are reasons and situations creating demand for migrant labour and exploitative working conditions in countries of destination. 
\section[{a) Supply-side factors}]{a) Supply-side factors}\par
Similar to the global trend, lack of employment opportunities and increasing poverty are the major factors behind the prevalence of migration and trafficking from Ethiopia. The overall context of poverty, especially rural poverty, is the most important push factor. Socio-economic poverty is manifested in the form of a large and predominantly young rural population with limited access to means of production such as land, limited access to social services, including vocational and higher education, and limited employment opportunities. As shown in Table \hyperref[tab_3]{3}, high rates of unemployment and low levels of earning stand out as key economic reasons and misconceived attitude towards migration also have its own highest share as a reason for illegal migration in Gurghe Zone. As table 3 indicate lack of employment opportunity and poverty is the major reason for irregular migration in Guraghe zone which accounts an equal percent 30.2 each and commutatively 60.4\%. Another 23.3 and 16.3 percent also shared with the first two ideas which is inability to cover family expense and misconceived attitude towards migration respectively. In relation to this Kainth, 2009 stated that first and for most important factor that motivates the migrants to migrate is better employment opportunities. Embet in 2001 added that Ethiopian women are migrated to Gulf state for housemaids which shows that job opportunities for women in the country are very limited. An interview with labour and social affairs office in Mesqan reported that overpopulation is another issue in light of the fact that land is limited. According to the officers, there are six to seven children per family and the landholding is not sufficient at subsistence level and there is high seasonal change and drought in the area specially in Mesqan which highly facilitate the illegal migrants from the area. In relation to this a study conducted by ILO in 2011 also support that there is high number of high human trafficking in the country because of poverty and unemployment.\par
Failure in educational endeavors is another critical push factor. This is usually expressed in relation to completing junior secondary (10thgrade) education with sufficient scores to pursue through senior secondary (preparatory, i.e. grades 11th and 12th) and then tertiary levels of education, as well as in relation to pessimism about the possibility of succeeding in education at all and in getting employment after graduation. This reason is reported to have pushed many young girls and boys to consider migration as the only viable option to further personal goals in their lives. As ILO stated most of the victims and returnees in the country which account 90\% are failed in their education.\par
As presented in figure  {\ref 1} this study also shows that more than 77 per cent of victims/returnees involved in the study have failed in their educational endeavors. The 'culture of migration' is another key factor underlying high levels of irregular migration. Crossborder migration is considered as personal, social, and material success in most communities, creating wrong role models for the younger generation (the case story in Box 3 depicts about this influence).\par
The 'culture of migration' has emerged in some areas, in Guraghe Zone mostly from Mesqan, Marqo, Butajira and Wolkite, as a result of the great number of Muslim population that have travelled to Mecca and Medina, Saudi Arabia, for the Muslim pilgrimage which is one of the dominant way for migration in the study area. 
\section[{Box 1}]{Box 1}\par
How the culture of migration influences young girls to migrate Two girls from poor families in Butajira and Mesqan confessed that they were pressured to migrate to Middle East countries (particularly to Jeddah and Reid). They noted they grew up listening about opportunities abroad and successful stories of relatives and neighbors who migrated abroad; and thus, they decided to migrate to Jeddah through the Air port in the name of Haji and Umera to abide by the norm and support their family. They were migrated at the age of 15 and 17 when they migrated. 
\section[{Returnee in Butajira and Mesqan}]{Returnee in Butajira and Mesqan}\par
The afore noted societal structural causes are supplemented by a number of intermediate causes to constitute the totality of push factors for migration in general and irregular one in particular in Ethiopia and study areas. The key institutional informants, returnees and community members contacted under the study as well as other study in relation to migration, listed down the following to be intermediate push factors: ? Negative attitudes attached with low wage and informal jobs in the areas as well as in the country ? Existence of a large number of local brokers with networks extending to countries of destination; ? Misinformation and false promises by brokers/traffickers; ? Inability of families to pay for tertiary education for their children after they failed to pass 10th and 12 grade entrance exam; ? Due to the reason that people with low level or no education can find an employment abroad; ? The fact that most people can raise the amount of money to pay to brokers/traffickers after migration mostly for three month; ? Success stories of those who already migrated; ? Family and peer pressure: children, especially daughters are expected to support their families once they reach a certain age; they are advised to bear the pain and suffering when they report the hardship and challenges of migration; ? Limited knowledge about the legitimate process of migration and accessibility of this to female migrants in the rural areas; and ? Lack of an effective legal framework and its implementation ? The less amount of payment and existence of over exploitation for domestic worker in the study area 
\section[{b) Demand Side Factor}]{b) Demand Side Factor}\par
There are a range of causes for the high and increasing demand for the exploitative use of migrant labour in destination countries. While a more detailed study in the respective destination countries, such as Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, the Sudan, U.A.E., and Lebanon, is necessary to reach definitive conclusions, the available information points towards three major pull factors across destination countries. These are: rapid changes in the local and regional economies, weak protection regimes for migrant 32 ( F )\par
workers, and the role of traffickers in artificially expanding demand (ILO, 2011).\par
The major destination countries for Ethiopian migrant workers and victims of trafficking have experienced favorable economic conditions that have enhanced the living standards of their nationals. This has in turn created a shortage in low-paying, informal, and dangerous sectors, such as domestic work, construction, agriculture and sex work. To address this gap, countries of destination are looking towards developing countries where they have a significant comparative advantage in terms of better payment offers and living conditions. Unskilled young people in developing countries such as Ethiopia find these work and living conditions very attractive to improve their life. Local law enforcement agencies in the destination countries have not given adequate and timely attention to trafficking as a serious problem. The resulting weak protection regime in destination countries gives traffickers a free ground for their illicit operation. A telling sign in this respect is the reported use of 'visason-demand' by traffickers in Addis Ababa as well as at the local level. The pull factors are particularly strong in border areas and transit towns near the borders. 
\section[{VI. Profile of Irregular Migrants and Victims}]{VI. Profile of Irregular Migrants and Victims}\par
Information for this section is gathered from different sources, including: returnees/ victims contacted for the study, parents of migrants and responses of key institutional informants and community members. This deals which sections of society are vulnerable for irregular migration in age as well as in education level and in economic status. 
\section[{a) Age of Migrants}]{a) Age of Migrants}\par
Owing to their inexperience, vulnerability, sense of adventure, and responsibility, it is not surprising that young persons and children commonly fall prey to brokers and those benefiting from the migration process. A large percentage (63.1 per cent) of Guraghe Zone migrants were between the ages of 19 and 26, followed by the age group 26 to 30 (27.9 per cent), and fewer but significant number migrating after the age of 31 (9.3\%) see table \hyperref[tab_4]{4} below. It finds out that men migrants are generally older than women migrants mostly between the age of 25 and above. This study found that the issue of age will be falsified for passport purpose which shows there is a chance of child trafficking which is not reached at the age of 18 and one returnee from Mesqan confirm that she is migrated at the age of 16. The falsification of age is related with the absence of age certificate in the area. The information falsifying age is confirmed by qualitative information from community members and law enforcement officials, as well returnees. These groups pointed out that the age profile of a typical migrant ranges from 16 to 25. This could not be prevented mainly due to the absence of birth registration and the possibility of falsifying age and brokers using the illegal way do not also focus on the age of their clients. See box 4 below informant falsifying age is an easy task.\par
Box 2 An indication that falsifying age is common "Any where you can easily change and prove your age as you wish'. An informant from Wolkite So form this we conclude that the area lose its own worker class and mostly female are easily victim since their age is lower than men and they are not well experienced in life at all and highly exposed to human right violation at the country level (by brokers), at the journey by smuggler and border security as well as at the host state by employer. Research conducted in this regard also support this idea. A study conducted by ILO, 2010 and 11 found that most of the time in Ethiopia and Specifically in some areas of SNNP migrants are migrated at the age of 17-27 and 16-25 respectively. The study also added almost around 54 percent were migrated at the age of 19-25 with little participation of child labour migration in the country. Another study conducted by Asnak and Zerihun in 2015 the majority of the migrants to Gulf are the young with the age of 18 to 35 involved in labour migration. This study reported that SNNP accounts the fourth contributor region in the country which is 1.668\% since 2007. So the area need new policy and strategy to overcome the loss of the young section of the society from the region as well as from the study area. 
\section[{b) Vulnerability Based on Sex}]{b) Vulnerability Based on Sex}\par
Both male and female migrate to the Middle East countries, but their proportion may be different depending on whether we are considering potential migrants or victims and in relation to the migration channel (see  {\ref Box 5)}. According to information collected from returnee and key informants about brokers/traffickers, women mostly use the formal migration channel than men involving visa and passports.\par
It is also reported that women constitute the majority of clients of brokers/traffickers. All parents interviewed for the study also spoke about their daughters and not of their sons, who have passed through deceptive recruitment practices and been exposed to abuse and exploitation.\par
On the other hand, it is reported that men mostly use the services of smugglers and the majority of migrants who use the 'desert route', i.e. through Afar, Dire Dawa and Djibouti are men. Reports of irregular migration of young men to Middle East countries have been noted from Qubena, Butajira and Mesqan. However, it is also noted that the number of women migrants using the services of smugglers is on the increase. See table 5 below women constitute 69.8 per cent of returnees and victims involved in the study.  Given the fact that the majority of the migrant are female. Some study in this regard shows that females are taking the highest number of migrant towards Gulf countries. A study conducted by Asnak and Zerihun in 2015 stated that:\par
In absolute numbers, oromia and Amhara regional states, which happen to be the largest population too, made the largest contribution of female migrants in the past years, followed by Addis Ababa and SNNP, respectively (Asnak and Zerihun, 2015). 
\section[{Box 3}]{Box 3}\par
The gendered aspect of vulnerability to migration Men are not as vulnerable as women and they only suffer hardship in rare circumstances mostly in case of travel but females are highly exposed for abuse after arrival and in travel. According to primary sources collected from returnees, officials and community members, both educated and uneducated women may be potential migrants and victims of migration. This is because most women migrants are mainly trafficked for domestic work purposes, including child and elderly care. They reported that most are students who have failed their national exams they sat for upon completion of 8th(second cycle of primary education), 10th(first cycle of secondary education) or sometimes 12th grades (preparatory).\par
Community members participating in FGDs in Wolkite and Mesqan have specifically mentioned the 10th grade as a common hurdle for young girls. Young people who have given up their education for different reasons, including death of parents, repeated failure to pass a grade, and other causes also opt for migration to change their life. It is reported that brokers/traffickers mostly target young girls who have graduated from high school and are unemployed. This is because they understand that these girls have no hope of alternative education and training or employment opportunities and hence consider themselves as burdens to their families and are forced to consider migration. (see Table \hyperref[tab_7]{6} for further information). The quantitative data confirms that 39.8 percents of returnee migrants are having education level of 4-8 grade and 37.2 percents are from grade 9 up to 12 which shows that the study areas are highly affected by second cycle of primary education, first cycle of secondary education) or sometimes by preparatory. 
\section[{Box 4}]{Box 4}\par
How education is facilitating irregular migration I am failed to pass grade 10 two times after that I am decided to migrate because I did not want to be a burden to my family. You will not have I good feeling when you stay at home after you failed the exam. 
\section[{An informant from Mesqan}]{An informant from Mesqan} 
\section[{VII. The Process of Irregular Migration}]{VII. The Process of Irregular Migration}\par
As defined by the Palermo Protocol, human trafficking is composed of three elements: recruitment, transportation, and exploitation (Cited in ILO, 2011).. According to US Department State cited in RMMS, 2014 argued that irregular migrants are highly vulnerable to the risk of human security throughout the whole stage of migration. Below the study were discussed the process through which migrant from the Guraghe Area are trafficked to Middle East countries. 
\section[{a) Recruitment}]{a) Recruitment}\par
In this part the researchers try to review other study conducted in the country. Due to the reason that recruitment of potential victims is the first step in the process of human trafficking. This section presents findings pertaining to a better understanding of who perform the recruitment and the process and techniques used to recruit potential victims. The findings are drawn from primary information provided by returnees, 
\section[{Volume XVIII Issue IV Version I ( F )}]{Volume XVIII Issue IV Version I ( F )}\par
parents of migrants, community members and key informants representing institutional stakeholders. 
\section[{b) Local Brokers}]{b) Local Brokers}\par
According to ILO, 2011 define local brokers are individuals going around at the community level recruiting migrants from the communities they live in. These people are known by community members as key links in the migration process, providing them with important information about opportunities abroad and the process of migration. They promote their services by using success stories of people they have already sent abroad. They also actively disseminate information about employment opportunities in Gulf countries, routes that result in successful migration, and returns and benefits of migration. They particularly target girls with economic, social, educational, and family problems. 
\section[{c) Techniques used by Local Brokers}]{c) Techniques used by Local Brokers}\par
Local brokers disseminate information to the community and the target/potential individual. As we see in table below the source of information for returnee migrant for their first move is friends and brokers which accounts 30.2 and 27.9 percent. Brokers are disseminate the information for friends and family by telling the story of successful returnee migrant and the their dream will be real when they are gone in Gulf state and South Africa. The significant majority of victims have reported that the information they got before migration were not correct which accounts 46.5\% and followed by partially correct which is 32.6\%. This does not mean that the information is completely false since there are around 11.6\% were got the information correct. 
\section[{Box 5 A case how brokers abuse migrants}]{Box 5 A case how brokers abuse migrants}\par
We payee for brokers 3000-4000 birr after reaching in the Arab countries and employed a majority of domestic workers have no any payment for three month which is given for the broker  {\ref (} Once potential migrants or family members contact them, they fill them with wrong information about issues like working and living conditions in the destination countries, and the possibility of gifts from employers. If anyone challenges them with facts about failed migration stories, abuse, and exploitation suffered by migrants, they argue saying that is the result of bad facilitation by inexperienced and untrustworthy brokers and bad luck. Some may completely deny the facts.\par
A data drawn from the informants, local brokers are responsible for the first stage of recruitment of most victims of trafficking for the purpose of labour from Gurage Zone to Arab countries. But the data which shows the truthiness' of the information after they reach in host state is different and most of them are argued it is full of false. Table \hyperref[tab_9]{8} below shows this idea. 
\section[{d) Brokers for transportation and smuggling}]{d) Brokers for transportation and smuggling}\par
These are individual or a chain of individuals responsible for the transportation and smuggling of migrants across borders. This is a kind of trafficking receive the victims from local brokers, usually in groups, and are likely to transfer them to another trafficker within the network before they reach the destination country (see the box below). Such individuals are reported to be located on the desert and sea routes and have contacts with brokers in transit countries, such as Djibouti and Yemen, and in destination countries, such as the Saudi Arabia. These individuals function by securing protection from local authorities and armies patrolling the desert routes. 
\section[{Box 6 A case how transportation arranged by brokers and the abuse}]{Box 6 A case how transportation arranged by brokers and the abuse}\par
We transferred from Addis Ababa to Djibouti and someone(the broker) take as in a group and put as narrow room for five days and the transfer to Yemen to other individual by care. The suffocation and other smells cannot expressed in word since we are too many in number and the weather is too hot. 
\section[{An informant from Qubena}]{An informant from Qubena}\par
The study conducted by ILO, 2011 supported this idea by stating that smuggling and local brokers are played a significant role in facilitating the irregular migration. It argued that: 
\section[{The smuggling practice usually starts once local brokers have transferred to the smugglers an adequate number of migrants to form a manageable group to cross borders. The responsibility of this category of traffickers is to take the irregular migrants through arduous territories and smuggle them through non-patrolled sections of the border. In some cases, irregular migrants are transferred toother brokers responsible for the remaining section(s) of the route. The covert and arduous nature of irregular migration puts migrants in a vulnerable and dependent position. It is reported that this category of traffickers/smugglers routinely abuses migrants under their care to ensure compliance and/or take economic and/or sexual advantages.}]{The smuggling practice usually starts once local brokers have transferred to the smugglers an adequate number of migrants to form a manageable group to cross borders. The responsibility of this category of traffickers is to take the irregular migrants through arduous territories and smuggle them through non-patrolled sections of the border. In some cases, irregular migrants are transferred toother brokers responsible for the remaining section(s) of the route. The covert and arduous nature of irregular migration puts migrants in a vulnerable and dependent position. It is reported that this category of traffickers/smugglers routinely abuses migrants under their care to ensure compliance and/or take economic and/or sexual advantages.}\par
Box 7 A case shows how legal and illegal brokers are no change I am traveling to Reid by paying 7000 birr which I borrow from my Uncle and After a month my employer tolled to me to go to my country which I have only 700 birr only in my hand I feel bad and decided to stay with any kind of exploitation. I have no information about my agency they take the phone number and passport. 
\section[{An informant from Mesqan f) Destination traffickers}]{An informant from Mesqan f) Destination traffickers}\par
Destination brokers consist of individuals who exploit the vulnerability of migrants in destination countries and who put them in situations of vulnerability, abuse, and exploitation using fraud, control, coercion, and threat. These traffickers are residents of the destination countries and have usually a links with local and unlicensed agents or enticed friends and family members to handle the local aspect while they handle the process at the destination end.\par
The traffickers is composed of sponsors. These are usually well-established male and female residents in Saudi Arabia and UAE, who have strong links with chain of brokers and smugglers in Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Yemen, as well as with agents in the countries of destination. In Saudi Arabia, these traffickers 'sponsor' the smuggling of migrants who have arrived in Djibouti or Yemen with the intention of benefiting from their exploitation and vulnerability once they arrive in Saudi Arabia. The 'sponsoring traffickers' are also involved in the recruitment and transportation of the victims from their place to Djibouti and Yemen through the Afar or Dire Dawa routes. It is reported that those who use sponsors to move on from Yemen to Jeddah are required to have the telephone address of their sponsors or agents who would pay the fee for Yemeni brokers. The latter make sure that those on whose behalf the fees are paid reach would safely to Saudi Arabia and hand them over to their sponsors. The 'sponsor' will receive them upon arrival, provide them with shelter, place them as domestic workers and collect their salary directly from the employer. Through this arrangement, 'sponsors' make sure that they get back the amount of money they invested and much more from the hard work and exploitation of the victims (see the story of Mohammed in  {\ref Box 10 )}. 
\section[{Box 8 A case how brokers mislead migrants and abused}]{Box 8 A case how brokers mislead migrants and abused}\par
The local broker told me to go am gone to Riyadh but after I am reaching their the destination broker take to unknown rural areas. An informant from Butajira Another informant from butajira said that brokers at the local and destination countries are evil. In the Yemen the brokers are fight together and one migrant are killed by stone which is throw towards broker attack.  
\section[{e) The Fusion between Illegal and Legal Brokers}]{e) The Fusion between Illegal and Legal Brokers}\par
The Employment Agencies use their legal certificates and license to participate in the irregular (undocumented) channel of migration towards Arab countries. They recruits' potenential migrants in the localities. Family and potential migrant at the local levels take expensive loans from private lenders to send girls. As result both family and migrants are heavily debated before they migrate to host countries ( see box 9 below).\par
So brokers either local, at the rout as well as at the host state are abuses the irregular migrant in terms of money in each travel and if migrant lack money torture as well as insult and moral attack were some of human right violation employed by brokers in different stage. 
\section[{VIII. Transportation and Routes of Migration}]{VIII. Transportation and Routes of Migration}\par
Migrants use two ways to leave Ethiopia: they either buy an air ticket and take a flight from Bole International Airport to the destination country or cross the border to neighboring countries using the 'desert route'. They may take bus up to a certain point and proceed on foot to cross a certain section of the route. Once they cross the border, some stay in neighboring countries, such as Djibouti, Yemen, Kenya and Sudan and seek employment, while others proceed to other countries of destination, such as Saudi Arabia. The following are the major trafficking routes from Ethiopia. 
\section[{a) Irregular Migration of Guraghe Migrants to South Africa through Moyale}]{a) Irregular Migration of Guraghe Migrants to South Africa through Moyale}\par
The Ethiopian Embassy in South Africa estimated that approximately 45,000 to 50,000 Ethiopians live in South Africa. This number is recently growing due to the influx of new arrivals (IOM cited in ILO 2011). It is estimated that 95 per cent or more of these Ethiopian arrivals enter South Africa through irregular means. The vast majority of Ethiopian migrants in South Africa are young men in the age range of 18 to 35 years old (Ibid). The majority of Ethiopian migrants living in South Africa are from Kembata, Hadiya and Gurage communities. Everyone in Hossana knows someone who has migrated or is trying to migrate to South Africa, and everyone seems to want to go. More recently, men from Shashemene and Hawassa have started to use this route to migrate to South Africa.\par
This study further confirmed that young men from Hadiya and Kembatta cross the border through Moyale to Kenya and proceed to South Africa by irregular way in relation to this an interview conducted with Guraghe Zone Labour and Social Affair Officers currently Guraghe community which is neighbor to Hadiya Zone are now increase to go to South Africa through Kenya because of the information they got from the Hadiya Zone migrant which returnee as well as brokers . The travelers pay high amount of money to enter in to South Africa than Gulf State and may have to sell their land and cattle to cover the costs. Migrants use their passports until they enter into Kenya and cross the border to Tanzania. Once in Tanzania, they destroy their passport to avoid being identified as Ethiopians and being deported back if arrested by the authorities.\par
However, the exploitation is not a such visible unlike Gulf countries once they reach the destination country either by the smugglers or employers. 
\section[{b) Irregular migration to Saudi Arabia and UAE through Afar and Djibouti}]{b) Irregular migration to Saudi Arabia and UAE through Afar and Djibouti}\par
Irregular migrants from Guraghe Zone are smuggled/trafficked daily into Djibouti through Afar Region/Semera Region, further into Yemen and then to Saudi Arabia or UAE or Riyad. The illegal brokers arrange the movement, but friends, and relatives are also involved in creating the link with the illegal brokers and convincing the potential migrants.\par
Migrants are transported in public transport bus or trucks to be regrouped in a town called Logia. The illegal brokers then transport them to Assayta, and Tajore,. Once they reach these towns, illegal brokers wait till enough travelers are regrouped. They then proceed to Djibouti travelling in containers and trucks at night by choosing routes not frequented by authorities.\par
In all circumstances, a number of illegal brokers are involved in the recruitment, transport, and shelter provision and transfer of migrants until they reach their destination or they get stranded along the way for various reasons or get arrested by authorities.\par
The amount paid to illegal brokers differs according to the place of origin and sex of the travelers. The amount that the different categories of illegal brokers get also differs. A traveler pays on average ETB 3,000-5,000. Some of the illegal brokers are so organized that they guarantee a refund if the travelers get arrested before they reach their destination.\par
The travel is said to be tiresome and difficult, and travelers have to walk at night, through the desert and without food and water. Illegal brokers may snatch their money; beasts may attack them; and women travelers may be sexually abused (see Box 11 below). 
\section[{Box 9}]{Box 9}\par
Illegal Brokers and Routs and the Abuses I payee to the local broker 4000 Ethiopian birr and when I reached in Yemen the brokers are asked to add money from our relatives in Saudi and unfortunately I have a family in Saudi Arabia and I give 2500 birr in Yemen and lastly in Saudi 5000 birr. An informant from Butajira Ahmed is from Qubena, Guraghe Zone. Ahmed is 38 age and have family in Riyad. He decided to through irregular in 2004 because previously he is gone to Saudi Arabia through religion pilgrim and captured by the police and deported to Ethiopia. If someone use religion pilgrim and caught by police and forcefully deported to the home state it is impossible to go back in Haji and Omera for five years due to this reason he decided to go through irregular way. He travelled by local broker to Afar and Djibouti. The journey was so long and tiresome. He payee a total of 25,000 Ethiopian birr. In travel there was conflict between broker and Yemen border police. The Yemen police take to the prison namely Taiz prison house and stay for one month. The time was so harsh and its impossible the misery to explain, the hunger and trust. After a month the police ask to payee 2500 Riyal and to go. He called to his family in Saudi and payee it. There are other who failed to payee and they suffer the torture. Ahmed and other friends who payee the required amount of money have gone to Saudi by foot for one day and after that brokers at the border off Saudi Arabia left by informing them they are already reach and he have to turn and they have to go. 
\section[{Ahmed a returnee migrant from Qubena woreda}]{Ahmed a returnee migrant from Qubena woreda}\par
This route is characterized by a network of brokers feeding one another from the local level up to Saudi Arabia. Once they reach in Yemen, if they escape the 'police' they transferred to brokers in Yemen who facilitate their transportation and entry into Saudi Arabia for a fee of 1,500 and above Riyal. However, the migrants have, in most cases, finished their money at this stage. As a result, brokers have made it a requirement to recruit only those who have sponsors in Saudi Arabia or from home/family/ who would forward the required processing fee to the Yemeni brokers. Those who failed to give the required amount of money will suffer more and face human right violation like lack of food, torture to bring it, insulations are few. 
\section[{c) Irregular Migration through Bole International Airport}]{c) Irregular Migration through Bole International Airport}\par
The Ethiopian Government has banned migration of workers to Lebanon for over two years. However, there is still a high demand for female migrant workers in Lebanon; and most potential migrants have heard from friends and relatives who have already migrated to Lebanon that there is a relatively more freedom in Lebanon than in any other country in the Middle East. According to rum ours, migrant workers can work as contract employees, allowing them to work with two to three employers and thereby earn better income. As a result, a number of female migrant workers are using the services of illegal brokers to migrate to Lebanon. To avoid being intercepted at Bole International Airport by immigration officials, they first travel to Nairobi, Kenya, and from there travel to Dubai, UAE and then proceed to Beirut, Lebanon. Alternatively, they first travel to Djibouti or to the Sudan, and from there go to Beirut, Lebanon.\par
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimated that here are about 130,000 Ethiopians living in Saudi Arabia, most of who are irregular migrant workers (ILO, 2011). Potential migrants are still using the pretext of Muslim pilgrimage, Haj and Oumra to migrate to Saudi Arabia and overstay their visa to seek employment there and it is one of the predominant way of transportation to enter in to Saudia Arabia for majority women from Guraghe Zone as labor worker. In supporting this idea an interview with Guraghe Zone Labour and Social Affair Head said that what is a different in Guraghe Zone irregular migrant from the other part of the country most of our women are migrate to Arab countries by Ethiopian Airlines through the name of Haji and Oumer which is a religious pilgrimage (see box12 below). Women are asked to change their names into Muslim names and those who are not Muslims are told to learn the Koran and pretend to be Muslims. Those who have not reached the age of 25 years will also have to change their official documents to that effect.  
\section[{Human Right Violations}]{Human Right Violations}\par
The third element in the trafficking process is exploitation.\par
The main purpose of recruiting and transporting a potential migrant is to be able to benefit from the exploitation of his/her labour and/or body (sexual exploitation or removal of organs). Traffickers violate various rights of their victims to ensure compliance, control and take maximum advantage.\par
As a result, human trafficking inflicts massive negative impact, first and foremost on the affected people and their families, and also on the societies of which they are part. The consequences of trafficking on victims are manifold and devastating. The perilous journey to the destination, hazardous working and living conditions, and abuse and exploitation in the hands of traffickers and employers have significant and long lasting impact on the lives of victims. The constant control of their movement and the state of vulnerability and fear, in which traffickers and employers keep their victims, causes serious adverse consequences on the personal, social and economic situation of the victims, as well as their physical and mental health.\par
The principal sources of information for the first two dimensions, i.e. exploitation and coercion, are the responses of returnees and current migrant in Gulf countries, including victims, for queries on their working and living conditions at the places of destination. Information and research work from other sources has been used to enrich the findings. 
\section[{a) Exploitative working and living conditions}]{a) Exploitative working and living conditions}\par
The most common complaint of victims of trafficking is exploitative working and living conditions facing them at the place of destination. The reported conditions include: long working hours, unbearable workload, restricted movement, inability to change employers, denial of wages, and irregular payment of wages. It was also reported that female employers add Volume XVIII Issue IV Version I ( F ) more tasks on domestic workers and restrict their movement within the house when they fear that their husbands are sexually attracted to the domestic workers.\par
Some reported that their employer take them to a relative or friend's house to clean and/or cook if ever they manage to complete their work a bit earlier. Migrant workers labour for excessively long hours per day and are not allowed sufficient leisure time. The working hours reported by returnees indicate that the majority around 48.8 percent are working above 12 hour per day and 27.9 percents are working 12 hour again the sum of the two extreme are reaching around 76.7 percent of migrants are work 12 and above hour which denies the right to have leisure time(see Figure  {\ref 3}).  The study indicates that migrants usually face problems during the course of their life in addition to just at the time of arrival. In this paper, information was collected from returnee migrants the type and nature of problems/negative consequences they faced during their stay at the place of destination. Table \hyperref[tab_13]{11} shows that migrants who travel in irregular base are mostly face multifaceted problems which includes labor exploitation/slavery, joblessness and exposed to disease which accounts 55.8\%,25.6 and 18.6 \% respectively.\par
In addition to this an interview and FGD responses argued that migrant domestic workers have little or no privacy as they are closely supervised as to what they eat, when they sleep and what they do in their rooms. Their freedom of movement and communication outside the household is also restricted through confiscation of passports and work permits, as well as through monitoring their contacts with others. Restricting the right to freedom of movement and prohibiting using of telephone or speaking with neighbors are widespread malpractices on domestic workers in Gulf Countries.\par
An interview with current migrant in Gulf countries through social media said that the abuse are multiple in nature they are highly abuse freedom of movement, they forced to clean the rooms by chemical which mostly damage eyebrows. She argued that  
\section[{c) Coercion}]{c) Coercion}\par
Available evidence indicates that victims of trafficking are subjected to acts of coercion at places of destination. Most prevalent among these are confiscation of documents, restrictions on freedom of movement, emotional abuse and withholding of wages. Table \hyperref[tab_12]{10} presents the responses of returnees to direct questions as to the occurrence of strong and medium indicators of coercion. mostly domestic workers are killing themselves by jumping from through the balcony three to four floors high; while others try to commit suicide by swallowing cleaning detergent through themselves from the building this is due to separation from any kind of communication for two or three years which create psychological problem. In supporting this idea see the box below the story of returnee migrant. 
\section[{Box 12}]{Box 12}\par
Abuse on migrant All of the family insult you. The employer forced me to wash clothes by hand with chemical which bleed my hands. Returnee from Mesqan woreda Sexual, physical and emotional abuses, together with the absence of medical care, result in untreated physical injuries, mental health problems and even death. Community members and key informants reported cases where victims returned with serious physical injuries, such as a broken leg or death without any explanation. In this regard scholars like Koser, Koslowski and Mehari that the negative impact on irregular migrants ranged from exploitation to lose their lives. 
\section[{X. Interventions to Combat Irregular Labor Migration a) Corrections}]{X. Interventions to Combat Irregular Labor Migration a) Corrections}\par
Considering the high prevalence and complexity of the problem, effective responses demand a coordinated, multi-level and multi-sectoral approach. An effective and comprehensive response to human trafficking should include measures for preventing, protecting and supporting victims of trafficking, while appropriate measures are taken to prosecute traffickers. It is also critical that governmental, intergovernmental, international, nongovernmental and private organizations and the community cooperate in their efforts to prevent and protect victims of migrant in host state. This chapter presents the different efforts that have been made by different governmental and non-governmental organizations in response to irregular human trafficking. 
\section[{b) Prevention}]{b) Prevention}\par
Migrant workers in general and migrant domestic workers in particular are vulnerable to abuse and exploitation, including trafficking and forced labour. Protection measures aim at providing support services to victims of exploitation and abuse also to reduce the risk of secondary victimization by the same authorities that are entrusted to provide support.\par
Considering the fact that most of the migrant domestic workers work and live with their employer, protection measures should also ensure that future exploitation and abuse do not occur. The efforts include setting appropriate legal, policy and institutional frameworks; public awareness campaigns; devising a labour market information system; improvement of employment and vocational training; and monitoring of private employer agencies. 
\section[{XI.}]{XI.} 
\section[{Conclusion and Implications a) Conclusions}]{Conclusion and Implications a) Conclusions}\par
In Guraghe Zone irregular migration is supported by long journey through desert routs as well as through Ethiopian Airline by the name of Haji and Umera religious pilgrims.\par
The cause of irregular migration in the study areas were mainly due to poverty, unemployment, inability to cover family expense and misconceived attitude towards migration. The issues of migration supported by multiple factors which is both supply side as well as demand factors some of the supply side factors are; negative attitudes attached with low paying and informal jobs in the areas as well as in the country, existence of large a number of local brokers with networks extending to countries of destination; misinformation and false promises by brokers/traffickers; inability of families to pay for tertiary education for their children; success stories of those who already migrated; family and peer pressure: children, especially daughters are expected to support their families once they reach a certain age; they are advised to bear the pain and suffering when they report the hardship and challenges of migration; limited knowledge about the legal way of migration and accessibility of this to migrants in the rural areas; and lack of an effective legal framework and its implementation etc. The demand side factors are rapid changes in the local and regional economies, weak protection regimes for migrant workers, and the role of traffickers in artificially expanding demand.\par
The cause of migration in Guraghe zone were most of the time similar across the study area, even though the cause of migration is mainly depend on poverty and unemployment migrants from Mesqan woreda specifically from Ille kebel are forced due to climate change, crop failure and landlessness.\par
Most of migrations are facilitated by local brokers and the source of information are family, brokers as well as returnee migrant. As most of returnee migrant explained the information gained is not correct after they reached at the destination countries. Most of the migrants are female from the Guraghe Zone with the age of 19-25 and followed 26-30. The education level of\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{10}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Box 10 I}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{34}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Figure 3 :Figure 4 :}\end{figure}
   \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Despite numerous reports of the abuse of\\
Ethiopian migrants in Yemen and Saudi Arabia,\\
Ethiopians have continued to migrate to the Gulf States\\
in large numbers in recent years. 2012 showed an\\
unprecedented exodus of Ethiopians migrating to\\
Yemen. Out of 107,532 Horn of Africa migrants crossing\\
the Arabian and Red Sea to Yemen in 2012, 78\%\\
(84,446) were Ethiopians. Estimates indicate since 2006\\
over 500,000 migrants have made this crossing, almost\\
all of whom are of Somali and Ethiopian origin. The\\
cumulative volume of Ethiopians arriving in Yemen since\\
2006 is, as of January 2014, at least 334,000. Actual\\
figures might be even higher considering the limitations\\
in the monitoring of new arrivals and because most\\
Ethiopian arrivals do not register since they immediately\\
travel north towards Saudi Arabia.\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.30369261477045906\textwidth}P{0.0780439121756487\textwidth}P{0.19001996007984032\textwidth}P{0.08313373253493014\textwidth}P{0.06447105788423153\textwidth}P{0.0407185628742515\textwidth}P{0.08992015968063873\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Migrants ( 2003-2007 E.C) per region}\tabcellsep \\
Region\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Year in Ethiopian Calendar}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 2003\tabcellsep 2004\tabcellsep 2005\tabcellsep 2006\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{2007 Total}\\
Tigray\tabcellsep 1866\tabcellsep 9869\tabcellsep 9311\tabcellsep 958\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 22004\\
Afar\tabcellsep 165\tabcellsep 611\tabcellsep 642\tabcellsep 39\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1766\\
Amhara\tabcellsep 11311\tabcellsep 66298\tabcellsep 58592\tabcellsep 6482\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 142686\\
Oromia\tabcellsep 10852\tabcellsep 66851\tabcellsep 69009\tabcellsep 7552\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 154266\\
SNNP\tabcellsep 4990\tabcellsep 24319\tabcellsep 25299\tabcellsep 3092\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 57704\\
Addis Ababa\tabcellsep 12782\tabcellsep 29009\tabcellsep 18891\tabcellsep 2454\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 63153\\
Gambella\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 52\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 111\\
Dire Dawa\tabcellsep 171\tabcellsep 825\tabcellsep 412\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1430\\
Harari\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 121\tabcellsep 88\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 233\\
Somali\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 48\tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 102\\
Benishangul\tabcellsep 47\tabcellsep 356\tabcellsep 385\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 838\\
Gumuz\tabcellsep 42233\tabcellsep 198667\tabcellsep 182696\tabcellsep 20670\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 444293\\
National\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{7}{l}{Source: statistical date of legal migrant from Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.06455696202531645\textwidth}P{0.2958860759493671\textwidth}P{0.217879746835443\textwidth}P{0.1587025316455696\textwidth}P{0.11297468354430379\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Number of returnee\tabcellsep \\
No.\tabcellsep Woredas/Town\tabcellsep Male\tabcellsep Female\tabcellsep Total\\
1\tabcellsep Butajira\tabcellsep 138\tabcellsep 240\tabcellsep 378\\
2\tabcellsep Mesqan\tabcellsep 351\tabcellsep 718\tabcellsep 1069\\
3\tabcellsep Marko\tabcellsep 48\tabcellsep 103\tabcellsep 151\\
4\tabcellsep Sodo\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 77\tabcellsep 81\\
5\tabcellsep Wolkite\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 89\tabcellsep 111\\
6\tabcellsep Abshegie\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 56\tabcellsep 64\\
7\tabcellsep Enmor\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 63\tabcellsep 72\\
8\tabcellsep Geta\tabcellsep --\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 15\\
9\tabcellsep Gumer\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 13\\
10\tabcellsep G/Gu/W\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 27\\
11\tabcellsep Esia\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 5\\
12\tabcellsep Qubena\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 56\tabcellsep 68\\
13\tabcellsep Cheha\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 35\\
14\tabcellsep Endegagn\tabcellsep --\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 6\\
15\tabcellsep Mehure Aklil\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 15\\
\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep 615\tabcellsep 1495\tabcellsep 2110\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Source; Gurghe Zone Labor and Social Affair, 2016}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5981481481481481\textwidth}P{0.04497354497354497\textwidth}P{0.08095238095238094\textwidth}P{0.1259259259259259\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Motivation factors to go}\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percent\\
Lack opportunities of\tabcellsep employment\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 30.2\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Instability to cover family expenses}\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 23.3\\
Poverty\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 30.2\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Misconceived attitudes towards migration}\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 16.3\\
Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 100.0\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.048295454545454544\textwidth}P{0.18110795454545456\textwidth}P{0.060369318181818184\textwidth}P{0.14005681818181817\textwidth}P{0.15454545454545454\textwidth}P{0.265625\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Volume XVIII Issue IV Version I\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep ( F )\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Age of Returnee}\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percent\tabcellsep Valid Percent\tabcellsep Cumulative Percent\\
\tabcellsep 19.00\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4.7\tabcellsep 4.7\tabcellsep 4.7\\
\tabcellsep 20.00\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 7.0\tabcellsep 7.0\tabcellsep 11.6\\
\tabcellsep 21.00\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4.7\tabcellsep 4.7\tabcellsep 16.3\\
\tabcellsep 22.00\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 14.0\tabcellsep 14.0\tabcellsep 30.2\\
\tabcellsep 23.00\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 7.0\tabcellsep 7.0\tabcellsep 37.2\\
\tabcellsep 24.00\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4.7\tabcellsep 4.7\tabcellsep 41.9\\
\tabcellsep 25.00\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 14.0\tabcellsep 14.0\tabcellsep 55.8\\
Valid\tabcellsep 26.00\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 7.0\tabcellsep 7.0\tabcellsep 62.8\\
\tabcellsep 27.00\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4.7\tabcellsep 4.7\tabcellsep 67.4\\
\tabcellsep 28.00\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 11.6\tabcellsep 11.6\tabcellsep 79.1\\
\tabcellsep 30.00\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 11.6\tabcellsep 11.6\tabcellsep 90.7\\
\tabcellsep 32.00\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4.7\tabcellsep 4.7\tabcellsep 95.3\\
\tabcellsep 40.00\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2.3\tabcellsep 2.3\tabcellsep 97.7\\
\tabcellsep 42.00\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2.3\tabcellsep 2.3\tabcellsep 100.0\\
\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 100.0\tabcellsep 100.0\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.09525862068965517\textwidth}P{0.10991379310344827\textwidth}P{0.10991379310344827\textwidth}P{0.14655172413793105\textwidth}P{0.19051724137931034\textwidth}P{0.1978448275862069\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Returnee}\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percent\tabcellsep Valid Percent\tabcellsep Cumulative Percent\\
\tabcellsep Female\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 69.8\tabcellsep 69.8\tabcellsep 69.8\\
Valid\tabcellsep Male\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 30.2\tabcellsep 30.2\tabcellsep 100.0\\
\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 100.0\tabcellsep 100.0\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.13915929203539823\textwidth}P{0.24446902654867256\textwidth}P{0.07146017699115044\textwidth}P{0.11283185840707965\textwidth}P{0.13539823008849558\textwidth}P{0.14668141592920353\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Returnees Educational Background}\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percent\tabcellsep Valid Percent\tabcellsep Cumulative Percent\\
\tabcellsep Illiterate\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4.7\tabcellsep 4.7\tabcellsep 4.7\\
\tabcellsep Read\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 9.3\tabcellsep 9.3\tabcellsep 14.0\\
Valid\tabcellsep read and write grade 4 up to 8\tabcellsep 4 17\tabcellsep 9.3 39.5\tabcellsep 9.3 39.5\tabcellsep 23.3 62.8\\
\tabcellsep grade 9 up to 12\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 37.2\tabcellsep 37.2\tabcellsep 100.0\\
\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 100.0\tabcellsep 100.0\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_7}Table 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{7} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.017137096774193547\textwidth}P{0.32903225806451614\textwidth}P{0.07540322580645162\textwidth}P{0.12681451612903227\textwidth}P{0.14737903225806454\textwidth}P{0.15423387096774194\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep Source of Information\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percent\tabcellsep Valid Percent\tabcellsep Cumulative Percent\\
Valid\tabcellsep Relatives Friends Family Broker government and employee\tabcellsep 3 13 8 12\tabcellsep 7.0 30.2 18.6 27.9\tabcellsep 7.0 30.2 18.6 27.9\tabcellsep 7.0 37.2 55.8 83.7\\
\tabcellsep agency\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2.3\tabcellsep 2.3\tabcellsep 86.0\\
\tabcellsep Returnees\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 14.0\tabcellsep 14.0\tabcellsep 100.0\\
\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 100.0\tabcellsep 100.0\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_8}Table 7 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{8} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_9}Table 8 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.2748502994011976\textwidth}P{0.24176646706586827\textwidth}P{0.05598802395209581\textwidth}P{0.081437125748503\textwidth}P{0.0967065868263473\textwidth}P{0.09925149700598802\textwidth}}
Year 2018\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
36\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Volume XVIII Issue IV Version I\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
( F )\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-Global Journal of Human Social Science\tabcellsep Validity of information acquired Valid Correct partially correct not correct do not known Total\tabcellsep Frequency 5 14 20 4 43\tabcellsep Percent 11.6 32.6 46.5 9.3 100.0\tabcellsep Valid Percent 11.6 32.6 46.5 9.3 100.0\tabcellsep Cumulative Percent 11.6 44.2 90.7 100.0\\
© 2018 Global Journals\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_10}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{9} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.219140625\textwidth}P{0.09296875\textwidth}P{0.03984375\textwidth}P{0.351953125\textwidth}P{0.08632812499999999\textwidth}P{0.059765624999999996\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Sex Based Violence Frequency}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent}\\
\tabcellsep Female\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 74.4\tabcellsep 74.4\tabcellsep 74.4\\
Valid\tabcellsep Men\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 25.6\tabcellsep 25.6\tabcellsep 100.0\\
\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 100.0\tabcellsep 100.0\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_11}Table 9 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{10} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.46253561253561254\textwidth}P{0.021794871794871794\textwidth}P{0.2772792022792023\textwidth}P{0.04358974358974359\textwidth}P{0.0448005698005698\textwidth}}
Difficulties encountered in few month of arrival\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percent\tabcellsep Valid Percent\tabcellsep Cumulative Percent\\
Economic problem\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4.7\tabcellsep 4.7\tabcellsep 4.7\\
Cultural shock\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2.3\tabcellsep 2.3\tabcellsep 7.0\\
Long work hour\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 44.2\tabcellsep 44.2\tabcellsep 51.2\\
Health problem\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 14.0\tabcellsep 14.0\tabcellsep 65.1\\
Communication barriers\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 34.9\tabcellsep 34.9\tabcellsep 100.0\\
Total\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 100.0\tabcellsep 100.0\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Irregular migrant from Guraghe Zone are facing}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{of arrival at the place of destination countries. In addition}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{long work hour in the host state. In this regard}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{to this communication barriers were also accounts}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{respondents were asked to respond if they had faced}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{34.9\% followed by health and economic problem which}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{long working hours. So, around 44.2 \% are reported to}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{accounts 14\% and 4.7\% respectively.}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{have undergone long working hour during few months}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_12}Table 10 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{11} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.3715846994535519\textwidth}P{0.07431693989071038\textwidth}P{0.2647540983606557\textwidth}P{0.07896174863387978\textwidth}P{0.06038251366120218\textwidth}}
Negative Abuses\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent}\\
Joblessness\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 25.6\tabcellsep 25.6\tabcellsep 25.6\\
Exposure to diseases\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 18.6\tabcellsep 18.6\tabcellsep 44.2\\
Labour exploitation (slavery)\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 55.8\tabcellsep 55.8\tabcellsep 100.0\\
Total\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 100.0\tabcellsep 100.0\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_13}Table 11 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2018 Global Journals} 			\footnote{Inter-State Irregular Migration Cause and its Impact on Human Rights: A Study of Gurghe Zone, Ethiopia} 		 		\backmatter  			 \par
migrants are mostly from Gurghe Zone were those who completed primary and secondary school.\par
The researchers had provided possible solutions based on the findings of the study. From the findings of this study the researchers recommends/ Both male and female migrants are also reportedly forced into illicit activities, including commercial sex, and drug and alcohol trafficking. This is usually done once the victims are rendered undocumented through confiscating their passport or 'helping' them to escape from their sponsor. implications for individual, family, government and community based on the data from returnee migrants. The researcher suggested the following points by making a constant reference the participants view. Some of the recommendations were discussed as follows: Generally the issues of illegal migration is a serious problem in the country as well as in Guraghe zone. Even the migrates are migrate illegal in time of the research period. The issues of migration commonly shared problem even if the local government have to take correction mechanism to reduce the illegal migration in the area. Still Gurghe Zone Labour and Social Affair and other stakeholders have to struggle to reduce poverty and unemployment in the area and different measurement must be taken to different woredas in Gurghe Zone. For instance, in Mesqan and Marko the local government have to design policies in relation to combat the issues of crop failure and limited land by assisting the youth through training and giving common land. 
\subsection[{Individuals}]{Individuals}\par
In the rest woredas the local government have to reduce the problem through creating job by organizing through micro and financial support with follow up and continuous evaluation and monitoring system.\par
In addition to the above policy type recommendations the researchers try to recommend the government body so as to work cooperatively with religious leaders since migration in Gurghe Zone is mostly by the name of religious pilgrims namely Haji and Omera.			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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