# Globalization and States Political Sovereignty in Outlook of Neo-Realists Paradigm (Case Study: Authoritarian Countries and United States of America) Hamid Sarmadi ? , Morteza Badri ? & Jafar Ghanei ? Abstract-Globalization effected and will be wondrous in all human life aspects. Purpose of this article is bring up and analyses of globalization effects on states political sovereignty. Technology extent and human genius in late decades cause that informatics revolution and extend of satellite and internet networks, international economic rising, international organization and codification of international rights world relation become increased and easily. This research inverse of prevalent theories that believes with beginning of globalization process, political sovereignty of national states become instable and ultimate fade, with emphasis of neo-realists theories and too case study of authoritarian countries and united states of America in political arena believe that now states are important actors in international arena and in near future cannot imagine globalization without states sovereignty and management. In this research sovereignty is consider as management and compilation method is documentary and library. Keywords: globalization-sovereignty-neorealismauthoritarian countries-united states. I. Prelude lobalization is phenomenon that effected and will be wondrous in all human life aspects, because that longtime study of globalization effects on political, social and economic life considered by political science thinkers, international relation and international economy. Those considered globalization as main themselves study part. The wide and dimension of this phenomenon is very widely that some thinkers reckon as greatest and important of human contemporary occurrence (salami, 2005: p of 7). Hussein Bashiriah believe that globalization is comprehensive context that include vital and important global transformation in ground of technology, economy, politics, communications and culture (Bashirieh, 2008: p of 165). Indeed globalization will be wondrous effect in political arena of human life and transformation of it. In this research globalization effects on states sovereignty will be analyses and critic as one of the important context of political arena. In initial category theories related of this effects divide in two total class. First whose believe globalization cause destroy of states sovereignty so we see fade of states sovereignty in international arena long of globalization process. Second class reverse of first theory believes in spite universality of globalization phenomenon in international arena, states sovereignty will remain and will not occurrence fade of states sovereignty. Writers in this research agreed with second class theories. Then with study of authoritarian countries and united states try prove that in universality condition of globalization phenomenon, states are main actors in international arena. So in answer of this main question that "what globalization effects will be on states sovereignty in international arena"? hypothesis is " although globalization wondrous effected on variety of human life aspects but in globalization era states are reckon as main actors in international arena and not seem this phenomenon cause that eliminate of states sovereignty". In prove of research hypothesis used mainly from neorealist school like that kendt waltz, Stephen Krasner and Robert guilpin. # II. Theory bases About history of globalization should that said in a long of human conflicts cooperate and interdependence have been partiality motto and considered in context of celestial religion and thinkers like that xenon and politicians like that willy brandt and javaher lal nehro. In twenty century Marxism become contender of global thinking (geselesfely, 1995: p of 142). Globalization context entry in decade of 1960 in political science and economy literary (waters, 1995: p of 10) and after this decade extend in around world. Globalization is "compaction of time and locate in variety arenas of culture, economy, politics, communications and environment that effected of science and technology in around world with states centric". Some critics presented about theories that believes fade states sovereignty that indicate its: # III. Politics and Governmental Affairs In context of political affairs presented some critics against fade of states sovereignty that in continue mention its. Robert guilipin: Guilpin express some thinking believe that with increasing and growth of globalization, role, control and affection rate of national economies and states acutely decline in international arena. But he believe this is misunderstand and fallacies in perceive of international issues. States and political and economic requirements in national arena have main role in shape of international process and attempt of most countries is very significant for achievement to development and increasing of economic potential in expand of world economic exchanges. They perceived with collaboration of this process can attain to capital, Technology and facilities for development (salami, 2005: p of 151). Stephen Krasner: He is one of the famous theorists in international relations in twenty one century beginning. Krasner mainly believes are: State centric and dualistic sovereignty: Krasner as realist say that states special nation-states are main actors in international relations and whose alleged about constructive role of non-governmental actors have exaggerate express. In outlook of Krasner even in interrelated world in final decade of twenty century what be determinant states, interests, power and preferences. Whatever cause interrelated in world arena and world trade result of states interests and will (salami, quoting of Krasner, 1992: p of 126). So states-nations and interstate power structures determinant and important in international relations arena. Globalization context: Krasner claim that in human life in beginning of twenty one century world interrelated wholly is certain and undeniable. This matter leastwise be certainly between people and dweller of industrial countries. Whilst he agreed most fundamental evolutions but challenged with this believe that globalization transformed nature of human society and human socio-political order. He believe that we don't exaggerate about globalization effects(salami, quoting of Krasner,1992: p of 126). Krasner not deny role of governmental weighty groups and multinational companies, but in rate and modality of affections, reckon significant and substantial internal political structures of countries. Too treat exist of nongovernmental actors because of states decisions. Creation of international organizations, multinational companies and NGOs is through national states decisions special superpowers (salami,2005: p of 166). In more cases functions and activities circle in world regulate with legal mechanism of themselves respective government and even the united states of America in this ground approved rules ( bilis and smith, 2004: p of 1456). Regimes create rules and values that order and conduct international actors manners and providing exchange possibility, dealing and interaction between them. This regimes create by body of states and in interactions, interests and securities and don't any central authority that creation them and dictate another. Principally in international arena there are no advent possible of this authority and rules dictate. albeit in some history terms appear a hegemonic power that could play main role in creation of this regimes but this is no meaning exist of central authority and if hegemon no along with satisfaction and profit not will exist possible and continuity. So in outlook of Krasner some harmonies and collaborative in global arena result of exist and extend of international regimes that no inconsistent of survival and vital role of states and power relations in international arena. Kendt Waltz: In this part like that Waltz reasons that is founder of neorealist, critics some extremist universalists claims. Whose that have allege universal of liberal democracy, laissez-faire and fade of states and themselves national sovereignty: First Waltz say globalization restrict to little part of world. In he believes public know that not imbedded most world countries in circle of globalization. Most of African countries, Latin America, middle east except Israel and main part of Asian. Moreover in most of countries participation level of varying regions in global economy is different. For example north of Italy is in global economy and south of Italy out of global economy. Globalization isn't universal because that district to north regions (salami quoting of Waltz, 1999: p of 3). Second, today interrelated in compare of past periods not increased statistically. Statistic of economy interrelated not outgrowing from 1910. Third, world isn't unique and exist huge and deep different between north and south and dominant rules on economies in this region is very different. Today can perceive more assimilate of economic politics. Assimilate of German economic politics after war against united states and wholly evidenced exemplar French from German but any country don't copying entirely and creation of similar other countries institutions. Moreover if economic politics be similar, this matter not meaning globalization of economy, because mainly part of economic exchange of countries performed inward of political boarders. Waltz believe in the United states 90 percent of goods produce for American consumptions and Americans produce 88 percent of themselves consumption goods. Forth, states are main actors in international arena. Even internal issues and international issues, even economy and politics mainly formed by statenations. Waltz believe in twenty century has been also and will be in twenty one century (salami quoting of Waltz, 1999: p of 6). # IV. Authoritarian States Situation in Globalization Process With scientific and hair-splittig analysis theories that believes to fade of Authoritarian states role in globalization era, we understand that all of this theorists exaggerate. If we over of neorealist school theories that is significant and scientific school among of political schools in analyses of global incidents that after September 11 reinforced scientific grounds of this school, now perform mainly role in states international politics. Kendt Waltz, Guilpin, Stephen Krasner and even in liberal-democratic societies primary preference in international politics doing by states and less than role of NGOs. although accept some developments has been incidence afoot of globalization but don't so deeply that cause fade of states sovereignty and functions (salami, 2005: p of 187). Although some countries treat themselves democratic and maybe in nature have worst political systems and countries don't express themselves disagree of democracy. Hitler devolution by legal mechanism and muted to century despotic statesman (harisinejad,2006: p of 74) and should have enough regard to form and nature of states. European monarchies special Britain and third world republics have noticeably different together naturally and functionally. About of Huntington narrate that say in late of twenty century involved democratic wave in world countries special Asian Latin America, southeast Asian and communist countries block, he mention this "third wave of democracy" and know its disseminate. It is accurate that liberalism and democracy idea has been most model of countries special after cold war and increased number of democratic countries after second world war to double-fold (salami,2005: p of 17) but coincide of globalization pressers some of this countries have been democratic formalistically and express this slogan grandiosity but don't democratic naturally and rise up everyday scope of authority. Authoritarian states show dualistic manner encountered of globalization that in some case immune them from effects of world negative observes. Historic experience indicate that important principal for this regimes is power and retention it. So any time feel loose powers retreat to end and show dualistic conduct and for retain nature of power that principals believe inbound, give up them in international level and reverse (qavam,2005: p of 323-342). Seem authoritarian culture infiltrate in this societies and institutionalize because in some countries dictators haven't acute problem for furthering intents and in other side politicians perceived Machiavellianism that adoration of coercion and justify politics without ethics. We are not cynic in presser to authoritarian states by globalization and in most cases bringing slogans like that feminism, human rights, individual and governmental counterterrorism, freedom of speech and press, environmental problems and ? to world people special authoritarian states intellectuals but this effects not enough fade of sovereignty from rulers. # V. United States of America, Globalization and Political Sovereignty Action Some of thinkers treat deliberately the United states of America activities about globalization and explain those as project of "world building" or even "Americanism" (nahavandian, 2006: p of 92) those believes that because of globalization context is western word (barzegar,2005: p of 3) and this countries have effective means in world building and furthering certain intent. Globalization cannot lead-in to restriction of states sovereignty and in some case available opportunities underhand of decisions in this countries. Undoubtable today United states of America having dominant power of this stage of globalization. Samuel Huntington in one article entitled "clash of civilizations" imagine future that stabilized American culture in around world. first he presented subject of conflict between civilizations in future that will be greatest international challenge, in this stage liberal democracy ideology is absolute victorious (quoting of takaffoli,2005: p of 41). With observe of general effects in process of global transformations, claim of Americanism is not vain because of united states as country with high technology and most part of international balance of powers. So having maximum impactful and minimum impressibility. American culture issuance sorely in across of world and cause that some countries preventing impression of it and retain of themselves cultural identity. For example lately French government approved act that American programs that broadcasting in TV networks should less than 50 percent of total programs (takaffoli,2005: p of 41). United states of America at long half second of twenty century carry out 22 attack against world countries and once attack a country at any 2.5 years average. After collapse of soviet union, united states interventions have been unilateral and without any authorization of council security of nations organization. Too deployment of missile buffer in east European that have been time part of east block and soviet satellites prove military dominant on world special to Russia as old rival and potentially. In effect of this transformations henry Kissinger say "globalization is equivalent of hegemon of the united states of America". Main mechanism that performance strategy of the united states militarily and politically is NATO and hegemonic and unilaterally of united states is inverse of liberal optimistically theories. They emphasis under globalization will be rule democratization, progress and social evolution. It is obvious that united states under two former factors as economy and military power reinforce national sovereignty, because have trump card in most world transformation. If seem claim of twenty one century will be American century be light exaggerate but it is absolutely accurate that this country will be mainly role regarding to present prospects. According to analyses of Elmar Alet fatter Germany economist only rational justification for Iraq war be Iraq threaten under sovereignty of Saddam Hussein against world peace, western values and united states security. But secondary reason indicate to united states interests for predomination to oil resource. Now enough reason in hand that Saddam threaten have been little and what significant furthering united states intents under slogan of world security and liberal democracy sovereignty. Country that without permission of council security action to unilateral war and most of European countries accompanied in spite of propensity. Expand of capital system under neoliberalism that name of globalization is important appliance for united states access to wills. United states is greatest motive of process and nevertheless having higher interests. Vulnerability of this country in this situation is nonscientific (hite, wagner and phluger, 2004: p of 58-62). Writers believes although word of globalization to world building special Americanism certainly exaggerate, its clear that globalization in most time bringing good opportunity for furthering of world politics for developments countries like that western Europe, japan and in head of them united states. in this countries not real fade of state sovereignty and in most cases circle of sovereignty action has been world scope moreover geographical boarders. If be restriction is wholly voluntary and side sue of themselves national interests and not danger for sovereignty action. # VI. Conclusion In current of this research we perceived about exaggerate accompanies of fade of states sovereignty in globalization era and prove in globalization era states have main role in international relations in dimension of political, economic and security. So in near future we will not see era of stateless. In affirmation of hypothesis narrate indicate to neorealist school theories too two example united states and authoritarian countries. Cited to Krasner realist reasons in undeniable states role about globalization and most of world problems indissoluble without states role like that terrorism, human rights, Global security, environmental, Political and economic crises and ? . them speech fade of states sovereignty hereof require to states. Krasner correctly explain that sovereignty in meaning pf traditional and Westphalia that absolutely regarded to states territorial role, have been only in doctrine and theories and there is not historic documentary. So Krasner, guilpin and waltz sets states as main global actors and mention to international organizations that don't power upper than constituent members. In economic dimension thinkers as paul herst and graham tompson impugn extremism globalist suppositions, like treat states as global actors. These argued global economic relations internationalized and nor globalized. so multinational companies origins in respective government and states are main actors in economic arena. In security dimension states by realists theories and states global current conditions and interests having main function and disagreeable fade of sovereignty. So economic interdependent and democratization not universal and international system is anarchic and so military power have vital role. Also authoritarian countries in spite infiltration of liberal contexts, liberalistic thoughts, human rights, pluralism, responsible government, factionalism and? under communication revolution and globalization waves that in some cases uncontrollable. But don't allow to fade of authoritarian states and sovereignty. This governments strictly response to littlest actions of citizens and not at all accept restrict of sovereignty. United states of America have main role in global relations and having mainly interests from globalization process. Even G8 powerful countries risk of current reality in global arena and cynic them. If context of globalization to world building or Americanism be exaggerate, hegemonic role of this country is undeniable. In near future impossible supersede other countries such as japan, china, Russia and European union. 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In fact, such matters should not be submitted at all except if requested by the instructor. o Never confuse figures with tables-there is a difference. # Content # Approach: As always, use past tense when you submit your results, and put the whole thing in a reasonable order. Put figures and tables, appropriately numbered, in order at the end of the report. If you desire, you may place your figures and tables properly within the text of your results section. # Figures and tables: If you put figures and tables at the end of some details, make certain that they are visibly distinguished from any attached appendix materials, such as raw facts. Whatever the position, each table must be titled, numbered one after the other, and include a heading. All figures and tables must be divided from the text. o You may propose future guidelines, such as how an experiment might be personalized to accomplish a new idea. o Give details of all of your remarks as much as possible, focusing on mechanisms. o Make a decision as to whether the tentative design sufficiently addressed the theory and whether or not it was correctly restricted. Try to present substitute explanations if they are sensible alternatives. o One piece of research will not counter an overall question, so maintain the large picture in mind. Where do you go next? The best studies unlock new avenues of study. What questions remain? o Recommendations for detailed papers will offer supplementary suggestions. # Approach: When you refer to information, differentiate data generated by your own studies from other available information. Present work done by specific persons (including you) in past tense. Describe generally acknowledged facts and main beliefs in present tense. # The Administration Rules Administration Rules to Be Strictly Followed before Submitting Your Research Paper to Global Journals Inc. Please read the following rules and regulations carefully before submitting your research paper to Global Journals Inc. to avoid rejection. Segment draft and final research paper: You have to strictly follow the template of a research paper, failing which your paper may get rejected. You are expected to write each part of the paper wholly on your own. The peer reviewers need to identify your own perspective of the concepts in your own terms. Please do not extract straight from any other source, and do not rephrase someone else's analysis. Do not allow anyone else to proofread your manuscript. Written material: You may discuss this with your guides and key sources. Do not copy anyone else's paper, even if this is only imitation, otherwise it will be rejected on the grounds of plagiarism, which is illegal. Various methods to avoid plagiarism are strictly applied by us to every paper, and, if found guilty, you may be blacklisted, which could affect your career adversely. To guard yourself and others from possible illegal use, please do not permit anyone to use or even read your paper and file. ![OF ASSOCIATION OF RESEARCH SOCIETY IN HUMAN SCIENCE (FARSHS)Global Journals Incorporate (USA) is accredited by Open Association of Research Society (OARS), U.S.A and in turn, awards "FARSHS" title to individuals. The 'FARSHS' title is accorded to a selected professional after the approval of the Editor-in-Chief/Editorial Board Members/Dean. FARSHS accrediting is an honor. It authenticates your research activities. After recognition as FARSHS, you can add 'FARSHS' title with your name as you use this recognition as additional suffix to your status. This will definitely enhance and add more value and repute to your name. You may use it on your professional Counseling Materials such as CV, Resume, and Visiting Card etc.](image-2.png "FELLOW") ![Association of Research Society, U.S.A (OARS) By-laws states that an individual Fellow may use the designations as applicable, or the corresponding initials. The Credentials of individual Fellow and Associate designations signify that the individual has gained knowledge of the fundamental concepts. One is magnanimous and proficient in an expertise course covering the professional code of conduct, and follows recognized standards of practice. Open Association of Research Society (US)/ Global Journals Incorporation (USA), as described in Corporate Statements, are educational, research publishing and professional membership organizations. Achieving our individual Fellow or Associate status is based mainly on meeting stated educational research requirements.](image-3.png "") What to stay away from:o © Copyright by Global Journals | Guidelines Handbook © Copyright by Global Journals | Guidelines Handbook XI ## Note : ? ? ? In addition to above, if one is single author, then entitled to 40% discount on publishing research paper and can get 10%discount if one is co-author or main author among group of authors. ? The Fellow can organize symposium/seminar/conference on behalf of Global Journals Incorporation (USA) and he/she can also attend the same organized by other institutes on behalf of Global Journals. ? The Fellow can become member of Editorial Board Member after completing 3yrs. ? The Fellow can earn 60% of sales proceeds from the sale of reference/review books/literature/publishing of research paper. ? Fellow can also join as paid peer reviewer and earn 15% remuneration of author charges and can also get an opportunity to join as member of the Editorial Board of Global Journals Incorporation (USA) ? ? This individual has learned the basic methods of applying those concepts and techniques to common challenging situations. This individual has further demonstrated an in-depth understanding of the application of suitable techniques to a particular area of research practice. ? In future, if the board feels the necessity to change any board member, the same can be done with the consent of the chairperson along with anyone board member without our approval. ? In case, the chairperson needs to be replaced then consent of 2/3rd board members are required and they are also required to jointly pass the resolution copy of which should be sent to us. In such case, it will be compulsory to obtain our approval before replacement. ? In case of "Difference of Opinion [if any]" among the Board members, our decision will be final and binding to everyone. ## Declaration of Conflicts of Interest It is required for authors to declare all financial, institutional, and personal relationships with other individuals and organizations that could influence (bias) their research. ## Policy on Plagiarism Plagiarism is not acceptable in Global Journals submissions at all. Plagiarized content will not be considered for publication. We reserve the right to inform authors' institutions about plagiarism detected either before or after publication. If plagiarism is identified, we will follow COPE guidelines: Authors are solely responsible for all the plagiarism that is found. The author must not fabricate, falsify or plagiarize existing research data. The following, if copied, will be considered plagiarism: ## Structure and Format of Manuscript The recommended size of an original research paper is under 15,000 words and review papers under 7,000 words. Research articles should be less than 10,000 words. Research papers are usually longer than review papers. Review papers are reports of significant research (typically less than 7,000 words, including tables, figures, and references) A research paper must include: a) A title which should be relevant to the theme of the paper. b) A summary, known as an abstract (less than 150 words), containing the major results and conclusions. c) Up to 10 keywords that precisely identify the paper's subject, purpose, and focus. d) An introduction, giving fundamental background objectives. e) Resources and techniques with sufficient complete experimental details (wherever possible by reference) to permit repetition, sources of information must be given, and numerical methods must be specified by reference. f) Results which should be presented concisely by well-designed tables and figures. g) Suitable statistical data should also be given. h) All data must have been gathered with attention to numerical detail in the planning stage. Design has been recognized to be essential to experiments for a considerable time, and the editor has decided that any paper that appears not to have adequate numerical treatments of the data will be returned unrefereed. i) Discussion should cover implications and consequences and not just recapitulate the results; conclusions should also be summarized. j) There should be brief acknowledgments. k) There ought to be references in the conventional format. Global Journals recommends APA format. Authors should carefully consider the preparation of papers to ensure that they communicate effectively. Papers are much more likely to be accepted if they are carefully designed and laid out, contain few or no errors, are summarizing, and follow instructions. They will also be published with much fewer delays than those that require much technical and editorial correction. The Editorial Board reserves the right to make literary corrections and suggestions to improve brevity. ## X Format Structure It is necessary that authors take care in submitting a manuscript that is written in simple language and adheres to published guidelines. ## All manuscripts submitted to Global Journals should include: ## Title The title page must carry an informative title that reflects the content, a running title (less than 45 characters together with spaces), names of the authors and co-authors, and the place(s) where the work was carried out. ## Author details The full postal address of any related author(s) must be specified. ## Abstract The abstract is the foundation of the research paper. It should be clear and concise and must contain the objective of the paper and inferences drawn. It is advised to not include big mathematical equations or complicated jargon. Many researchers searching for information online will use search engines such as Google, Yahoo or others. By optimizing your paper for search engines, you will amplify the chance of someone finding it. In turn, this will make it more likely to be viewed and cited in further works. Global Journals has compiled these guidelines to facilitate you to maximize the webfriendliness of the most public part of your paper. ## Keywords A major lynchpin of research work for the writing of research papers is the keyword search, which one will employ to find both library and internet resources. Up to eleven keywords or very brief phrases have to be given to help data retrieval, mining, and indexing. One must be persistent and creative in using keywords. An effective keyword search requires a strategy: planning of a list of possible keywords and phrases to try. Choice of the main keywords is the first tool of writing a research paper. Research paper writing is an art. Keyword search should be as strategic as possible. One should start brainstorming lists of potential keywords before even beginning searching. Think about the most important concepts related to research work. Ask, "What words would a source have to include to be truly valuable in a research paper?" Then consider synonyms for the important words. It may take the discovery of only one important paper to steer in the right keyword direction because, in most databases, the keywords under which a research paper is abstracted are listed with the paper. ## Numerical Methods Numerical methods used should be transparent and, where appropriate, supported by references. ## Abbreviations Authors must list all the abbreviations used in the paper at the end of the paper or in a separate table before using them. ## Formulas and equations Authors are advised to submit any mathematical equation using either MathJax, KaTeX, or LaTeX, or in a very high-quality image. ## Tables, Figures, and Figure Legends Tables: Tables should be cautiously designed, uncrowned, and include only essential data. Each must have an Arabic number, e.g., Table 4, a self-explanatory caption, and be on a separate sheet. Authors must submit tables in an editable format and not as images. References to these tables (if any) must be mentioned accurately. ## Discussion: The discussion is expected to be the trickiest segment to write. A lot of papers submitted to the journal are discarded based on problems with the discussion. There is no rule for how long an argument should be. Position your understanding of the outcome visibly to lead the reviewer through your conclusions, and then finish the paper with a summing up of the implications of the study. The purpose here is to offer an understanding of your results and support all of your conclusions, using facts from your research and generally accepted information, if suitable. The implication of results should be fully described. Infer your data in the conversation in suitable depth. This means that when you clarify an observable fact, you must explain mechanisms that may account for the observation. If your results vary from your prospect, make clear why that may have happened. If your results agree, then explain the theory that the proof supported. It is never suitable to just state that the data approved the prospect, and let it drop at that. Make a decision as to whether each premise is supported or discarded or if you cannot make a conclusion with assurance. Do not just dismiss a study or part of a study as "uncertain." * Authors must go through the complete author guideline and understand and agree to Global Journals' ethics and code of conduct, along with author responsibilities * Authors must accept the privacy policy, terms, and conditions of Global Journals * Ensure corresponding author's email address and postal address are accurate and reachable * Manuscript to be submitted must include keywords, an abstract, a paper title, co-author(s') names and details (email address, name, phone number, and institution), figures and illustrations in vector format including appropriate captions, tables including titles and footnotes, a conclusion, results, acknowledgments and references * Authors should submit paper in a ZIP archive if any supplementary files are required along with the paper * Manuscript submitted must not have been submitted or published elsewhere and all authors must be aware of the submission