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\title{Flood Effects on Agricultural Productivity: Implications for Mangrove Forest Ecosystem in Akpabuyo, Cross River State, Nigeria}
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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Joy Eko  Atu}

             \author[2]{Edet Mary  Okon}

             \affil[1]{  University of Calabar, Nigeria}

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\date{\small \em Received: 7 December 2017 Accepted: 5 January 2018 Published: 15 January 2018}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Flood is a natural disaster that affects lives, livelihoods, household food security and natural ecosystems. Hence, the study sought to determine flood effects on agricultural productivity: Implications for Mangrove Forest Ecosystem in Akpabuyo, Cross River State, Nigeria. Specifically, the paper identified high and low-risks flood areas in Akpabuyo, determined the frequency of flood events and extent of agricultural land inundation, identifying the crops species affected by flooding, and assessed the income and food survival strategies of farmers affected by annual flood events. Descriptive statistics (frequency counts, percentages, and averages were employed to analyze the data derived from a structured questionnaire and field measurement of elevation of high and low-risk flood areas. Results revealed that the agricultural land at high risk of flooding is those with 1-44 metres elevation above sea level Table 1. Findings on Table 4show that, the food staple most affected are the root or tuber species with 77.52 percent annual destruction, vegetable species were also at high risk, and some economic crops like Musa spp (plantain) were also at high risks of destruction. The result further revealed that, income loss and food shortages occasioned from flooding of agricultural land are mitigated by Mangrove Forest Ecosystem Resources Extraction Table 6. Thus, conservation of the Mangrove Forest ecosystem in Akpabuyo and Cross River State is tied to the efficient management and mitigation of flood events in agricultural land.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{mangrove ecosystem, forest flood effects, agricultural productivity, elevation.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par
lood is a global challenge in the face of a changing climatic pattern. Typically, floods are outcome of extreme weather events such as precipitation (e.g. prolong rainfall and melting snow from snowfall), which are exacerbated by the geographical location and human activities of a place. Abua, Ewara, \hyperref[b0]{Abua \& Atu (2009)} argued that these factors are responsible for the flooding events in Nigeria, as one-third of the landmass of Nigeria is at an elevation of less than eight meters above sea level. Areas liable to flooding are low-lying areas, but the southern parts of Nigeria are more vulnerable due to the double maxima rainfall experienced for a prolonged period, usually between March-October and as early as February-November in some southern states like Cross River and Rivers states.\par
Flood over the years has caused severe damage to property, infrastructure, crops and deaths across the country, and has been considered as a source of increased risks to disease and hunger \hyperref[b3]{(Baiye 1988}; Edward-Adebiyi 1997), damage to property, loss of life, contamination, and spoiling of agricultural land \hyperref[b8]{(Umoh, 2008)}. Akpabuyo in Cross River State is an agrarian community dependant on optimal production of their farm enterprise for food security and livelihood needs, but, the undulating, low-lying topography enmeshed within the Great Kwa and Calabar River makes Akpabuyo a candidate for frequent and prolonged inundation. The literature on flood events and the impacts on different sectors of the Nigerian environment is robust (see   {\ref , 2006)}. The population is projected to be 307, 4117 as at 2017 using 3.0 growth rate of the region. A reconnaissance survey was undertaken before the actual field work to identify the areas prone to flooding, identify farmers and seek their consent for the sample. The study adopted the methodology of \hyperref[b2]{(Atu and Bisong, 2013)} in selecting sample sites. Thus, 10 villages were purposively chosen out of the existing 28 villages to form the sample, based on their elevation and dominance in agricultural activities and flood events. Five of the villages are in areas prone to flooding and five in areas not too prone to flooding. The geographical coordinates and elevation were noted. Field observation and measurement, interview and household (HH) questionnaire were utilized in collecting data. A total of 400 questionnaire were administered by adopting the Yaro Yamane's formula given as: n = 11 + Ne2 Where: n=Sample Size; N=Population Size; e=Level of Confidence (taken as 0.05) and 1=constant. Hence, 400 copies of questionnaire were distributed, and 13 copies of the questionnaire were found to be inconsistent with the objectives of the study. Therefore, 387copies of the questionnaire were retained for the study. Two hundred and two copies of the questionnaire were those of communities at high risk of flood and 185 are from communities at low risks of flood. III. Results and Discussion 
\section[{Source: (Atu \& Iwuanyanwu 2017)}]{Source: (Atu \& Iwuanyanwu 2017)} 
\section[{a) Identified High and Low Risks Flood Areas in Akpabuyo}]{a) Identified High and Low Risks Flood Areas in Akpabuyo}\par
The areas liable to annual flood event depicted on Table \hyperref[tab_1]{1} lie within longitude 8 0 23 ' 39.6'' and latitude 4 0 54' 11.6 '' with an elevation of 18-44 meters above sea level. Therefore, Esuk Mba, Akans Oko, Ikot Ene Umo, Idebe and Atim Asam are the areas at risk of flooding annually. But the community with the highest risk is Ikot Ene Umo with only 18 meters elevation above sea level. 
\section[{b) Frequency of Flood}]{b) Frequency of Flood}\par
Table \hyperref[tab_2]{2} shows the frequency of flood events as responded to by the sampled population. 71.28 percent of the responses indicated that, the flood occur annually and the areas at high risks of flood have not experience any year without flooding. The annual flooding has implications for the variety of crops cultivated as the arable crops such as maize (Zea mays), cassava (Manihot esculenta), and cocoa yam (Dioscoreaspp) cannot withstand prolonged submergence. These crop types are highly susceptible to stagnant water as the roots of the crops rot easily. 
\section[{c) Extent of Agricultural Land Affected by Flood Annually}]{c) Extent of Agricultural Land Affected by Flood Annually}\par
The extent of agricultural land annually affected by flood on Table \hyperref[tab_3]{3} between 51-100 hectares and above (The extent of farmlands annually affected by flood was estimated from calculating the sizes of the farmland of farmers that indicated that their farmlands are annually flooded (47.03 and 16.04\% cumulatively to 63.07 \%).    
\section[{d) Crops Species Affected by Flood Waters}]{d) Crops Species Affected by Flood Waters}\par
The major crop species affected by flood listed on Table \hyperref[tab_5]{5} revealed that household food staples are at most risks. These food staples include: vegetables, spices, legumes, tubers, grains, and fruits. Loss crops translate to loss income Table \hyperref[tab_6]{6} and household food security which must be met via alternate sources. The most viable option for make-up source of livelihood and income for the farmers is harvesting from the Mangrove Forest Ecosystem resulting in exacerbated degradation of the Mangrove ecosystem. The demand on Mangrove Forest Ecosystem in the face of the challenging flood event is massive. Over 77.52 percent of the population sourced their energy needs from the forest, 51.68 looked to the forest for their protein, and 90.34 percent augment their vegetable need from the forest when crops are destroyed by flood. These findings have implications for the Mangrove ecosystem management and conservation, because, unless the menace of flooding agricultural land is tackled by relevant agencies the pressure to meet the food and economic needs of farmers will be met by the Mangrove forest.  This study is critical in the face of escalating extreme climatic events occasioned by changing global climate. The study revealed that the agricultural land at high risk of flooding is those with an elevation of 1-44meters above sea level and the community that is at the highest risk of flooding is Okot Ene Umo with an 18 meters elevation above sea level Table \hyperref[tab_1]{1}. Also, flood is an annual event implying that there is no respite from economic loss and household food shortages Table \hyperref[tab_2]{2}. From findings on Table \hyperref[tab_4]{4}, the crop types most affected are the root or tuber species with 77.52 percent annual destruction, vegetable species were also at high risk and some economic crops like plantain (Musa spp) were also at high risks of destruction from flood.\par
Furthermore, the finding demonstrated that the annual income loss of an individual farmer is as high as a hundred thousand naira, that is, about three hundred United States Dollar at current exchange rate of thirtyfive naira to a dollar. Income loss and food shortages occasioned from inundation of agricultural land are mitigated from Mangrove Forest Ecosystem Resources Extraction Table \hyperref[tab_6]{6}. Thus, conservation of the Mangrove Forest ecosystem in Akpabuyo and Cross River State is tied to the efficient management and mitigation of flood events in agricultural land.\par
The results of this research are critical to the sustainability of family livelihood and the conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem of Cross River State. The relevance lies in the fact that several conservation strategies have failed to yield the desired outcomes in the past years because the pressure, demand and harvest of the Mangrove Forest Ecosystem Resources has not been linked to the flooding and destruction of agricultural land and crops. These findings therefore have implication for the Mangrove ecosystem management and conservation, because, unless the menace of flooding of agricultural land is tackled, the protection of the remaining Mangrove ecosystem in Cross River State, Nigeria would remain a mirage.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Fig. 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Therefore, the study:\\
1. Identified high and low-risks flood areas in\\
Akpabuyo, Cross River State.\\
2. Determined the frequency of flood events and extent\\
of agricultural land inundation.\\
3. Identify the crops species affected by flooding.\\
4. Examined the relationship between flood, cultivated\\
crops and forest resource exploitation and\\
degradation in Akpabuyo, Cross River State.\\
II. Methodology\\
Study Area: Akpabuyo is a Local Government Area\\
(LGA) in the Southern axis of Cross River State, Nigeria.\\
The LGA was created in 1991with an administrative\\
headquarters located at Ikot Nakanda. Akpabuyo is\\
made up of 28 villages of three major dialectical groups\\
(the Efiks, Quas, and the Efuts), but, the English\\
language is the official spoken language (Tip Top\\
Globe, 2016). Akpabuyo is located between latitude 4 0 5'\\
North and 5 0 4' South and longitude 8 0 25' West and 8 0 32'\\
East Fig 1 and had a total population of 271,325 in 2006\\
(NPC\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.0918918918918919\textwidth}P{0.14243243243243245\textwidth}P{0.1990990990990991\textwidth}P{0.15162162162162163\textwidth}P{0.12099099099099098\textwidth}P{0.14396396396396396\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{High-Risks Flood Areas}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Esuk Mba\tabcellsep Akans Oko\tabcellsep Ikot Ene Umo\tabcellsep Idebe\tabcellsep Atim Asam\\
Longitude\tabcellsep 8 0 23 ' 39.6 ''\tabcellsep 8 0 27 ' 51 ''\tabcellsep 8 0 35 ' 30 ' 8 ''\tabcellsep 8 0 26 ' 49.8 ''\tabcellsep 8 0 24 ' 47.2 ''\\
Latitude\tabcellsep 4 0 54 ' 11.6 ''\tabcellsep 5 0 2 ' 25.3 ''\tabcellsep 4 0 54 ' 24.9 ''\tabcellsep 4 0 51 ' 33 ''\tabcellsep 4 ' 57 ' 34.5 ''\\
Elevation (M)\tabcellsep 44\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 34\tabcellsep 39\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Low-Risks Flood Areas}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Akwa Ikot Effanga\tabcellsep Ikot Edem Odo\tabcellsep Ikot Effiong Essien\tabcellsep Ikot Ene\tabcellsep Ikot Offiong Amba\\
Longitude\tabcellsep 8 0 29 ' 12.8 ''\tabcellsep 8 0 24 ' 31.9 ''\tabcellsep 8 0 24 ' 52 ''\tabcellsep 8 0 27 ' 41.9 ''\tabcellsep 8 0 26 ' 59.6 ''\\
Latitude\tabcellsep 4 0 57 ' 39.3 ''\tabcellsep 4 0 53 ' 15.7 ''\tabcellsep 4 0 52 ' 17.8 ''\tabcellsep 4 0 54 ' 54.6 ''\tabcellsep 4 0 55 ' 56.7 ''\\
Elevation (M)\tabcellsep 75\tabcellsep 52\tabcellsep 59\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 62\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.3028443113772455\textwidth}P{0.054715568862275445\textwidth}P{0.10561377245508981\textwidth}P{0.13869760479041918\textwidth}P{0.03817365269461078\textwidth}P{0.053443113772455086\textwidth}P{0.04962574850299401\textwidth}P{0.10688622754491017\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{High-Risks Flood Areas}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Frequency of Flooding\tabcellsep Esuk Mba\tabcellsep Akans Oko\tabcellsep Ikot EneUmo\tabcellsep Idebe\tabcellsep Atim Asam\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \%\\
Annually\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 144\tabcellsep 71.287\\
Every 2 Years\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 19.802\\
Once in Three Years\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 4.455\\
Once in Four Years\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 1.485\\
Once in Five Years\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 1.980\\
Once in Six Years\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 0.990\\
Never\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Tallied Responses and Percentage}\tabcellsep 202\tabcellsep 1000\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Low-Risks Flood Areas}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Frequency of Flooding\tabcellsep Akwa Ikot Effanga\tabcellsep Ikot Edem Odo\tabcellsep Ikot Effiong Essien\tabcellsep Ikot Ene\tabcellsep Ikot Offiong Amba\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \%\\
Annually\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 21.622\\
Every 2 Years\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 23.243\\
Once in Three Years\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 14.594\\
Once in Four Years\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 17.297\\
Once in Five Years\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 11.892\\
Once in Six Years\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 3.784\\
Never\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 7.568\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Tallied Responses and Percentage}\tabcellsep 185\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.21923076923076926\textwidth}P{0.07115384615384615\textwidth}P{0.06538461538461539\textwidth}P{0.20769230769230768\textwidth}P{0.04423076923076923\textwidth}P{0.07115384615384615\textwidth}P{0.06153846153846154\textwidth}P{0.10961538461538463\textwidth}}
Farms Flooded in Hectares\tabcellsep Esuk Mba\tabcellsep Akans Oko\tabcellsep Ikot Ene Umo\tabcellsep Idebe\tabcellsep Atim Asam\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \%\\
Less than 20\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 11.881\\
21-50\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep 24.753\\
51-100\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 95\tabcellsep 47.030\\
Above 100\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 33\tabcellsep 16.337\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Tallied Responses and Percentage}\tabcellsep 202\tabcellsep 100\\
Farms Flooded in Hectares\tabcellsep Akwa Ikot Effanga\tabcellsep Ikot Edem Odo\tabcellsep Ikot Effiong Essien\tabcellsep Ikot Ene\tabcellsep Ikot Offiong Amba\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \%\\
Less than 20\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 88\tabcellsep 47.568\\
21-50\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 58\tabcellsep 31.351\\
51-100\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 17.297\\
Above 100\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 3.784\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Tallied Responses and Percentage}\tabcellsep 185\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.11528735632183909\textwidth}P{0.31459770114942526\textwidth}P{0.027356321839080457\textwidth}P{0.15241379310344827\textwidth}P{0.2403448275862069\textwidth}}
Crop Types\tabcellsep Local Name\tabcellsep Botanical Name\tabcellsep Frequency of Cultivation\tabcellsep Percentage Cultivation\\
\tabcellsep Fluted Pumpkin\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 202\tabcellsep 52.20\\
\tabcellsep Waterleaf\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 187\tabcellsep 48.32\\
Vegetables\tabcellsep Okro\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 160\tabcellsep 41.34\\
\tabcellsep Green\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 66\tabcellsep 17.05\\
\tabcellsep Bitterleaf\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 59\tabcellsep 15.25\\
\tabcellsep Pepper\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep 25.84\\
Spices\tabcellsep Tomatoes Curry\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 40 30\tabcellsep 10.34 7.75\\
\tabcellsep Scentleaf\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep 9.56\\
Legumes\tabcellsep Melon\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 69\tabcellsep 17.83\\
\tabcellsep Cassava\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 300\tabcellsep 77.52\\
Tubers\tabcellsep Yam Sweet Yam\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 101 200\tabcellsep 26.09 51.68\\
\tabcellsep Water Yam\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 150\tabcellsep 38.76\\
Grains\tabcellsep Maize\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 167\tabcellsep 43.15\\
\tabcellsep Oranges\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 77\tabcellsep 19.90\\
Fruits\tabcellsep Mango\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 86\tabcellsep 22.22\\
\tabcellsep Banana\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep 25.84\\
Economic\tabcellsep Plantain Oil Palm Fruit\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 200 47\tabcellsep 51.68 12.45\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.25043327556325823\textwidth}P{0.07365684575389948\textwidth}P{0.10459272097053726\textwidth}P{0.1561525129982669\textwidth}P{0.041247833622183705\textwidth}P{0.0559792027729636\textwidth}P{0.053032928942807624\textwidth}P{0.11490467937608319\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{High-Risks Flood Areas}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Income Loss (N)\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Esukmba Akansoko}\tabcellsep Ikot Eneumo\tabcellsep Idebe\tabcellsep Atimasam\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \%\\
? 20,000\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 144\tabcellsep 71.287\\
20,000-40,000\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 19.802\\
41,000-60,000\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 4.455\\
61,000-80,000\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 1.485\\
81,000-100,000\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 1.980\\
? 100,000\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 0.990\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Tallied Responses and Percentage}\tabcellsep 202\tabcellsep 1000\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Low-Risks Flood Areas}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Income Loss (N)\tabcellsep Akwa Ikot Effanga\tabcellsep Ikot EdemOdo\tabcellsep Ikot Effiong Essien\tabcellsep Ikot Ene\tabcellsep Ikot Offiong Amba\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \%\\
? 20,000\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 21.622\\
20,000-40,000\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 23.243\\
41,000-60,000\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 14.594\\
61,000-80,000\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 17.297\\
81,000-100,000\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 11.892\\
? 100,000\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 3.784\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Tallied Responses and Percentage}\tabcellsep 185\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.027185501066098083\textwidth}P{0.6778251599147121\textwidth}P{0.052558635394456286\textwidth}P{0.09243070362473348\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep Cross River State, Nigeria\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
S/n\tabcellsep Mangrove Forest Ecosystem Resources Harvested\tabcellsep F\tabcellsep \%\\
1.\tabcellsep Fuelwood (Use \& Sale)\tabcellsep 300\tabcellsep 77.52\\
2\tabcellsep Fishing / Game Hunting (Use \& Sale)\tabcellsep 200\tabcellsep 51.68\\
3\tabcellsep Palmwine Tapping\tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep 25.84\\
4\tabcellsep Periwinkle (Litorimalittorea) \& Snail (Cornuaspersum)\tabcellsep 260\tabcellsep 67.18\\
5\tabcellsep NTFP (e.g. Afang,-Gnetum Africana; Mushroom-Agariscusbisporus)\tabcellsep 350\tabcellsep 90.44\\
6\tabcellsep Timber\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 10.34\\
7\tabcellsep Oil Palm Fruit\tabcellsep 137\tabcellsep 35.40\\
8\tabcellsep Raffia Palm (Raphia Farinifera) \& Indian Bamboo (Bambusatulda)\tabcellsep 200\tabcellsep 51.67\\
9\tabcellsep None of the Above\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 2.59\\
10\tabcellsep All the Above\tabcellsep 257\tabcellsep 66.41\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}Table 6 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2018 Global Journals} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}