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\def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{2012-05-15 (revised: 15 May 2012)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{2012-05-15} \title{Pre-disposing factors to HIV/AIDS Pandemic among Fisher-folks in the Kainji Lake Basin of Nigeria} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@ \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@ \itemsep 1pt} } \makeatother \fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm} \fancyhf{} \setlength{\headheight}{14pt} \fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} \fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} \fancyfoot[RO]{} \fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID} \fancyfoot[LE]{} \fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID} \hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true} \fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}} \date{} \usepackage{authblk} \providecommand{\keywords}[1] { \footnotesize \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1 } \usepackage{graphicx,xcolor} \definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81} \definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9} \definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70} \definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} \renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Dr. Olowosegun} \author[2]{Toyin } \author[3]{Jones Akangbe} \affil[1]{ university of ilorin.ilorin} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 5 April 2012 Accepted: 30 April 2012 Published: 15 May 2012} \maketitle \begin{abstract} The paper examined the pre-disposing factors to HIV/AIDS vulnerability in the fisheries sector of Kainji Lake Basin. Thirty fishing communities were selected for data collection through the use of questionnaires. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and factor analysis. The findings revealed level of western education among the respondents is very low. The correlation analysis for respondents? socio-economic characteristics and HIV/AID vulnerability revealed that only the respondents? education variable impacted significantly on the level, estimated number, as well as the HIV/AIDS cases reported. . For the socio - cultural factors contributing to HIV/AIDS vulnerability, family planning is believed to offend their gods, Principal component analysis revealed that risky occupation, multiple sexual partners, women don't have control, believed that family planning is offend the gods, forced sex, talking to children and engaging in sex before marriage are the principal respondents? drive factors that makes fisherfolks vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. The study made recommendations to addressing HIV/AIDS in the area. \end{abstract} \keywords{HIV/AIDS, Human Capital, Economic Growth, Infant Mortality, Life Expectancy.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{INTRODUCTION}]{INTRODUCTION}\par number of lifestyle factors suggest that fishing communities are prone to HIV/AIDS. Susceptibility to HIV is determined by combinations of biological, social, cultural and economic factors. According to \hyperref[b5]{Gordon (2006)} several known HIV risk factors converge around fishing activities, though not all of these factors are present in all fishing communities: fishermen tend to fall in the age group most vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases {\ref (15 -35 years)}; many people involved in fishing or associated activities are mobile or migratory and therefore less constrained by family influences and social structures at home; It has been suggested that since fishing itself is high risk, a culture of risk denial may extend to other dimensions of fishermen's lives; since fishing is a low status occupation and result to occurrence of multiple sex partners" \hyperref[b25]{(Kissling et al., 2005)}.\par Similarly, cash income, poverty, irregular working hours and being away from home places fishermen in a group with disposable income and when not fishing favors the consumption of alcohol and prostitution; the implication of this is that low-income women are drawn to fish landings or ports precisely because of the opportunities to sell food, alcohol or sex; the chance of being exposed to HIV is increased where a small number of women have unprotected sex with a larger number of men, or vice versa \hyperref[b10]{(Loevinsohn and Gillespie, 2003)} and in places where women compete intensely for the fish catch for small-scale processing and local trade, "fish for sex" is not uncommon; gender inequality, compounded by poverty that puts women at risk of exploitation, makes it difficult for women to insist on condom use; and fishing communities have limited access to sexual health services \hyperref[b5]{(Gordon, 2006)}. \hyperref[b0]{Allison and Seeley (2004)} caution against stereotyping, pointing out that not all fisherfolk engage in risky behavior, that fisheries in developing countries comprise mixtures of migrants of varying duration and resident farmer-fishers" while {\ref Neiland and Béné (2004)} support an alternative image of fishermen as hard-working and forwardthinking which can co-exist with the above characterization. Nevertheless, they conclude: that a high-risk subculture exists among some important fisheries in developing countries such as the Gulf of Thailand, the African Great Lakes, and West African coastal fisheries. It is in view of the various scholarly opinions that the study ascertained the predisposing factors to HIV/AIDS scourge among fisherfolk in the Kainji Lake Basin of Nigeria II. DATA AND SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS a) Study area Kainji Lake (the biggest manmade lake in Nigeria) was formed as a result of the impoundment of the river Niger by the construction of the Kainji dam at Kainji Island in 1968. Kainji Lake is located in the North western part of Nigeria with a width of 137km by 24km, A 1270km 2 surface area and longitude and latitude of 9°30' and 10°35' N and between 4°20' and 4°40' E \hyperref[b1]{(Anonymous 2001}\hyperref[b14]{, Olokor. 1993)}. Kainji Lake Basin comprises of Niger and Kebbi States with these neighbouring emirates Kontagora, Borgu and Yauri.(figure {\ref 3}) The basin has 314 fishing communities. On population, there was no record of the total number of the fisherfolk around the lake area; it was estimated by \hyperref[b17]{Vakily (1995)} at 70,000 people living directly or indirect from the Kainji lake fisheries.\par Basically, the lake basin can be divided into two agricultural zones viz upland and drawdown. Essentially, the lake is filled up during the dry season in December to February and begins to reduce in late February or early March, falling to the lowest level in August, after which it begins to rise again. Thus, a section of Kainji lake ecological zone is flooded and submerged between August and February and exposed between February and August.\par The primary purpose of the construction of the dam is the generation of hydroelectric power, the creation of the dam offered great opportunities for a variety of development project such as fisheries, irrigated agriculture and also improved navigation from the coast up to the Republic of Niger. \section[{b) Sampling Procedure and Sample Size}]{b) Sampling Procedure and Sample Size}\par The multi -stage sampling procedure was used. According to Babbie and Mouton (2001) multi stage sampling method involves the initial sampling of group of elements, followed by the selection of elements within each of the selected cluster. The sampling procedure was in five stages. The first level is that Kainji Lake Basin is divided into three main strata; second stage was further division of three main strata to eight sub strata. The third stage will be selection of fishing communities considering the following criteria; location in the basin, scale of activities, proximity to services, diversity of fishing activities, composition of communities, landing sites and stable traditional institutions.\par The fourth stage of the sampling procedure consisted of purposive selection of five fishing communities in each of the substratum. Simple random selection of fifty respondents from five communities of each of the two substrata upstream (Main Stratum 3) giving a total of one hundred respondents. The central (Main Stratum 2) has four substrata, fifty respondents were selected from five communities in each of the sub strata, giving a total of two hundred respondents and downstream (Main Stratum 1) contains two substrata, fifty respondents were selected from five fishing communities in each of the substrata, giving a total of one hundred respondents. The overall sample size for the study was four hundred (400) respondents. (see the map of Kainji Lake Basin). The tools of analysis used were descriptive, factor analysis, correlation and Mann Whitney analysis. Source: Author's work, 2011 \section[{III.}]{III.} \section[{RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS}]{RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS}\par Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1} shows the socio-economic information of the respondents. 67.7\% were between 15 -40 years with an average age of 37 years. While those who were above 40 years made up 34.1\%. The majority of the respondents fall within the age groups noted for high HIV prevalence in Nigeria. This is significant in the sense that correct information on HIV/AIDS will be obtained among these age groups which are mostly affected and certainly the most sexually active, these ages are the active and productive years in agricultural production and they are crucial to agricultural development. This is the first study in the Kainji lake basin on HIV/AIDS and the ages of respondents corroborate the report of NDHS {\ref (2003)}. Thus, they are the very people who are vital to the economic future of the rural communities where poverty is dominant. In addition, the predominant age bracket between 15-40years, another fact that accounts for a high level of sexual activity.\par According to sex distribution of respondents, 64.2\% of the respondents were males and 35.8\% were females. The variation may be as a result women restriction to their household that is; they are in Purdah, which buttresses the findings of gender studies carried out by Yahaya, 1999. It is significant also the women in the study area are one form of economic activities. The higher number of males in the study agrees with findings of experts that almost twice as many men as women were aware of HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS 1998). This is an indication that women may have less knowledge on HIV/AIDS vulnerability and solely dependent on men for their needs.\par In term of marital status of the respondents. Majority (88.1\%) of the respondents was married with one or more wives. 11.3\% were single, 0.3\% were divorced and 0.3\% were widowed. The findings revealed that at least, 50\% of the respondents had more than one wife. Informal discussion with key informant revealed that some women may be in second or third marriage as found in the study area. The fluidity of relationship among men and women means that there is an indication of a tendency for sexual continuation, particularly among the married people. Polygamy is a show of wealth in the study area. Source : Author's work, 2011\par Table \hyperref[tab_2]{2} presents the household size. Only 14.3\% of the respondents did not specify the number of children. 48.5\% had 1 -5 children. These large sizes may be difficult to maintain in view of poverty, types of accommodation not spacious and with little cross ventilation while those who did not specify number of children may be due to their belief. The household size may constitute a veritable source of labor in the study area. Source : Author's work, 2011\par Table \hyperref[tab_3]{3} shows the ethnic composition of the respondents. 50\% were Hausa, 0.8\% was Urhobo/Ijaw, and 3.8\% were Yoruba. The fishing communities composed of diverse ethnic composition. This result is agreed with \hyperref[b15]{Oyedipe (1977)} on the ethnic composition identified living around the Kainji. The various ethnic groups except the Urhobo/Ijaw and Yoruba are more or less permanent features and contributed to the economy in the study area. A wide range of languages were been spoken and different belief expressed. This suggests that HIV/AIDS interventions should take language for communication into account.\par On the religion of the respondents in the study area. Majority (95.5\%) of the respondents were Muslims. This religion allows polygamy. Only 4\% of the respondents were Christians. This finding revealed that men could have more than one wife; it is more acceptable for them to have multiple relationships than for women. The level of western education among the respondents is very low. It is interesting to know that many of the people are not interested in the western education but rather are more interested in sending their children to Quaranic School within and outside the study area than western education. Therefore, the low level of western education may affect the knowledge of HIV/AIDS increasing the ignorance of the people on HIV/AIDS and also limits the job opportunities available to the people restricting to intra occupational activities. It is evident that education levels need to be improved especially for women lacking literacy skills which are generally the poorest in the rural areas. Source : Author's work, 2011\par Table \hyperref[tab_4]{4} shows the outcome of correlation analysis for respondents' socio-economic characteristic and HIV/AID vulnerability revealed that only that only the respondents' education variable impacted significantly on the level, estimated number, as well as the cases reported. The relationship between education and level was negative, implying that education did not reduce the spread/ level of HIV in the respondents study area. This may probably be because they have not been given any education relating to their sexually transmitted diseases especially HIV/AIDS. The same negative relationship applies to education versus the number of those affected by HIV. This implies that there may be more cases of HIV/AIDS prevalence in the fishing communities of Kainji lake basin a) Pre-disposing factors to HIV/AIDS in Kainji Lake Basin Pre-disposing factors to HIV/AIDS Pandemic among Fisher-folks in the Kainji Lake Basin of Nigeria sex, 18.3\% of the respondents strongly agreed, 52.3\% of the respondents agreed with the statement and 20.5\% were undecided. 10.3\% of the respondents strongly agreed with the statement "daily disposable income"46.5\% of the respondents agreed with the followed by other factors such as high mobility, over indulgence in sex and long period away from spouse as shown in the table below.\par The majority of men in fishing communities earn cash on a daily basis. It was obvious that some of their income may go on sex, alcohol and drugs as these are viewed as compensation for the discomfort during their fishing activities. The culture of alcohol and drug abuse may reflect lack of recreational activities. Some key informants recognized that drug abuse led to high risk behavior despite knowledge of HIV/AIDS of transmission. High level of unprotected sexual activity was also due to ready availability of cash that encourages commercial sex workers to migrate in conjunction with levels of fish catch and the resulting disposable income in the study area.\par It was not surprising that lack of health information (77\%) was a major factor. The absence of regular sensitization, prevention, care and treatment programme were clearly evident and may have contributed to lack of perceived benefit linked to accessing health related information. Neither government extension services nor non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were active in the study area. b) Socio-cultural pre-disposing factors \hyperref[tab_7]{6} presents the socio -cultural factors that may be contributing to HIV/AIDS vulnerability in the study area. In response to this statements "In the community family planning is believed to offend their gods, 27.5\% of the respondents strongly disagreed to the statement, 26.5\% disagreed and 11.0\% were undecided. The result is a reflection of the people believe that procreation is of God why should we want check the God's commandment and against the belief of their forefathers. Their low level of education and \section[{Global Journal of Human Social Science Volume XII Issue I Version I 2 70}]{Global Journal of Human Social Science Volume XII Issue I Version I 2 70}\par Pre-disposing factors to HIV/AIDS Pandemic among Fisher-folks in the Kainji Lake Basin of Nigeria religion may contribute to failure or negative attitude towards a proposed family planning programme in the study area. 30.0\% agreed that talking to children on sexuality is not morally acceptable which corroborates some of the findings of Ezumah 2000 that even among couples, parents and children is taboo to educate one another on sex. 7.3\% of the respondent disagreed that forced sex or rape is not a feature in the community. Any victim of rape may likely to be engaged in unprotected sex to confirmed the statement of \hyperref[b6]{Gupta(2000)} that individual who were sexually abused were more likely to be engaged in unprotected sex. Likewise, 35.8\% of them strongly agreed to the statement that "The practice of marrying more than one wife is part of culture", 22.0\% of the respondents agreed to the statement and 7.8\% were undecided. This is a major factor that will be difficult to overcome because is more of an injunction from the religion that predominates in the study area. It may imply that the cases of HIV/AIDS recorded may be from heterosexual behavior of the people. Furthermore, 13.5\% of the respondents strongly agreed to the statement that "women don't have control over sex whether safe or unsafe, 63\% of the respondents agreed with the statement and 17.3\%b were undecided. This result shares the view of Poggie et al (1995) that social and cultural attitudes, beliefs and values play an important role in the perception of, and response to danger.\par The findings revealed the marginalization of women may likely put them at risk. No wonder that it has been reported in literature that where heterosexual transmission dominates, more women are infected than men because of economic dependence of the women on the husband which consequently leads to her inability to negotiate safe sex with her husband even when she suspects him of being infected, poverty and consequently unequal power relation, lack of education viable livelihood strategies and access to information and intimidation and violence against the girls. Thus foster economic dependence as found in the assertion of Romero-Daza and Himmelgreen, 1998; Ackerman and De Klerk, 2002, Jewkes and Abrahams, 2002; Dunkie, et al 2004; Schoepf, 2004). This situation make it difficult to take precaution necessary to avoid HIV/AIDS concurring to the assertion that " women living and working in fishing communities are highly susceptible to HIV/AIDS infection and very vulnerable to the impact of the infection"(Tanzarn and Bishop Sambrook, 2003). \section[{Major pre-disposing factors of HIV/AIDS vulnerability}]{Major pre-disposing factors of HIV/AIDS vulnerability}\par The PCA tool was employed to derive the major pre-disposing factors of respondents to HIV/AIDS. Table \hyperref[tab_8]{7} shows that the Kaiser Meyer Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO) is 0.839, therefore the variable data is suitable for the PCA analysis. Another test for indicating continuity in the utilization of PCA for examining our data is the bartlett's test of sphericity. Since we have found P < 0.001 we can conclude that there is relationship between our variables implying suitability of our data for PCA analysis. {\ref 2} presents the scree plot of predisposing factors in the study area. Out of 26 components of pre-disposing factor, only seven \hyperref[b6]{(7)} components was extracted because only these seven components an eigenvalue (a measure of explained variance) greater than 1.0. additionally the PCA criteria for the scree plot shows the place where the smooth decrease of eigenvalues appears to level off to the right of the plot is just after component 1 (Cattell criterion,). Only seven components explain respondents predisposing factors on HIV as will be seen in the components scores from the rotated component matrix in table \hyperref[tab_9]{8} d) Major Pre-disposing Factors to HIV/AIDS Vulnerability Source : Author's work 2011\par Table \hyperref[tab_9]{8} shows that out of 26 hypothesised predisposing factors, only 7 components was extracted because only these seven components have an eigenvalue (a measure of explained variance) greater than 1.0. Another criteria use in extracting important component is an equal or more than five percentage of variance which is presented in the table. Based on the result on the components scores from the rotated matrix, it is clear that respondents 'pre-disposing factors' is sub-summed in seven components. They are: risky occupation, multiple sexual partners, women don't have control, family planning is believed to offend the gods, forced sex, talking to children and engaging in sex before marriage, are the principal respondents' drive factors for HIV/AIDS. These seven variables load 0.824, 0.761, 0.706, 0.614, 0.764, 0.819, and 0.830 from \section[{Global Journal of Human Social Science Volume XII Issue I Version I 2 72}]{Global Journal of Human Social Science Volume XII Issue I Version I 2 72}\par Pre-disposing factors to HIV/AIDS Pandemic among Fisher-folks in the Kainji Lake Basin of Nigeria components 1, 2, 3,4,5,6 and 7 respectively. Their communalities are 74.2\%, 67.8\%, 54.3\%, 57.3\%, 64.5\%, 73.6\% and 77.1\% . Source : Author's work 2011\par Table \hyperref[tab_10]{9} shows correlation relationship between factors pre-disposing of fisherfolk to HIV/AIDS and their HIV/AIDS profile among respondents in the study area. The estimated coefficient for pre-disposing factors of HIV/AIDS vulnerability obtained from the regression analysis. Among the variables under studied, idleness, alcohol and drug abuse, multiple sexual partners, daily disposable income low female male ratio, commercial sex workers, high mobility, long separation away from home and predominance of sexually active were found to have significant influence on HIV/AIDS vulnerability in the study area. In conclusion, poverty, gender inequality, inadequate healthcare, lack of education and cultural attitudes toward sexuality and reproduction are the significant factors to HIV/AIDS vulnerability in agreement with assertion of \hyperref[b23]{Stillwaggon (2002)} states "living conditions in Africa (or other places in the developing world) provide a very different terrain from that of the United States for the propagation of infectious disease". e) Chances of HIV/AIDS infection among the people Table \hyperref[tab_11]{10} presents the rate of risks in the study area. 45.5\% of the respondents said no risk at all to HIV infection while only 13.5\% of the respondents admitted the high chance of HIV infection among the community members. 14.5\% of the respondents gave reason that attitude of sharing sharp objects is prevalent while 8.3\% for more than one sex partners. It is important to discourage the use sharing of sharp blade for manicure which is a common activity. The percentage of respondents who did not know the implication of someone sharing the same razor in cutting their nails corroborates the finding of an earlier study by {\ref Iwoh (2004)}, who reported that there was low knowledge of HIV/AIDS/STIs among prison staff in Nigeria who are suppose to be more enlightened than the fisherfolk. Below is the picture of typical example of local barber who is likely to share razor and sharp objects among his customers in the study area. f) Respondents Perceived implications of Pre-disposing Factors Source : Author's work 2011\par Table \hyperref[tab_12]{11} presents the perceived implication of pre-disposing factor among the respondents in the study area. Only 14.0\% of the respondents strongly agreed with the statement that "loss of labor/skills and change in work load, 71.8\% of the respondents agreed with the statement and 11.0\% were undecided. As a result of loss of labor, the environment may also suffer due to the prevalent of chronic diseases which increase lack of necessary skills and knowledge to practice sustainable fishing. In addition anyone suffering from health related illness often resorts to fishing in shallow waters which poses a considerable risk to biodiversity of the environment. This practice may increase susceptibility to other infections such as schistosomiasis which is common parasites found in shallow waters of lakes as found in the water bodies and it was reported in this study area several years ago. One key informant said that there were cases but had not taken significant step to quantify the impact on fishing practices in the study area.\par In response to the statement "work time and productivity will reduce" 19.8\% of the respondents strongly agreed to the statement, 69.5\% agreed and 9.5\% were undecided. Likewise, to the statement "A number of poor household rising in the community (increasing poverty), 15.8\% of the respondents strongly agreed to the statement, 67.8\% agreed and 13.0\% were undecided. Furthermore, 24.8\% of the respondents Global Journal of Human Social Science Volume XII Issue I Version I This result may directly or indirectly affect household incomes, guaranteeing food insecurity as household are dependent on fish for both their staple diet and also to generate income to buying other foods. This decline in yield may have implications on the population such that they are unable to afford health care, reduced nutritional status and low resistance to infection.\par Although the respondents described the perceived implication of illness and pre-disposing factor to HIV/AIDS in terms of its effect on their livelihood, household well being and difficulty in obtaining food for their families, little was said on the time being spent caring for those who were sick. This may be due to the lack of time sensitive livelihood strategies. Unlike agricultural communities where successful cultivation of crops is dependent on time spent preparing land, weeding and planting at specific time.\par IV. \section[{CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS}]{CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS}\par This paper has highlighted the pre-disposing factors to HIV/AIDS and their vulnerability in fishing communities of Kainji Lake Basin of Nigeria. It was discovered that combination of poverty, gender disparities, low level of utilization of health services and local population link between mobility and a situation in which multi-partner sexual behavior is acceptable. Also availability of the daily cash income is important determinant of HIV/AIDS vulnerability which may have consequences on fishing communities: increased poverty in families, disintegration of the family unit and reduction of the most active labor force. The following recommendations are made:\par ? Reduce high risk sexual behavior through, education and communication activities for fishing communities ? Develop alternative livelihood activities, such as income generating activities, for fisherfolk ? Invest in infrastructure improvements in fishing communities, especially in the domains of education and health care facilities\begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{11}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png} \caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1 :Figure 1}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.5626760563380282\textwidth}P{0.03591549295774648\textwidth}P{0.03591549295774648\textwidth}P{0.07183098591549296\textwidth}P{0.14366197183098592\textwidth}} Main stratum 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 100\\ Main stratum 2\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 200\\ Main stratum 3\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 100\\ Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 400\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.18918495297805643\textwidth}P{0.32774294670846393\textwidth}P{0.1358934169278997\textwidth}P{0.19717868338557992\textwidth}} 2 66\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Global Journal of Human Social Science Volume XII Issue I Version I\tabcellsep Age Less than 15 15-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 More than 45 Sex Male Female\tabcellsep Frequency -24 53 70 70 40 44 95 257 143\tabcellsep Percent -6.0 13.3 17.6 17.6 11.2 11.1 23.1 64.3 35. 7\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep 11.3\\ \tabcellsep Marital status\tabcellsep 145\tabcellsep 37.5\\ \tabcellsep Single\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0.3\\ \tabcellsep Married\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0.3\\ \tabcellsep Divorced\tabcellsep 165\tabcellsep 41.3\\ \tabcellsep Widowed\tabcellsep 33\tabcellsep 8.3\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.40112359550561794\textwidth}P{0.20056179775280897\textwidth}P{0.24831460674157302\textwidth}} Number of children\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep percent\\ 1-5\tabcellsep 194\tabcellsep 48.5\\ 6-10\tabcellsep 89\tabcellsep 22.3\\ Above 10\tabcellsep 60\tabcellsep 15.0\\ None\tabcellsep 57\tabcellsep 14.3\\ Total\tabcellsep 400\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.49210526315789477\textwidth}P{0.14912280701754385\textwidth}P{0.2087719298245614\textwidth}} Ethnic composition\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percent\\ Hausa\tabcellsep 200\tabcellsep 50.0\\ Bussawa\tabcellsep 67\tabcellsep 16.8\\ Lopawa\tabcellsep 66\tabcellsep 16.5\\ Kamberi\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 12.3\\ Urhobo/Ijaw\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 0.8\\ Yoruba\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 3.8\\ Religion\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Islam\tabcellsep 382\tabcellsep \\ Christianity\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 95.5\\ Tradition\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 4.0\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.5\\ Total\tabcellsep 400\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_3}Table 3 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{4} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.07927461139896373\textwidth}P{0.22901554404145077\textwidth}P{0.14313471502590672\textwidth}P{0.15634715025906734\textwidth}P{0.11010362694300517\textwidth}P{0.13212435233160622\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \tabcellsep cases of HIV in\tabcellsep level of infection\tabcellsep estimated\tabcellsep most affected\\ Variable\tabcellsep \tabcellsep the village\tabcellsep in the village\tabcellsep number\tabcellsep in the village\\ Age\tabcellsep Pearson Correlation\tabcellsep -.039\tabcellsep -.088\tabcellsep .063\tabcellsep -.011\\ \tabcellsep Sig. (2-tailed)\tabcellsep .434\tabcellsep .081\tabcellsep .210\tabcellsep .824\\ \tabcellsep N\tabcellsep 400\tabcellsep 398\tabcellsep 400\tabcellsep 397\\ Sex\tabcellsep Pearson Correlation\tabcellsep .129(**)\tabcellsep .135(**)\tabcellsep -.073\tabcellsep -.037\\ \tabcellsep Sig. (2-tailed)\tabcellsep .010\tabcellsep .007\tabcellsep .143\tabcellsep .459\\ \tabcellsep N\tabcellsep 400\tabcellsep 398\tabcellsep 400\tabcellsep 397\\ educational attainment\tabcellsep Pearson Correlation\tabcellsep .205(**)\tabcellsep .181(**)\tabcellsep -.126(*)\tabcellsep -.044\\ \tabcellsep Sig. (2-tailed)\tabcellsep .000\tabcellsep .000\tabcellsep .012\tabcellsep .382\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_4}Table 4 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{5} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.2501611170784103\textwidth}P{0.2035982814178303\textwidth}P{0.03286788399570354\textwidth}P{0.049301825993555315\textwidth}P{0.027389903329752954\textwidth}P{0.051127819548872175\textwidth}P{0.02647690655209452\textwidth}P{0.040171858216971\textwidth}P{0.039258861439312565\textwidth}P{0.05295381310418904\textwidth}P{0.027389903329752954\textwidth}P{0.049301825993555315\textwidth}} \tabcellsep Pre-disposing Factors to\tabcellsep U\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep D\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{SD \%}\tabcellsep A\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep SA\tabcellsep \%\\ \tabcellsep HIV/AIDS Vulnerability\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ i\tabcellsep Idleness\tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 82\tabcellsep 20.5\tabcellsep 76\tabcellsep 19.0\tabcellsep 102\tabcellsep 25.5\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 10.0\\ ii\tabcellsep Alcohol and drug abuse\tabcellsep 93\tabcellsep 23.3\tabcellsep 96\tabcellsep 24.0\tabcellsep 40\tabcellsep 10.0\tabcellsep 136\tabcellsep 34.0\tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep 8.8\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{iii Over indulgence in sex}\tabcellsep 52\tabcellsep 13.0\tabcellsep 81\tabcellsep 20.3\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep 9.0\tabcellsep 147\tabcellsep 36.8\tabcellsep 84\tabcellsep 21.0\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{iv Multiple sexual partners}\tabcellsep 79\tabcellsep 19.8\tabcellsep 78\tabcellsep 19.5\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 7.5\tabcellsep 148\tabcellsep 37.0\tabcellsep 65\tabcellsep 16.3\\ v\tabcellsep Unprotected sex\tabcellsep 82\tabcellsep 20.5\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 7.5\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 1.5\tabcellsep 209\tabcellsep 52.3\tabcellsep 73\tabcellsep 18.3\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{vi Inadequate health care}\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 20.0\tabcellsep 53\tabcellsep 13.3\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 2.0\tabcellsep 186\tabcellsep 46.5\tabcellsep 41\tabcellsep 10.3\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{vii Lack of health information}\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 2.0\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep 240\tabcellsep 60.0\tabcellsep 68\tabcellsep 17.0\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{viii Daily disposable income}\tabcellsep 112\tabcellsep 28.0\tabcellsep 53\tabcellsep 13.3\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 2.0\tabcellsep 186\tabcellsep 46.5\tabcellsep 41\tabcellsep 10.3\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{ix Low female male ratio}\tabcellsep 118\tabcellsep 29.5\tabcellsep 134\tabcellsep 33.5\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 4.5\tabcellsep 101\tabcellsep 25.3\tabcellsep 29\tabcellsep 7.3\\ x\tabcellsep Many commercial sex workers\tabcellsep 97\tabcellsep 24.3\tabcellsep 130\tabcellsep 32.5\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 6.0\tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep 25.0\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep 12.3\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{xii High mobility}\tabcellsep 133\tabcellsep 33.3\tabcellsep 53\tabcellsep 13.3\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 3.3\tabcellsep 155\tabcellsep 38.8\tabcellsep 46\tabcellsep 11.5\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{xiii Risky occupation}\tabcellsep 146\tabcellsep 36.5\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 10.8\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 4.0\tabcellsep 156\tabcellsep 39.0\tabcellsep 39\tabcellsep 9.8\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{xiv Long periods away from spouse}\tabcellsep 125\tabcellsep 31.3\tabcellsep 74\tabcellsep 18.5\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 7.5\tabcellsep 137\tabcellsep 34.3\tabcellsep 34\tabcellsep 8.5\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{xv Predominance of sexually active age}\tabcellsep 143\tabcellsep 35.8\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 20.0\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 6.3\tabcellsep 108\tabcellsep 27.0\tabcellsep 44\tabcellsep 11.0\\ \tabcellsep groups\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Source : Author's work 2011\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Key\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep U=undecided\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep D=Disagreed\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep SD=Strongly Disagreed\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep A=Agreed\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep SA=Strongly Agreed\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_5}Table 5 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{5} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}} 69\\ Human Social Science Volume XII Issue I Version I\\ Journal of\\ Global\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_6}Table 5}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{6} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.09067489114658926\textwidth}P{0.49778664731494915\textwidth}P{0.015420899854862119\textwidth}P{0.0727866473149492\textwidth}P{0.0018505079825834542\textwidth}P{0.02220609579100145\textwidth}P{0.009252539912917272\textwidth}P{0.030841799709724237\textwidth}P{0.0727866473149492\textwidth}P{0.013570391872278664\textwidth}P{0.022822931785195937\textwidth}} \tabcellsep Socio-cultural values and taboos\tabcellsep U\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep D\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{SD \%}\tabcellsep A\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep SA \%\\ \tabcellsep relating to sex\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ i\tabcellsep In the community, family planning is\tabcellsep 44\tabcellsep \multicolumn{6}{l}{11.0 105 26.5 110 27.5 65}\tabcellsep 16.3 76\tabcellsep 19.0\\ \tabcellsep believed to offend the gods\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ ii\tabcellsep Talking to children on sexuality is not\tabcellsep 49\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{12.3 100 25.0 13}\tabcellsep 3.3\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{118 29.5 120 30.0}\\ \tabcellsep morally acceptable in the community\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ iii\tabcellsep The practice of marrying more than one wife\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 7.8\tabcellsep 83\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{20.8 55}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{13.8 88}\tabcellsep 22.0 143 35.8\\ \tabcellsep is not part our culture\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ iv\tabcellsep Exchange or sharing of blood during\tabcellsep 81\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{20.3 104 26.0 52}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{13.0 107 26.8 56}\tabcellsep 14.0\\ \tabcellsep initiation or oath taking is not practiced in\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep the community\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ v\tabcellsep Forced sex or rape is not a feature in the\tabcellsep 72\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{18.0 29}\tabcellsep 7.3\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 4.0\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{210 52.5 73}\tabcellsep 18.3\\ \tabcellsep community\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ vi\tabcellsep Women are often taught to leave sexual\tabcellsep 89\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{22.3 30}\tabcellsep 7.5\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 1.8\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{229 57.3 45}\tabcellsep 11.3\\ \tabcellsep initiative to men\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{vii Women are expected to limit the sexual}\tabcellsep 66\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{16.5 16}\tabcellsep 4.0\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 1.3\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{259 64.8 54}\tabcellsep 13.5\\ \tabcellsep relation to marriage\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{viii Men are to express social status by having}\tabcellsep 81\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{20.3 79}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{19.8 8}\tabcellsep 2.0\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{191 47.8 41}\tabcellsep 10.3\\ \tabcellsep many partners\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ ix\tabcellsep Women don't have control over sex whether\tabcellsep 69\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{17.3 17}\tabcellsep 4.3\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 2.0\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{252 63.0 54}\tabcellsep 13.5\\ \tabcellsep safe or unsafe\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ x\tabcellsep Women are expected to tolerate the sexual\tabcellsep 45\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{11.3 17}\tabcellsep 4.3\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 2.0\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{274 68.5 56}\tabcellsep 14.0\\ \tabcellsep behavior of their male partners\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ xi\tabcellsep In our tradition, a stiff sanction is imposed\tabcellsep 46\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{11.5 10}\tabcellsep 2.5\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 2.8\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{191 47.8 142 35.5}\\ \tabcellsep on sex outside marriage\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{xii Engaging in sex before marriage is not}\tabcellsep 48\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{12.0 38}\tabcellsep 9.5\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 3.5\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{192 48.0 108 27.0}\\ \tabcellsep encourage in the community\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Source : Author's work 2011\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Key\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep U=undecided\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep D=Disagreed\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep SD=Strongly Disagreed\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep A=Agreed\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep SA=Strongly Agreed\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep Table\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_7}Table 6 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{7} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.46005154639175255\textwidth}P{0.09639175257731958\textwidth}P{0.29355670103092785\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 71\\ Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square Df Sig.\tabcellsep .839 3747.624 325 .000\tabcellsep Human Social Science Volume XII Issue I Version I\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Journal of\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Global\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_8}Table 7 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{8} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.4185929648241206\textwidth}P{0.06834170854271357\textwidth}P{0.06407035175879396\textwidth}P{0.025628140703517585\textwidth}P{0.034170854271356785\textwidth}P{0.004271356783919598\textwidth}P{0.004271356783919598\textwidth}P{0.23065326633165828\textwidth}} Pre -disposing factors\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Communalities extraction\\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Component}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep percentage \%\\ \tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 7\\ Idleness\tabcellsep 357\tabcellsep 327\tabcellsep .562\tabcellsep 63.0\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 63.0\\ Alcohol and drug abuse\tabcellsep 471\tabcellsep 436\tabcellsep .\tabcellsep 356\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 63.5\\ Over indulgence in sex\tabcellsep \tabcellsep .748\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 67.7\\ Multiple sexual partners\tabcellsep \tabcellsep .761\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 67.8\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_9}Table 8 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{9} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.6434137291280148\textwidth}P{0.20658627087198514\textwidth}} \tabcellsep respondents in the study area\\ Variable pair\tabcellsep R co-efficient\\ Idleness-level\tabcellsep -.233(**)\\ Alcohol and drug abuse-level\tabcellsep -.211(**)\\ Over indulgence in sex-level\tabcellsep -.114(*)\\ Multiple sexual partners-level\tabcellsep -.251(**)\\ Daily disposable income-level\tabcellsep -.200(**)\\ Low female male ratio-level\tabcellsep -.236(**)\\ Many commercial sex workers-level\tabcellsep -.206(**)\\ High mobility-level\tabcellsep -.117(*)\\ Long periods away from spouse-level\tabcellsep -.153(**)\\ predominance of sexually active-level\tabcellsep -.148(**)\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed}\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).}\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_10}Table 9 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{10} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.5594017094017094\textwidth}P{0.07083333333333333\textwidth}P{0.09807692307692308\textwidth}P{0.12168803418803417\textwidth}} Rate of chance of infection\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percent\tabcellsep \\ High\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep 13.5\tabcellsep \\ Low\tabcellsep 160\tabcellsep 40.0\tabcellsep \\ No risk at all\tabcellsep 182\tabcellsep 45.5\tabcellsep \\ Already have AIDS\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \\ No response\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep 73\\ Reasons for high rate\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Share sharp objects\tabcellsep 58\tabcellsep 14.5\tabcellsep \\ Do not use condoms I have more than one sex partner Sex with sex workers My spouse/partner has other partners Had blood transfusion Use of unsterilied objects Total Source : Author's work 2011\tabcellsep 19 33 12 6 3 6 400\tabcellsep 4.8 8.3 3.0 1.2 0.8 1.2 100\tabcellsep Human Social Science Volume XII Issue I Version I\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Journal of\\ \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Global\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_11}Table 10 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{11} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.14135044642857142\textwidth}P{0.36808035714285714\textwidth}P{0.11668526785714287\textwidth}P{0.019921875\textwidth}P{0.0028459821428571427\textwidth}P{0.01328125\textwidth}P{0.043638392857142855\textwidth}P{0.13755580357142858\textwidth}P{0.0018973214285714283\textwidth}P{0.004743303571428571\textwidth}} \multicolumn{9}{l}{Vulnerability (U=undecided, D=Disagreed, SD=Strongly Disagreed, A=Agreed, SA=Strongly Agreed)}\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{S/No Implication of pre-disposing}\tabcellsep U \%\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{D \%}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{SD \%}\tabcellsep A\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep SA \%\\ \tabcellsep factors\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ i\tabcellsep Local supply of foodstuff may be\tabcellsep 35 8.8\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{53 13.3 46}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{11.5 196 49.0 70 17.5}\\ \tabcellsep endangered\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ ii\tabcellsep Too weak to fish\tabcellsep 22 5.5\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{10 2.5}\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0.3\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{268 67.0 99 24.8}\\ iii.\tabcellsep Loss of labor/skills and change in\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{44 11.0 11 2.8}\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 0.5\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{287 71.8 56 14.0}\\ \tabcellsep workload:\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ iv\tabcellsep Work time and productivity will reduce\tabcellsep 38 9.5\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 1.3\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{278 69.5 79 19.8}\\ v\tabcellsep Fishing near the shore\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{91 22.8 17 4.3}\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 3.0\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{228 57.0 52 13.0}\\ vi\tabcellsep Limited investment in gears, boat\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{67 16.8 32 8.0}\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{239 59.8 58 14.5}\\ \tabcellsep \&other inputs\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ vii\tabcellsep A number of poor household rising in\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{52 13.0 11 2.8}\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 0.8\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{271 67.8 63 15.8}\\ \tabcellsep the community( increasing poverty)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ viii.\tabcellsep A number of productive age are dying\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{74 18.5 52 13.8 5}\tabcellsep 1.3\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{205 51.3 64 16.0}\\ ix\tabcellsep Engagement in fishing at younger\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{82 20.5 15 3.8}\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{248 62.0 51 12.8}\\ \tabcellsep ages\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ x\tabcellsep Engagement in in-active fishing\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{93 23.3 16 4.0}\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 1.5\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{241 60.3 44 11.0}\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_12}Table 11 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.04434782608695652\textwidth}P{0.5543478260869565\textwidth}P{0.10347826086956521\textwidth}P{0.007391304347826087\textwidth}P{0.02217391304347826\textwidth}P{0.11826086956521739\textwidth}} xi\tabcellsep Individual productivity is affected\tabcellsep 59 14.8 10 2.5\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep 254 63.5 73 18.3\\ \tabcellsep thereby affecting household food\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep security\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ 2 74\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_13}}\end{figure} \footnote{© 2012 Global Journals Inc. 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