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             \author[1]{Nare  Hilary}

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\date{\small \em Received: 11 December 2017 Accepted: 1 January 2018 Published: 15 January 2018}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Innumerable intricate perilous conundrums have swamped various states across the world threatening international peace and security in the 21st Century. These threats to international peace and security range from arms proliferation, both small and Weapons of Mass Destruction to terrorism striving in North Africa and the Middle East and intrastate group fights inter alia cyber threats among others. These problems are and have been a menace to peaceful existence of states and the securitisation of individuals in the entire international milieu. Most authors have written extensively from various windows on these problems which have been facing humanity; and states have joined hands in countless multilateral efforts to combat some of these problems. Conversely, the issue of Unidentified Flying Objects has been snubbed in the international peace and security discourse, in spite of the conceivable threats that these objects pose or may pose to humanity. The subject of Unidentified Flying Objects has been contentious, principally the existence of these unearth like objects despite evidence from various countries that reveal incidences of the manifestation of these unidentifiable humanoids. In this way, this research seeks to add to the distant voices that have warned states of another threat that could be more extreme than most of the sociopolitico, economic and even environmental challenges that have engulfed nation-stations since the times of yore. The central argument in the paper is that the continued presence of unidentified flying objects whether as projects of the major powers in the world or as aliens from other planets presents a problem which states should be prepared to decisively deal with in times of need. For years unidentified flying objects have been seen around the world but their intention, source and what really they are has not been determined and this is a foundation for concern apropos global peace and security. The paper also focuses on providing po

\end{abstract}


\keywords{unidentified flying objects (UFO), extra terrestrial, global peace and security}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
he existence of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) has largely remained contentious and one of the most controversial topics in modern day world. A UFO is "?a suspected alien spacecraft, although its definition encompasses any unexplained aerial phenomenon."  {\ref 1} The existence and encounters of UFO reports have grown tremendously and have remained cabbalistic with spacecraft foreign to human technology being identified across the globe. Innumerable reports have been made across the globe in countries such as the United States of America, Russia, China and Zimbabwe just to mention but a few in which these have been seen flying around. The UFO incident has been reported the world over. "The phenomenon of, an unidentified flying object (UFO) is the stimulus for a report made by one or more individuals of something seen in the sky (or an object thought to be capable of flight but seen when landed on the earth) which the observer could not identify as having an ordinary natural originally, which seem to him puzzling that he undertook to make a report to the police, government officials or perhaps private organizations that are devoted to the study of such object".  {\ref 2} Even though, the existence of UFO is based on an individual interpretation that can be subject to bias and misinterpretation, its inference is normally based on flying objects, "?unnatural, often sudden motions the lack of sound, change in brightness or color, strange shape."\par
This definition of UFO bequeaths the discretion to the person observing the object to discern whether the object is a UFO or not which can lead to erroneous interpretations or wrong identification of flying things into UFOs (things not of this world) which might not be real. Despite the above criticism, there seem to be common features that attributable to the UFOs under which encounters can be classified as UFOs. Such benchmarks have become standardized and regarded as unearthly and therefore of another world, as characteristics of the technology exhibited is way ahead of human technology. 
\section[{( H )}]{( H )}\par
Global Journal of Human Social Science -Year 2018\par
Unidentified Flying Objects: Implications on Global Peace and Security that, "On several occasions, the instruments gave reading of material objects moving at incredible speed?about 230 knots of 400 kph speed, so challenging even on the surface, it was like the object defied the laws of physics." 1 The issue of speed is an incredible aspect of UFOs as some report that they vanish and appear at another point in an unbelievably short moment while others describe the acceleration as tremendous beyond human technology. For instance in Zimbabwe,"?the Arial primary school incident where about 62 school children claimed to have seen UFOs and humanoids; described them as, ?round, silver, and saucer-shaped with lit portals around the perimeter, the objects seemed to move extra ordinarily fast disappearing in the blink of an eye and re-appearing in other place in the sky a moment later" 2 . Although criticism has been labeled against the way the kids were interviewed, and data was gathered about the Ariel encounter, scholars such as Walia (2015) still holds that from the way the kids stated it there is no doubt that these kids were not lying. Moreso, Randall Nickerson an American filmmaker (movie maker) visited Southern Africa to follow up on the issue and tracking the school children that encountered the UFOs although they are now adults and scattered around the world, they still make the same statements which remove suspicion of manipulation of information that happened back in 1994.  {\ref 3} Besides reports of UFO from individuals; human technology such as radars have also detected movements of objects moving like planes but which have proven not to be planes due to their intrinsic nature described above. Visual and radar observations involve observations made at two or more channels "of the electromagnetic spectrum and the radar observation provides measurements of possible height?" Hence, the descriptions made by Ariel primary school children matches the description of UFO encounters elsewhere, which implies that they are certain characteristics that are typical of UFO, which can help determine what can be classified as a UFO encounter.  {\ref 4} .Though not a lot has been recorded on visual radars, evidence from these, have also complemented human reports to prove that humans do not existing alone as they maybe guests on the earth. The guests, whether from another planet or faux (man-made) are technologically advanced more than humans yet their intentions are not clear. The existence of UFOs, therefore whether as a project of the technologically countries or individuals or as aliens from other planets is really a case for concern in the state and human securitization discourse. With this, this research does not seek to question the existence of such things but seeks to make an analysis of global peace and security in relation to the existence of whatever these unidentified flying objects are. Important questions to consider at this juncture are as follows, are these UFOs weapons or asserts of great powers? Or are they truly extra-terrestrial objects? Whatever, these things are, UFOs are a cause of concern for future global peace and security. The paper also seeks to awaken the world leaders to put in place proper and commensurate measures in times of need. This is critical considering that despite reports of possible existence of such sophisticated technology under the control of these humanoids, reports and documentation has been released but no real action has been done to put in place a common defense policy globally that will be critical in case of a pre-emptive attack from the UFOS on planet earth. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Theorising UFOS in International Relations}]{Theorising UFOS in International Relations}\par
The realist school of thought can go a long way in trying to and paint a holistic picture of what this article seeks to excavate, although the situation understudy involves a third party. "Conflicts between states are considered to be inevitable in an anarchic international system due to scarcity of economic resources (Carr) or as a result of 'evil' human nature" (Morgenthau)  {\ref 5} . Hence, a dispute is inevitable and, states are inclined to make wars against each other as a last resort as each seeks to realise its interests. The issue of UFO does not fall directly under the existence of states, but their presence on planet earth is a cause of concern. It entails that they also have their interests underlying their presence and when expectations versus reality do not augur well, there is likely to be a bone of contentions between the UFOs and the states. For example, the Russian Navy UFO records that,"?aliens love oceans" 6 . This places UFO on an equal footing with states in international relations since they also have interests on earth's natural resources. There is, thus, bound to be a clash between humans and these guests on earth because interests may clash for instance over oceanic Unidentified Flying Objects: Implications on Global Peace and Security waters. A classic case is an incident in Russia where the Lake Baikal is the deepest "fresh water" body in the world and '?in 1982 a group of military divers trained at Baikal, spotted a group of humanoid creatures dressed in silver suits. The encounter happened at the depth of 50 meters and the divers tried to catch the strangers, three of the seven men died while four others were severely injured." 1 After Mikhail Gorbachev lost power in 1991, many of Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (KGB) files made their way to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), including an alleged 250-page dossier on the bizarre UFO attack, which included pictures and witnesses testimonies Such an incident reveals the perilous nature of these guests to human life and this can stand as a standard illustration of the foundation of a dispute although the magnitude on this particular encounter was on a small scale.\par
It should be noted with the ultimate of all trepidations that, in all reported cases where human came to a confrontation with the UFOs, humans defeat was immense; humans have failed to match humanoids militarily and technologically. Humans with their sophisticated weapons have unmatched the prowess and advancement of unearthly guests and this makes the world vulnerable and weak if a real confrontation is to occur in the aforementioned. Consequently, whatever these things are and from whatever perspective they may be viewed from, they are a great threat to world peace and security. Encounters from such objects are likely to come from nowhere as they seem to have been generously offered a leeway by loath nation states to do as they reckon indispensable as they can appear and vanish at any place and at any time with no clear or know intent.\par
2 . "The report suggested that a low flying saucer had appeared over a military unit in training in Siberia, before one of the soldiers fired a surface to air missile, bringing it down. It said: "Five short humanoids with large heads and large black eyes got out." 3 "Two soldiers are said to have survived, who described how, after emerging from the debris, the five beings merged into a brilliant white spherical ball of light that buzzed and hissed. It then exploded, and as it did 23 soldiers who stood watching were turned into stone," the report claimed. The report concluded that only, two soldiers escaped as they were at a distance and in the shade. This is a pure example of a military confrontation again the humanoids proving to be invincible, way beyond the reach of humans. Another important pillar of the neo-realist theory is the distribution of economic and military capabilities, understood as a systemic factor, is the most important explanatory variable 4 .Therefore, military capability is an important factor that can ascertain the survival of a state, of which in the case before hand human military capabilities were way far less effective compared to the alien technology. These guests to the earth have demonstrated their prowess and their destructive nature, a feature that can endanger security in its twofold windows, i.e. traditional security which meant protection of sovereignty and territorial integrity of states from external military threats 5 and human security, a people-centered concept that aims at elevating the individual in the state by focusing on possible threats to humanity  {\ref 6} Events that have unfolded within the UFOs circles divulge that, "The initial opinion of those involved in the project (in the USA that is) was that UFO were likely sophisticated Soviet aircrafts?" . Consequently, the balance of power is a critical element in International Relations to avoid the possibility of an escalation of a war. This held water when one considers a military standoff that occurred during the cold war between the US and the USSR. Both states knew the military capabilities of its adversary and the impact of a nuclear war, that is, the concept of" mutually assured destruction" and by possession of such military capabilities on both sides, it acted as the major reason for deterrence that occurred until the conflict was peacefully resolved. Similar conclusions can be drawn on the ongoing tension between North Korea and the US. However, though the aliens fall outside the context of states the facts remain the same; the UFOs are foreign and like in international relations the true intent of other states are not known hence it is the obligation of each state to guarantee its own survival. Thus, in the same vein the actual intentions of UFOs remain unknown, and for that reason, the world has to brace up for the unexpected, as a mechanism for anticipatory defense. World News (2009) explains that "Ocean UFOS often shows up where our NATO's fleet concentrate ?" NATO is the most powerful military brand on earth as it comprises powerful European states and most importantly the sole super power of the moment, the US. According to this report cited above; why the UFOs would be stalking the most powerful military collaboration? That in itself raises questions and suspicion.  {\ref 7} Thus initially, skepticism existed as nations thought that UFO's were agents of other states. In Soviet Union sights of UFOs were often prompted by tests of secret military rockets and in China, the same has been prompted by military  activities that are unknown to the public 1 . Thus, whether UFO's are truly alien or not, the fact remains these things exist as their presence have been recorded both with the allies of US like the UK and none American allies such as Russia and China and even distant powers such as Zimbabwe. However, the issue of UFOs suffers greatly from lack evidence and the issue remains a controversial one, as very little is known and above all nothing can be empirically verified. In this way even "radar sightings while in certain respects can be more reliable, fail to discriminate between artificial objects and meteor trails, ionized gas, rain or thermal discontinuities in the atmosphere" 2 Moreso, pertaining to reports attributed to the Russian Navy stated earlier in this paper, officials of Russia have denied the reports of the UFOs related encounters. "A source in the Navy services staff said the story have its roots in reports of vessels commanders describe locating objects of unclear but earthly origin,"\par
. Hence, the actual existence of the UFOs and Aliens remains contentious and debatable. 
\section[{3}]{3} 
\section[{III. The Conceivable Threat of UFOs to}]{III. The Conceivable Threat of UFOs to}\par
Global Peace and Security\par
Austin (2017), the scholar who excavated the issue where above 23 Russian soldiers who were turned to stone concludes his paper in a skeptical manner. The paper ends with a statement that reads, "According to UFO website and YouTube channel Lions ground, "you have to be careful about what the CIA publishes online, as it could be misinformation."That statement expresses doubts on the issue which involved the Russian troops being turned into stone. Although some facts exist on the topic, most of the things remain a myth and fallible. However, this paper posits that despite the debate on the real existence of humanoids, world peace and security remains at stake as it is threatened by the existence of UFOs.\par
The existence of UFOs as has been mentioned in the preceding analysis can be explained in a twofold manner, i.e. in the context of these being alien to the earth or as projects by the major powers or powerful non-state actors in the international milieu, especially the technologically advanced countries. The fundamental line is that there are certain indescribable, viewable and noticeable objects that have been seen around the earth for decades. Though various studies and a few institutions around the world have made an inquiry of what these objects are, no successful report has been made on the source and the whereabouts of these UFOs. It should, be mentioned that there are more than 100,000 recorded UFO sightings in the past 100-plus In this regard, it would be erroneous to flout that the world has been a 'Hobbesian Nightmare' for centuries with the issue of survival being a central agenda for each and every government in the international realm. States have initiated immediate term, short term and long term strategies in their bid to survive. Simultaneously, as states build their self-help strategies in a world that is dominated by various groups based on ethnical, religious, tribal, racial or any other identity that one may think of, the plans of the states have utterly deleteriously affected and impacted on certain groups within states. Non-states actors have thus mushroomed and they by all means have and each case raised uncertainties to those that have come into contact with these UFOs. Reports that have been made by those that come into contact with UFOs orbits on their distinctiveness in lacking earthly normalcy which makes them peculiar to human life. If these UFOs are capable of doing the extra-ordinary, the ineffable and unanticipated, then they should be perceived as a threat to human life and the ecosphere in its totality.\par
The UFO Research of South Africa contains countless different reports of people that have come across what they did not understand and objects that they still cannot really label. Consequently, the world is under a jeopardy of living in the same realm with objects that appear and disappear within a flash light especially when they are in close contact with human beings and they have been spotted anywhere through the world. They defy logic and any known space laws which is a foundation for concern because they are capable of doing anything. These are superhuman from the reports that have presented throughout the more than 100 000 incidents that have been recorded in the history of UFOs. However, the lack of concern about these UFOs from a state level raises a lot of questions as world states and the human race continue to live in a world with certain objects advanced than them without any growing anxiety. This henceforth, brings to the attention the fundamental question on whether these UFOs are from another planet or are merely missions of super powers. The reluctance of the world to multilaterally raise concerns over UFOs lies in the fact that the major or super powers have not seen the issue of UFOs as one that can perchanceimperilthe human being, human life and the their surroundings . The question that should be asked revolves around the intention of these UFOs because every incident that has been recorded involving UFOs, the human being has been left stunned due to the extra-ordinary tenets and tendencies of UFOs. attempted to fight the state by any means especially where their interests and beliefs have been affected. UFOs, from such a window maybe perceived as developments of states or even non-state actors with the purpose to overtake identified human advances.\par
It is a fact that for the reason that some of the super powers in the world to an extent are cognisant of the military capabilities of each other, UFOs are probably the next great thing that these countries are developing or have been developing to stand as a last resort/option in case they are matched by rivalry countries or enemies. UFOs and Aliens maybe are viewed as projects of the great or super powers which are bolstering their military capabilities. Such an interesting but controversial analysis can be buttressed by the fact that Marilyn Monroe's death remains shrouded in mystery as there is conspiracy theory that after threatening to reveal top-secret information about It claimed that Marilyn made the threats after having affairs with both President JFK and Bobby Kennedy, and was seeking revenge as they both simultaneously ended things with her 1 
\section[{IV. Recommendations and Conclusions}]{IV. Recommendations and Conclusions}\par
. Such theories raise concerns on the world of UFOs as the technologically advanced states like the US are in a position to develop these objects for the sake of their security. The world is probably at a time where UFOs are being used by the super power or great powers or even non-state actors to spy on their potential enemies. The fact that states can pursue any means using their mighty to achieve anything in an anarchic political environment questions the whole issue surrounding UFOs being foreign to the earth. Ultimately, these are foreign to the bulk of human beings on the planet and to less powerful states in the world. The effect of such a supposition is that UFOs can be used to advance the interests of the super powers under the vindication that they are from another planet. The world is under threat from UFOs and no courtesy has been paid to them because they have not occasioned an incident which has led to the destruction of security in the traditional sense or under the new human security label. However, the fact that most of the world people are not aware of what these objects are and states have been at ease to dig deep and give concrete reports on UFOs puts the world at a risk of attack at any time as these UFOs have proved to be irrepressible and superlative for around 10 decades. This makes them a menace to global peace and security in the 21 st century.\par
The subject of UFOs has remained controversial and has been treated in the parochial natural science view overlooking the conceivable effects of such projects to the peace and securitisation of states and their inhabitants in the international system.\par
1 Griffiths, J. ibid. 2017.\par
From the above analysis, it is beyond reasonable doubt that the UFOs are more powerful beyond measure and that human cannot match their power so far, basing on few encounters in which handful military personnel have come to logger heads with the UFOs. As depicted above, humans have militarily engaged the humanoids but being vanquished out right with no prospects of turning the fortunes into their favour. Henceforth, this research would conclude that extra terrestrial beings have superior technology and power, such that they pose a serious threat to global peace and security as indicators show if things go otherwise the humanoids cannot be stopped for now. The speed at which their crafts move is unprecedented and unheard of, human aircrafts cannot match the speed, twist and turns of UFOs. This is a cause of concern since modern warfare is largely based not only on numbers, but more on technological and economic power. Hence, if humans cannot match the technology of humanoids the fall out and destruction will be overwhelming as proved by the Russian encounter of troops that were turned into stone with just one shot which came as a "ball of light".\par
This research seeks to advocate an aggregated effort from all states ranging from the most powerful to the weakest in terms of economic and military might to bring together a group of scientists which can try to create new weapons which can repeal alien fire power and increase humans' offensive capabilities (a common defense collaboration against aliens). That is if UFOs are truly Aliens and have advanced technology as purported by various reports.\par
Moreso, developed countries have satellites in space which they use to track malicious activities and for other technologically advanced purposes, this research would want to recommend that, such great technology be used as the first step to defense collaboration of the global peace and security by identifying precisely where the humanoids come? Which planet exactly do they come from? That in its self can be used as a fundamental step to dealing with the possible threat faced by states in this scenario. Studying the planet that they are from could go a long way in establishing their real motives; why they constantly visit the earth, that is, what is their major agenda and then evaluate the chances of them ever taking the offensive basing on their purpose of visit. Failure to effectively identify where these purported extra terrestrial beings come from, as in which planet of the known existing planets; would heavily influence the belief and idea that UFO are tools of the most powerful states.\par
Also, with the description given so far about the UFO are the unique features of their aircrafts which are super quick, "do not make any sound and that do not have wings."Hence it is common logic that the raw materials used by the extra terrestrial humanoid are unique and could justify the effectiveness of their spaceships or craft and therefore, humans can advance Unidentified Flying Objects: Implications on Global Peace and Security in technological innovation if they could identify the planet which in turn would be ground breaking in the sense that humans can take these resources for their own advancement and to increase their defense capabilities. Discovering the Planet of humanoids also can bring about hard and tangible proof of their existence thus de-mystify or validate the current rumors which lack real proof. Hence, discovering their planet will go a long way not only in trying to get similar raw materials to make better equipment but also to understand them in their context and social existence. Only then can world defense mechanism be put in place proportionate to the threat posed by the UFOS.\par
The coming together of states at an international level to conduct a research on UFOs also be in ending theories these as been mentioned in the foregoing can be projects of other states. The fact that states will collaborate to discover UFOs and rename them can be vital in preventing the unforeseen which maybe perilous to the traditional and human security of states and inhabitants of the world respectively. The rationale behind such a move would be to eliminate the ever-growing conspiracy theories, establish mechanisms to know these UFOs and ultimately deal with them.\par
V. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
The issue of UFOs has largely remained contentious as it lacks concrete and empirical evidence to effectively substantiate on it. The lack of evidence has largely stimulated an important debate not on the existence of UFOs but on their origins which has left some scholars thinking the UFOs are agents of the most powerful nations while others believe they are extra terrestrial humanoids. The issue of UFO whether these are extra terrestrial or not, has brought a security dilemma and unprecedented uncertainty looming in terms of global peace and security. The possible threats posed by the UFOs have been a cause of concern, and reluctance exhibited by states over the issue has awakened and motivated the foregoing analysis to analyse and warn states of the possible threats posed by UFOs to security both in its traditional sense and human security as excavated above. In a nutshell, this paper concludes that the continued presence of unidentified flying objects whether as projects of the major powers in the world or as aliens from other planets presents a problem which states should be prepared to decisively deal with in times of need. \begin{figure}[htbp]
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  {\small\itshape [Note: 7  The History of UFOs, ibid. (2018).]} 
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 			\footnote{Such a definition points to the fact that the presence of UFOs are a phenomenon that presents the earth with objects that are unknown in terms of their source, what really they are and the reason why they are on the earth. The unearthly characteristic of UFOs is a basis for apprehension as retired Russian submarine commander Rear Admiral Yury Beketov, in pointed 2009} 			\footnote{World News. Ibid. (2010). 2 According to Austin (2017). 3 Austin, J. (2017) Russian Soldiers Zapped by Aliens after Shooting Down UFO, Declassified CIA Report Claims.[Available online]. https://www.express.co.uk ? News ? Weird. Accessed 15/01/2018. 4 Beiler, A. ibid. 2017. 5} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}

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