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\title{ImpactofUrban Expansion on Surrounding PeasantLandthe CaseofBoloso SoreWoredaArekaTownSnnprEthiopia Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of}
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             \author[1]{Mefekir Woldegebriel  Tessema}

             \affil[1]{  WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSTY}

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\date{\small \em Received: 14 December 2016 Accepted: 31 December 2016 Published: 15 January 2017}

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\begin{abstract}
        


The main objective of the study was to assess the impact of urban expansion on surrounding peasant land in Areka town. The data were obtained from 68 randomly selected respondents by using questionnaires and interview from municipality office workers other illiterate indigenous peoples of the town as well as from secondary sources were also included. To analysis the collected data were edited, tabulated, percentage and finally descriptive method was employed. The result revealed that there are many factors causing urban expansion to surrounding peasant land: those are establishment of market, infrastructure, rural to urban migration and positive consequences of urban expansion. Such as advance in communication, eclectic power, health and education facilities and also negative consequences of urban expansion such as loss of agricultural land, expansions of crimes, urban pollution and housing problems and lastly the pattern of urban expansion are the major ones. To regulate the impacts of urban expansion that found in the town the participation of government and dwellers of the town are very necessary .

\end{abstract}


\keywords{agriculture land, urban expansion, peasant, urbanization}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
a) Background of the Study n historical terms, urbanization on any scale is essentially a recent. A feature of the last 100 and years. Urbanization has been estimated that before the beginning of the 19 th C only 3\% of the world's population lived in town of over 5000 people. By the present this has risen to near 4\%. Expressed in a different way the world, population increased ¾ between 1800 and 1960. The world urban population increased thirty-four. Between 1950 and 1970 the world population rose from 28\% to 38\%  {\ref (Devis,1972)}.\par
The UN defines urbanization as the course of shift in population from a rural to urban civilization. Numerically expressed urbanization denotes the increases in the share of the population that resides in urban areas predominantly because of net rural to urban migration  {\ref (Devis, 1972)}.\par
In most conscious features of today's accelerated world population growth its even greater rapidity of urbanization. In many periods of history population cities have grown, but the change and dimensions of recent years have never been balanced. It follows that urbanization is the dominant process in the special organization of the world populations  {\ref (UNFPA, 2007)}.\par
The association of industrialization with urbanization in the West conceals that the fact urban growth is the most consumption in developing countries indeed the areas of massive contemporary in the gradual South ward movement of the means latitude of the largest cities  {\ref (UN, 1987)}.\par
Many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have recently experienced urban expansion. According to 2004 UN report on world urbanization prospects in 1950, there were only 20 million people or 10-15\% of the total population, living in urban areas in the Sub-Saharan Africa, Urban population also expected to be approximately 150 million in 1990. Its growth rate was 5\% in the world per annum according to Woailta zone development office. Areka town is one of the Woreda city and its consists towns. the towns, in this towns are Gara Godo, Dola, Hembecho, Woybo and Achura are the preeminent in their urbanization process and critical to land use change that is loss of agricultural and socioeconomic problems of the displace people  {\ref (Toddaro, 2002)}. 
\section[{b) Statement of the Problem}]{b) Statement of the Problem}\par
Housing shortage and poor housing conditions, the result of massive urbanization are life threatening, sub standard housing, unsafe water and poor sanitation in densely populated cities are responsible for 10 million deaths worldwide every years and area major factor in preventable environmental hazards, which are responsible for 25\% of all premature deaths worldwide (UN - \hyperref[b22]{Habitat, 2003)}.\par
Urban expansion have significant impact on biodiversity hot spots around in the worlds moreover, urban expansion will encroach on or destroy habitat for 139 amphibians 41 mammalians and 25 birds species that are easier on the critically endangered lists of the international union for conservation of natural environment (WWW.Environmetn,YaleEdv). The phenolmena of urban heat is land has become a growing concern. Incidence heat island is formed when industrial Impact of Urban Expansion on Surrounding Peasant Land the Case of Boloso Sore Woreda, Areka Town, SNNPR, Ethiopia and urban areas are developing resulting in greater production and retention of rural area (Partk -H -S, 1987). A large proportion of solar energy that affects, rural area is consumed evaporating water from vegetation and soil. In cities, where there is less vegetation and exposed soil, the majority of the sun's energy is absorbed by urban structures and aspects. Hence, during warm day light hours, less evaporative cooling in cities results in higher surface temperature than in rural areas (Grant -Ursula, 2008).\par
Urban expansion is the main problems in most developing countries. Our country Ethiopia also one of the country's facing the problem of urban expansion. It has been expansion or experiencing rapidly agricultural land use transformation in to urban land use due to expensive urban expansion. This town increases in size from time to time by four sides. That means North, South, West and East side. The urban expansion affects peasant land due to this expansion of town many farmers displaced from their land and loss of their farming land. 
\section[{c) Objective of the Study i. General Objectives}]{c) Objective of the Study i. General Objectives}\par
The general objectives of this study are to assess the major impacts of urban expansion on rural areas of surrounding peasants land in Areka town. The first and foremost reason of urban expansion is increase in urban population. Rapid growth of town population growth factors are natural increase in population and migration to urban area searching job opportunities better life and others. Both internal and external migrations contribute to urban expansion, in addition to: - This study was conducted in Boloso Sore Woreda, Areka town particularly in Areka town, the town has been expanding horizontally to all direction and the Kebeles that are found on the surrounding of the towns are subject to this study. This study also focuses on the impacts causes, consequences and patterns of urban expansion in the study area. 
\section[{f) Limitation of the Study}]{f) Limitation of the Study}\par
The main limitation of the study was the reactance of the interviewers to give reliable information and Woreda has poor documentation system farther more some officials and authorities are not willing to give the required information. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Review of Related Literatures a) Concept of Urbanization}]{Review of Related Literatures a) Concept of Urbanization}\par
The concept of urbanization is defined in a processes by which rural and areas are transformed in to town areas and which included the growth of city population and natural increases of population \hyperref[b24]{(Wough, 1990)}.\par
Urbanization is defined as an increasing share of a nations of population living in urban areas and those a declining share living in rural areas. Most urbanization is the result of net rural to urban migration. A nations city population can grow from natural increase (Births Minces) deaths, net rural to urban migration and reclassification /as what was previously a rural settlement becomes classified as urban or an urban settlement boundaries are explained or expansion bringing in to its population or people who will peevishly classified as rural. Perhaps the most significant features of world urbanization are recently of its dominance. It has been estimated that before the start of the 19 th C only 3\% of the world's population lived in towns of over 500.\par
At the present time the figure is probably about 40\%. Urban center have existed and have been evolving for many centuries across the world. However, the accelerated growth of urbanization is relatively a recent phenomena \hyperref[b11]{(Hall, 1973)}.\par
The enormous size of urban populations and more significantly, the city rapidity with which the urban areas have been and are grown in many developing countries. Urban population sub-Saharan Africa (SSSA) was projected to be approximately 150 million in 1909. They are growing rapidly. It will be expected to be about 260 million by 2000 \hyperref[b16]{(Potts, 2009)}.\par
The history of urbanization in Ethiopia goes to back the Axumite civilization. during this time there were a number of town, commerce had flourished countries. Later, this urban culture began to shift Lalibela and Gondar, However, the development was also facing the some rate of urbanization of expand (UN, 1969). 
\section[{b) Pattern and Trend of Urban Growth in Ethiopia}]{b) Pattern and Trend of Urban Growth in Ethiopia}\par
Ethiopia, being the third popular country in Africa is one of the least urbanized. Its urban population constitutes 15\% like most developing countries. Ethiopia, urban population is concentrated in one primate city of Addis Ababa representing 28.4\% of the total urban population  {\ref (Fessusu and Detachew, 2002)}.\par
At national level, the level and trends of urbanization indicates significant regional variation. For example Addis Ababa (28.4\%) Amhara 17.32\%) Oromia 17\% SNNPR 15.2\%, Tigray 15.2\% and Gambela 9.62\% respectively. Addis Ababa at 100\% of urbanization is most urbanized and urban population in a country and Gambela has the lowest urban population the average mean of 9.6\% (CSA, 2008).\par
Ethiopia is currently of the least urbanized countries in the world even Africa. Fewer than one person in five is city or town dweller. However, the rate of at which the countries urban areas the growing are among the highest in Africa. Many social, economic and environment problems have accomplined urbanization in Ethiopia and have been ignored for too long \hyperref[b8]{(Girma, 2004)}.\par
The people residing in urban areas also increasing from 4-3 million in 1987 to 7-4 million in 1994, which is estimated to have already reached 10-6 million in the year 2003 and projected to reach 20 million by the year 2020 (NUPI, 2003). 
\section[{c) Causes of Urban Expansion}]{c) Causes of Urban Expansion}\par
In line with broad historical trends elsewhere, rural to urban migration in developing countries constitutes the single most important cause of the rapid growth of the urban population migration from rural as population and in exceptional causes, as much as 75\% in sub-Saharan Africa  {\ref (Todaro, 2000)}.\par
Although rural to urban migration due to poverty in rural areas results from low agricultural productivity and due to rural areas are relatively, under served in terms of physical financial and economic infrastructure  {\ref (Todaro, 2000)}. Urbanization occurs as individually, commercial, social and governmental efforts reduce time and expense in commuting and transportation and improve opportunities for jobs, education, housing and transportation. Cities are known to be place where money, services, wealth and opportunities are centralized. Many rural inhabitants come to the city for the reasons for seeking for turns of social mobility, Businesses, which provides jobs and exchange of capital, are more concentrated in urban areas  {\ref (Todaro, 2000)}.\par
Although the process of urbanization happens in both developed countries and least developed countries the fastest growing cities in the world are in least developed countries. The reasons for the growth of urban areas include lack of and poor employment opportunities in the country side over population and poor crop yields are all push factors -why people leave the country side. Better paid jobs in the cities an expected higher standard of living and more reliable food are an others factors why people are attracted to the city.\par
A nations urban population grow from natural increase birth minus deaths, net rural to urban migration and reclassification (as what was previously a rural settlement becomes classified as urban areas a urban settlements boundaries are expanded (BBC, 2014). 
\section[{d) Negative Impact of urbanization i. The Environmental Impact of Urban Expansion}]{d) Negative Impact of urbanization i. The Environmental Impact of Urban Expansion}\par
The phenomena of urban heat islands have become a growing concern. Incidence of this phenomena as well as concern about it has increased over the years. Urban heat is land are formed when industrial and urban areas are developed resulting in greater production and retention of heat. A large proportion of solar energy that affects rural areas is consumed evaporating water from vegetation and exposed cites, where there is less vegetation and exposed soil \hyperref[b15]{(Park, 1987)}.\par
The paved surface in urban area creates runoff during rain storms. This run off pick up oil chemicals and gravel from the pavement and grass. These chemicals would usually be filtered out of water affected, fertilizers from yards, runoff in to streams causing algae blooms-the algae blooms decrease the oxygen in the water killing the fish and the water supply for the towns (C.  {\ref Flore, 2007)}.\par
Urban expansion also results in less ground water, more paved surface means that there is less in filtration for ground water. Areas that depends on ground water as surface of public water supply are facing a water crises as the quality becomes depleted (Hardoy et al, 2001).\par
Urban expansion is not accompanied by environmental protection system. Urban waste is relay on open canals, open drains in the road side and holes in the ground as regular means of waste disposal particularly in the expansion area. This exposes the dwellers to sanitation related diseases and air pollution. In addition to farm land, environmental resources such as clean air and water peace and quietly access to the country side and recreational facilities are environmental values that rural farming community loss due to urban expansion  {\ref (Balk et al, 2001)}. 
\section[{ii. Economic Impacts of Urbanization}]{ii. Economic Impacts of Urbanization}\par
As activities develop, effects can include a dramatic increase and change in costs often pricing the local working class out of the market including such functionality as employs of the local municipalities (Grant Ursula, 2008).\par
Urban problems along with infrastructure developments are also fueling sub urbanization trends in developing nations through the trend for core cities inside nations tend to continue to become ever denser (Glaser Edulard, 1998).\par
In developing countries peoples are migrating to urban centers. From the center the poor move to periphery for urban renewal or squatting. This areas need provision of infrastructure of road, power line, water pipes and drainage line. This requires development cost that draws on the financial capacity of the municipal government. In many cases of municipality cannot afford to provide and people remain deficient to basic means of life. Because of this is most of the residents are exposed relatively to high cost of living. In some case urbanization does not involve economic growth but economic stagnation or low growth, mainly contributing to slum growth in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia this type of urbanization involves a high rate of unemployment in sufficient financial resources and in consistent urban planning policy \hyperref[b5]{(Cheru F. 2005)}. 
\section[{iii. Social Consequence of Urbanization}]{iii. Social Consequence of Urbanization}\par
The increase in the world urban population will be most dramatic in the poorest and least developed or urbanized continents. Asia and Africa one billion people, seventh of the world population or one third of urban population now live in shanty towns, which as seen as breeding grounds, for social problems such as crime, drug, addition alcoholism, poverty and unemployment. There is increasing competition for facilities in urban areas which results in several negative affects many people mainly farmers who have move to cities in search of a better life and occupational opportunities and dup a casual laborers this lead to menacing problems of urban growth slum (Rashid Farid, 2012). 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Research Methodology a) Research Design}]{Research Methodology a) Research Design}\par
The researcher choice to qualitative type of research because the researcher will go to assess initiating factors of peasant land on local farmers at the study area. Quantitative and qualitative approach are applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity and to discover the motive of human behavior. b) Sampling Techniques and Sample Size Due to time and finance time, the researcher took only one Kebele from the four Kebele of the town: there are (01/ Kalehiwit number 1 Sefari, 02/ Meseret: Kiritose Church Sefar, 03/Maged Sefar, 04 / Mikael Chruch Sefari). Which is Kebele 02 due to high occurrence of the problem. So the researcher used simple random sampling method to select and take the respondents from the total households in the Kebele. The Kebele 02 have a total household of 4820 and from 2300 were male headed households and 2020 were female headed households. From the total households 10\% were selected as sample respondents, which is 63 households. 
\section[{c) Types and Sources of Data}]{c) Types and Sources of Data}\par
In order to achieve the stated objectives both primary and secondary data was collected from primary and secondary data sources. Primary data was obtained from key information interview from municipality office workers and from other illiterate indigenous peoples of the town and questionnaires from selected respondents was employed. Secondary data was collected from various written materials, published and unpublished books, reports and from internet. 
\section[{d) Methods of Data Collection}]{d) Methods of Data Collection}\par
In this study, the researcher was made interview with the municipality workers and for other indigenous residents of the town to get reliable data and the next was questionnaires of similar type which include both open and close ended questions to the respondents was employed. 
\section[{e) Method of Data Procedure}]{e) Method of Data Procedure}\par
There was a different collection tools that were used in this study. The primary data was collected by questionnaires, which was distributed to sample respondents. In addition to the questionnaire data that was obtained by through interview with municipality workers and some indigenous people. 
\section[{f) Methods of Data Analysis}]{f) Methods of Data Analysis}\par
The qualitative data such as data from interview and other secondary sources was analyzed in the form to essay. The data that was collected from sample respondents through questionnaire was statistically processed and some descriptive parameters like percentage, frequency, pie chart and tables were used to present data. 
\section[{g) Ethical Consideration in the Field Work}]{g) Ethical Consideration in the Field Work}\par
During gathering information from different concerned bodies the researcher were show positive approach at any time for the respondents. The respondents asked question given by (answer) different things according to the need of the researcher. The respondents are giving clear information to the researcher asked question. The respondents are does not showed unethical behaviors. 
\section[{IV.}]{IV.}\par
Description of the Study Area a) Location and Size Boloso Sore Woreda is located in Wolaita Zone, SNNPR state of Ethiopia and it include 12 Woreda's and 3 city administrations. Astronomically, the Woreda is located between 7000" 00' and 7011"00' N Latitude and 370 00"00' and 37050"00' E longitude. The Woreda capital Boloso Sore is found 299 km away from the country capital Addis Abeba , 158km away from Regional capital, Hawassa and 29 km from Sodo Which is capital city of Wolaita zone. The Woreda with a total land area of 28,800 hectare is further divided in to 29 rural kebeles. It is bordered with Kambata Tembaro Zone in the North, Damot Sore Woreda in the South, Boloso Bombe Woreda in the West and Damote Gale worda east and Badawacho Woreda of Hadiya Zone in the east.\par
The study area Arek is a major town of Boloso Sore Woreda and it was established 1955 E.C changed from Boloso Sore to area at the time of empire Haile Sellasie. This town also relatively located on the South of Yukara Kebele, on the West Tadisa Kebele on the East Dubo Kebele, on the North Wurimuma Kebele.\par
The two rivers are Kullia and Ululo which flows to North direction of the town on the West and East respectively bounds the town from both sides. These towns for from 299 km to Addis Ababa and 29 km from Sodo Which is capital city of Wolaita zone (Municipality Office, 2006). 
\section[{b) Climate}]{b) Climate}\par
Agro climatically, the Woreda is classified as Woina Dega which covers 83\% of total area and the remaining 17\% is Dega (BSWARD offices, 2014), where favorable climate condition for settlement. The average temperature varies between 10 to 20 . Rain is occurs during June to August and September is a transitional period between rainy and dry season and the annual rain fall of the Woreda is 1201mm to 1600mm (Wolaita Zone Metrological offices, 2014). Based on 2000 census conducted by the CSA, this Woreda has a total population 60,000 of whom 29000 are male and 31,000 are female. From the total population only 9.18\% are urban dwellers and the rest were rural dwellers. Particularly the study area have a total population of 60,000 from whom 29,000 were males and 31,000 were females according to municipality office of the town in 2007. This town has also a total households of the town, the selected Kebele to the study which is 02/Meserat Kiristos Sefari, have a total households from 2900 are female and 2000 are male households.\par
The majority of inhabitants of the town were protestant, with 60.85\% of population, reporting that beliefs 42.8\% follow Orthodox and 0.95\% practiced traditional beliefs. The largest ethnic groups reported in Woreda Wolaita (97.78\%) and all other ethnics groups made up (2.26\%) of the total population of Woreda (Municipal Office, 2006) Wolaita was the dominant first languages spoken by 99\% of the inhabitants. The remaining 0.1\% spoken other languages (Office, 2007). 
\section[{ii. Socio-Economic Condition}]{ii. Socio-Economic Condition}\par
The Boloso Sore Woreda is known by its practicing predominantly agriculture (arable farming and animal husbandry). The major agricultural production includes Maize, Teff, Coffee, Enset, Banana and others in their ecological zone.\par
The economics of the people in this Woreda also mainly on the agriculture and some peoples in the densely populated areas practices commercial activity (Agricultural and development  {\ref Office, 2006)}. Peoples in the study area also engaged in different economic activities, majority of the practices commercial activities. Some people also produce food and drinks and some peoples are shop keepers, carpenter and traders. Others are engaged on government sectors for their livelihood (Municipality Office, 2006). 
\section[{iii. Infrastructure}]{iii. Infrastructure}\par
The study area has different infrastructures, but the supply is not balanced with the demands of the town. The sources of water supply to the town are from the steam, ground and little rivers and pipe/ Tankers of water. The sources of electric power to the town from Wolatia zone Sodo and the town gets this power periodically now. The town also a total number 50 transformers. The distribution of health in the town also well and it has 1 health station, 10 clinics, 6 private pharmacy and 5 drug stores. The education services of the town were also good and its has 7 kg school, 6 elementary in government schools, 3 private elementary and 2 high school of government and 1 private high school and 2 preparatory school. 
\section[{V. Data Analysis and Interpretation Results}]{V. Data Analysis and Interpretation Results}\par
This section of paper provides the backgrounds of respondents, cause urban expansion, negative and positive consequences well as pattern of urbanization in the study areas are explained. The researcher selected 68 respondents randomly and interview for old indigenous illiterate peoples and some municipality workers to get oral information is conducted to this study. 
\section[{a) Background of the Respondents i. Age and Sex Composition of Respondents}]{a) Background of the Respondents i. Age and Sex Composition of Respondents}\par
The age of respondents below 20 years, 20-30 years old and 30-40 years, 40-50 years, 50-66 years and 66 years above years old with this regard to sex from 68 respondents 42 respondents are males and 26 respondents are female households according to respondents. According to the table 5.1 highest share of respondents are males which is 42 and the remain g 26 are females households. The maximum number of respondents from both sex are 20-30 years old which is totally 28 respondents and the minimum is >60 years in both sex, which are only 3. 
\section[{ii. Educational Level of the Respondents}]{ii. Educational Level of the Respondents}\par
According to the information that derived from questionnaire the education level of the respondents was shown in the table below. According to the table the majority of the respondents were married which is 39(57.35\%) were married, 24(35.29\%) were single 3(4.41\%) were divorce and the remaining 2 (2.94\%) were widowed. 
\section[{iv. The Occupation of the Respondents}]{iv. The Occupation of the Respondents}\par
The respondents are engaged in the different activities. From this the major ones are agriculture, on commerce or trade as government employer and in private sector. So the occupation level of the respondents are presented in the table below. The table shows that majority of the respondents engaged in agriculture which 27(39.70\%) and the next is trade which is 24(35.29\%). some 10's are works in government offices as permanent workers and 3 households are engaged in private sectors. 
\section[{b) Causes of Urbanization}]{b) Causes of Urbanization}\par
As researcher got oral information from the old or indigenous peoples of the town and municipality office workers interview and questionnaires distributed to the selected respondents. The cause that result in urban expansions are the rural to urban migration due to establishment of market, road transportation, access to health and education in the urban areas; natural increases and reclassification of rural settlement in to urban settlement. Table \hyperref[tab_1]{5}.5 presents the causes that exacerbate the Areka town to expand to its surrounding peasant land was infrastructure accessibility, natural increases, rural-urban migration and reclassification of the former rural settlement in to new urban settlement is the major ones. The most major cause of expansion of Areka town is rural-urban migration out of the total respondents 34(50\%) are said the migration is the main dominant than others. The interviewers also suggests the rural-urban migration as a major causes which results from lack of job opportunity, low infrastructure facility and poverty in the rural areas than urban areas and other factors. Due to these factors the people move or migrate from the rural to town for the seek of good job opportunity, market access and good living standard  {\ref (Municipal Office, 2007)}.\par
Infrastructure accessibility is the second major factors to expansion of Areka town according to the sample respondents from questionnaire. From the total of 68 respondents 19(27.94\%) are responds it as a major cause. These infrastructures are goods transportation network, market accessibility, private and governments sectors and health and educations facilities. The interview also suggests the same as the information gathered from questionnaires in above paragraph. They suggest infrastructure accessibility in urban area is better than rural area attracts peoples from any periphery and due to right access of infrastructure like education, health centers market and road transportations. Reclassification of the former rural area in to new urban settlement is also another cause of the expansion of Areka town. From the total respondents 9(13.23\%) respondents said reclassification of surrounding rural areas in to urban settlement is the main cause. The remaining 6(8.82\%) respondents response not rural increase of the population as a cause of expansion of Areka town. The imbalance between fertility (birth) and mortality (death) or generally natural increase results in over population and the population number of the town will be increase and the people of the town needs rural to buy the cheap land and these results in the high urbanization process. 
\section[{c) Negative Impacts of Urbanization}]{c) Negative Impacts of Urbanization}\par
The expansion of the Areka town has several negative consequences on the surrounding physical and human environments. According to the respondents. These negative impacts are loss of agricultural land, displacement of people from their area, environmental pollution and expansion of crime and social disorders. These negative impacts are presented in the table below. According to the table loss of agricultural land is the major impacts of urban expansion in study area. From the total respondents 27(39.70\%) responds it as a major negative consequence. The next was environmental pollution which is 18(26.47\%) of the respondents.\par
The third was displacement of peoples which is 14(20.58\%) of following expansion of crime and housing problem which are 7(10.29\%) and 2(2.94\%) respectively from the total respondents. the loss of agricultural land due to urban expansion also results and land use change of the surrounding people. The peoples particularly farmers in the surrounding Kebeles are highly affect by this problem. Their land was over cultivated due to intensive cultivation and their grazing land and forest areas also affected by this expansion.\par
The other most impact was displacement of people from their original and due to urban expansion. The rural peoples that found on the surrounding of the town forcedly displace from their original land and they gave their land and their resource freely or in a low compensation to others. This result the surrounding peoples on poverty according to the questionnaire and interviewer. Some interviewers suggest that the other major factor that results from urban expansion is environmental pollution and housing problem. they states two rivers (such as Kulia and Puto) are mostly affected or polluted by these urban expansion. The people carry their waste to these rivers and consequently these rivers were out of home consumption.\par
The housing problem is one of a major consequence which results from high rural to urban migration and high land value and it results in disease like malaria and other respiratory diseases according to the interviewers. 
\section[{d) Positive Consequences of Urban Expansion}]{d) Positive Consequences of Urban Expansion}\par
The expansion of urban area has many advantages for the society of Areka town as well as for surrounding peoples. These advantages are creation of job opportunity, expansion of infrastructures like education, transportation, health, electricity and communication services are advancement. Crimes would intensive in every corner of the town, kinds of ghosts, slams, robber and theft would which may complicate with business activity in the formal sector and even attract the market and weaken the others. Illegal construction of houses to accommodate the incoming people and would accelerated pressure on public utilities like health, schools water supplies . etc that would alarmingly increase and so forth. Source: Field Survey, 2016\par
According to the table 5.7 the largest share of the respondents which is 28(41.17\%) responds to creation of job opportunities. The next was electric power and health services which 18(26.47\%), the third one is advance communication services which is 12(17.64\%) and the last was expansion of roads and education services which is 10(14.70\%) from total respondents.\par
In the same manner the interviewers suggests or responds that the positive consequence of urban expansion is creation of job opportunity for unemployed youth and other age group populations of the town as well as for peoples in surrounding area. The creation or expansion for all type of infrastructure in the town employs some unemployed people as a permanent or daily paid workers and this supports their living conditions. 
\section[{i. Electric Power ii. Health Facility}]{i. Electric Power ii. Health Facility}\par
Health center is the most fundamental objectives for social service. the halth facilities which are occurred in the town are proportionally enough with the number of population in the town. In the town there are governmental and non-governmental health facilities. These are presented in the table below. At it can be seen from the table 5.8 above there is one health center, 11 clinics, 3 drugs houses for cattle, for human and cattle 10 pharmacy and 1 hospital. This shows that top the population of the urban of the town and other surroundings, there are sufficient health services.\par
iii. Education Services of the Town According to the municipality office of the town, these town experience good in education services for the people. It also shows a change from year to year. In 1980's only one high school and one elementary school in the town and after 10 years around in 1990 these town have 3 high school and 5 elementary school, 2 preparatory school, 4kg schools presented in the table.\par
Global Journal of Human Social Science -Year 2017 62 Areka town has electric power supply for 24 hours from Wolaita Sodo hydro electric power station.\par
The current electric power of the town distributed 50 transformers. This amount of power services shared among different types of customers found the town, the town transformers are sufficient to available full service to the dwellers of the town. Furthermore, this power is not only shared for the town dwellers, but some surrounding rural peoples also use it from the town (Source: Field Survey, 2016). Bar graph 5.1: Educational facility Source: Municipal Office, 2016   According to above bar graph the town has currently 2 pre-educational schools, 6 elementary school, 3 secondary school 5 kg school and 2 preparatory school and 1 college. This expansion of education services in the town provides good a education chance and endeavor for the peoples of the town and for the surrounding peoples. 
\section[{iv. Pattern of Urban Expansion}]{iv. Pattern of Urban Expansion}\par
As researcher got information from the urban dwellers where are participated in the interviews said that the town physical expansion is covered by the years from 1970 E.C to day's end this expansion is legally with a proper plan to invention the best and most appropriate future development of towns, to establish statement of land use and development principles, to establish local standard on the implementation of ordinance and other planning measures and to achieve smart growth, resources and environmental sustainability. However, some few interviewers stated that there are illegally constructed houses at the margins of the rural rebels, this houses are without plan constructed (i.e., built at night illegally). According to them, the expansion today is highly illegal due to lowland cost in the surrounding and new settlers or migrants from rural area buy a plot of land from surrounding peasants the town by low lost and they settle on that place. This type of expansion is mostly occurred in almost all direction of the town except northern peat because of good topography to the settlement. The expansion of this town is highly to the south and East ward due to flat topographic condition and good read links with other areas. 
\section[{e) Challenges of Social Service provision Associated with Urban Expansion}]{e) Challenges of Social Service provision Associated with Urban Expansion}\par
The following discussion was made on the basis of information obtained from the municipal head of Areka town and land administration worker via interview. Problems of social service provision associated with urban expansion: According to the interviewee, there are many problems associated with the expansion of urbanization. Due to geographical configuration and number of population of the town it was difficult to conduct different services lie education, health, water and other facilities.\par
According to the interviewee, there are many advantages of urban expansion in Areka town, these are transformation of technology, establishment of institution, civilization and it also creates job opportunity for people.\par
The following discussion was made on the basis of information obtained from the municipal head of Areka town and land administration worker via interview. 
\section[{i. Problems of social service provision associated with urban expansion}]{i. Problems of social service provision associated with urban expansion}\par
According to the interviewee, there are many problems associated with the expansion of urbanization. Due to geographical configuration and number of population of the town it was difficult to conduct different services lie education, health, water and other facilities.\par
ii. The opportunities of urban expansion in social service provision\par
According to the interviewee, there are many advantages of urban expansion in Areka town, these are transformation of technology, establishment of institution, civilization and it also creates job opportunity for people. 
\section[{iii. Major factors that contribute for urban expansion in Areka town}]{iii. Major factors that contribute for urban expansion in Areka town}\par
As the interviewee replied, there are many factors that facilitate the horizontal urban growth in Areka town. These are rapid population growth, and rural to urban migration, Informal settlement in Areke town:\par
As the interviewee replied, there are informal constructions of houses in Areka town due to the expansion of the town; the farmers construct houses on The opportunities of urban expansion in social service provision: their farm lands to protect their land from government influence. 
\section[{VI.}]{VI.} 
\section[{Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation a) Summary}]{Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation a) Summary}\par
The relevant data for this study was obtained from distribution of questionnaire collected from peasant affected by urban expansion. These respondents are selected from Kebele 02 due to high occurrence of the problem and the researcher was taken 10\% of them as a sample respondent which are 68 householders.\par
In this study the researcher tried to explain cause, consequences and patterns of urban expansion. The causes of urban expansion is rural-urban migration, natural growth, reclassification of the former rural land and etc. The consequences of urban expansion is both positive and negative. Positive impacts are access to infrastructure like road, communication and other services like education health facilities and etc. The negative consequences are environmental pollution, displacement of peoples, loss of agricultural land, expansion of crime and housing problem. 
\section[{b) Conclusion}]{b) Conclusion}\par
The urbanization process inflected the living of several farmers. In addition there are few exceptions of early adapters, the majority of the people are disposed of asset. The community becomes at large market dependent both for impulse and for consumption. Expense are an alarming increasing event, if they adopt urban life were as income is being dimensioned they have now purchase water and energy sources as it they adopt supply then in past. In addition to the construction of the new houses and project the demands for large land area per person is contributing for urban expansion. Wasted land without any defined function existed there in the town. Thus the problems related to expansion are partly resulted from the miss management of land and other resources in the inner cities.\par
The physical mobility of market a long with expansion of its size created and continued to create mass eviction and displacement, like of capital conspired with dimensioning asset demand the problems of displaced. These economically weakness illiterates, women, children and elderly area suffering the mildest of crises. The unplanned urbanization process are in fact affecting the environment itself can degradation, pollution, deforestation, and destruction of wild animals are clearly exhibited. If the current worth situation is aggravated, further more the overall environmental crises will be inevitable.\par
Urban expansion has an impact on land resources such as loss of agricultural land, causes forest destruction, loss of habitat and decrease in water quantity and quality in the town. Therefore, based on the above evidence collected from respondents the town mayor it is possible to conclude that rapid horizontal urban growth has an adverse impact on the socioeconomic activities in the study area. 
\section[{c) Recommendation}]{c) Recommendation}\par
? Providing training service about the effect of urban expansion to the people is important issues. ? The biggest steps that come to be taken to off get current and future effects of urbanization on the people involve better city management and forward looking urban planning proper land use policy must be designed in way it facilitates the expansion of the town in proper plan trained. Better and more efficient urban planning must take place to control urban growth by considering both physical and human environment. To achieve these administers municipality officers and professional labor must have work together. ? The government must have responsible body to compensate for the people who displaced from their original land and who lost their agricultural land due to urban expansion. ? The awareness creation among public was very important to conserve the forest and other biodiversity of the surrounding area. ? Expansion of slum and squatter settlements are another socio-economic challenge due to urban expansion. Because of uncontrolled urban growth, the cost of the land is increasing accordingly. Therefore, poor people forced to construct house with a minimum ? Land is a basic resource, which has reached a stage of scarcity in certain areas today because of rapid urbanization. In study area however, rural urban migration and land speculation has been inefficiently exploiting the land for their speculation again. Thus, in order to control the problem, the city administration should enact properties and regulations regarding conversation of agricultural land to urban use. 
\section[{VII.}]{VII.}\par
This study is carried out by the support of many people I am grateful for the people who have given me the help during this work and I want to express my gratitude to all of them. At first I want to thank my students of third year Geography and Environmental studies data collection process . I would like to give thanks to my staff for their communication about the issues of such research study. I also want to thank the voluntary who collect and post the geographic data online voluntarily distributed data are useful and were necessary for this study. In particular. I should give my thanks to Boloso Sore Woreda ,Areka town office workers, Kebele workers, and indigenous peoples. Their Global Journals Inc. (US) Guidelines Handbook 2017 www.GlobalJournals.org\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
  \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
? It helps the administers and municipality workers of\\
the town to take the information about urban growth\\
and conducted problems.\\
? It serves as a bass of the study to conduct for\\
research study.\\
? It forward some result to surrounding peasants who\\
affected directly or indirectly by urban expansion in\\
area.\\
? It provides information for those who will like to\\
conduct detailed and reliable studies on the urban\\
expansion impact on the agricultural lands.\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: e) Scope/Delimitation of the Study]} 
\caption{\label{tab_0}?}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.03914473684210526\textwidth}P{0.005592105263157894\textwidth}P{0.2013157894736842\textwidth}P{0.17335526315789473\textwidth}P{0.1957236842105263\textwidth}P{0.061513157894736846\textwidth}P{0.17335526315789473\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 1:\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
N\tabcellsep o\tabcellsep Age\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Sex Male Female Total}\tabcellsep Percent\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{1}\tabcellsep <20\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{2}\tabcellsep 20-30\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 41.2\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{3}\tabcellsep 31-40\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 29.40\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{4}\tabcellsep 41-50\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 17.64\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{5}\tabcellsep 51-56\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 7.4\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{6}\tabcellsep >66\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 4.4\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep 42\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 68\tabcellsep 100\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Source: Field Survey, 2016}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 5 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.49151193633952256\textwidth}P{0.09694960212201591\textwidth}P{0.0676392572944297\textwidth}P{0.19389920424403181\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Year 2017\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 59\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Age and Sex Composition of Respondents}\tabcellsep Volume XVII Issue II Version I\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep ( B )\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{2: Educational Level of Respondents Educational level Frequency Percentage}\tabcellsep Global Journal of Human Social Science -\\
Cannot read and write\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 5.9\\
Read and write\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 20.6\\
Grade 1-4 class\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 23.52\\
Grade 5-8 class\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 19.11\\
Grade 9-12 class\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 17.64\\
Above grade 12 class\tabcellsep 8 + =9\tabcellsep 13.23\\
Total\tabcellsep 68\tabcellsep 100\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Source: Field Survey, 2016}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 5 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.49090909090909085\textwidth}P{0.2545454545454545\textwidth}P{0.10454545454545455\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{3}{l}{4: Occupation of Respondents}\\
Occupation level\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Frequency Percentage}\\
Unemployed\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 4.41\\
Government employer\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 14.70\\
Agriculture\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 39.70\\
Trade\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 35.29\\
Private sector\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 5.88\\
Total\tabcellsep 68\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Source: Field Survey, 2016}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 5 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6548148148148148\textwidth}P{0.08814814814814814\textwidth}P{0.10703703703703703\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{5: The Major Causes of Urbanization}\tabcellsep \\
Causes of urban expansion\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Frequency Percentage}\\
Infrastructure access (road market, education and health centers, etc\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 27.94\\
Natural increases\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 8.82\\
Rural-urban migration\tabcellsep 34\tabcellsep 50\\
Reclassification of rural settlement\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 13.23\\
Total\tabcellsep 68\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Field Survey, 2016\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 5 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5108173076923077\textwidth}P{0.22884615384615384\textwidth}P{0.11033653846153847\textwidth}}
Negative impacts\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Frequency Percentage}\\
Loss of agriculture land\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 39.70\\
Expansion of crime\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 10.29\\
Displacement of peoples\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 20.58\\
Environmental pollution\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 26.47\\
Housing problem\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 2.94\\
Tot al\tabcellsep 68\tabcellsep 100\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Source: Field Survey, 2016}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 5 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6416666666666666\textwidth}P{0.125\textwidth}P{0.08333333333333333\textwidth}}
Advantages of urban expansion\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Frequency Percentage}\\
Creation of job opportunity\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 41.17\\
Advance in communication\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 17.64\\
Electric power and health access\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep 26.47\\
Transportation and education services\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 14.70\\
Total\tabcellsep 68\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}Table 5 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.37242268041237114\textwidth}P{0.29355670103092785\textwidth}P{0.14896907216494845\textwidth}P{0.03505154639175258\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{8: Health Facility of the Town}\tabcellsep \\
Health facility\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Government Non-government Total}\\
Health center\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 1\\
Clinics\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 11\\
Drug house for cattle\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3\\
Private pharmacy\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 10\\
Hospital\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1\\
Other\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Source: Field Survey, 2016}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_7}Table 5 .}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{Year 2017} 			\footnote{© 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US)Volume XVII Issue II Version I} 			\footnote{Impact of Urban Expansion on Surrounding Peasant Land the Case of Boloso Sore Woreda, Areka Town, Snnpr, Ethiopia © 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter   			 
\subsection[{Acknowledgement}]{Acknowledgement}\par
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