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\title{Perceived Effects on Community Development and Poverty Alleviation in Selected Local Government Areas of Oyo State of Nigeria}
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             \author[1]{  Agbebaku}

             \affil[1]{  Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria}

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\date{\small \em Received: 11 December 2016 Accepted: 1 January 2017 Published: 15 January 2017}

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\begin{abstract}
        


This research is to evaluate the performance of community Development programmes and poverty alleviation among the rural dwellers in Oluyole and Ibadan North East Local Government Areas of Oyo state. The study is aimed to assess the high rate of Community Development and poverty alleviation in some selected communities. The work was carried out in this local government and random sample techniques were used to select respondents in this study. The sample size used was 600 which gave 40% of the population to be sampled from each of the community. Primary and Secondary data were used for the study. Six hundred and ten (610) questionnaires were personally administered to the respondents randomly selected from the six communities within the Local Government. The data collected was coded and processed into computer and spss software package was used to analysis the data collected. The tools of analysis were frequency distribution (percentage) and Chi-Square analysis.60% of the respondents sampled where male while 40% were female. 46.0% with frequency of 276 were Christian. 12.0% of the people sampled had primary education, 8.0% had secondary education, 38.0% tertiary education, and 8.0% indicated no formal education while 14% indicate others.28.0% of the population was single, 40% were married, and 20.0% were separated while 12.0% were widow (er). Highest level of income was observed in 22% of the respondent that received #30,000 and above per annum. Development Programmes, such as NAPEP, NDE, FADU, among others, which has help young school leavers and graduates to benefit to different Agricultural Programmes in Oyo State and Nigeria at large. The benefit of Community Development Programme on poverty alleviation has help in improving the life of rural dwellers in Oluyole and Ibadan North East Local of Oyo state, and also in Nigeria in general by putting food on their table and labour employment to populace.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{poverty, alleviation, rural, dwellers, community development, programmes.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 \par
Oyo state has embarked on some community development projects, which include rural electrification, sinking of boreholes, roads constructions and establishment of health facilities for rural dwellers. Some of these programmes were completed while some are abandoned (LEEDS ATB and Government OYW, 2007). The income dimension of poverty defines poverty as a situation of low income or low consumption.\par
Accordingly people are counted poor when their measure standard of living in term of income or consumption is below poverty lines. Thus, poverty lines are a measure that separates the poor from the nonpoor. However, poverty has both income and nonincome dimension usually intertwined. The poor are those who are unable to obtain an adequate income, find a stable job, own property or maintain healthy conditions. They also lack an adequate level of education and cannot satisfy their needs.  {\ref (Sancho, 1996)}.Thus, the poor are often illiterate, in poor health, and have a short life span  {\ref (World Bank,1995)}.They have no or limited access to basic necessities of life such as food, clothing, decent shelter, are unable to meet social and economic obligations, they lack skills and gainful employment, have few, if any economic assets, and sometimes lack of self-esteem  {\ref (Olayemi,1995)}.Very often, the poor lack the capacity to escape from their situation by themselves. This characteristic is what causes the social condition of extreme poverty to persist and to be transmitted from one generation to the next. Sen, (1992) saw poverty as low levels of capability or the failure of basic capability to reach certain minimally acceptable level. However, there were various challenges and constraints which serve as an impediment to the social and economic development, and poverty alleviation of the people of the communities in general which necessitated this study. 
\section[{II.}]{II.}\par
Objectives Of Study 1. To determine the socio-economic characteristics of people in study areas.\par
development programmed on poverty alleviation among rural dwellers in oluyole and Ibadan North East Local Government Areas of Oyo State. 3. To provide possible solutions in poverty reduction in the areas of study.\par
III. 
\section[{Methodology a) Study Area}]{Methodology a) Study Area}\par
The study area for this Research work consist of all rural dwellers in six, community in two selected local Government. The two rural areas are oluyole and Ibadan North-Local Government of Oyo state. 
\section[{b) Sample and Sampling Techniques}]{b) Sample and Sampling Techniques}\par
Random sample techniques were used to select respondents in this study. This gave the members in the simply fare equal chances of being selected. The sample size used was 600 which gave 40\% of the population to be sampled from each of the community, One hundred respondents 100) were selected and used for the study. The samples comprised of adult rural dwellers between the ages of 18 and above. 
\section[{c) Methods of data collection}]{c) Methods of data collection}\par
Primary and Secondary data were used for the study. Six hundred and ten (610) questionnaires were personally administered to the respondents randomly selected from the six communities within the Local Government. Ten questionnaires were added to give room for those that might be discarded as a result of non-responses or other lapses in filling the questionnaires. 
\section[{Data analysis}]{Data analysis}\par
The data collected was coded and processed into computer and spss software package was used to analysis the data collected. The tools of analysis were frequency distribution (percentage) and Chi-Square analysis.\par
IV. 
\section[{Result And Discussions a) Demographic information}]{Result And Discussions a) Demographic information}\par
Table1 Indicated that 60\% of the respondents sampled where male while 40\%were female. This implies that majority of the respondents sampled were male. 
\section[{Table 1: Distribution of respondents by sex}]{Table 1: Distribution of respondents by sex} 
\section[{Source: Field Survey, 2016}]{Source: Field Survey, 2016}\par
Table  {\ref 2}: also shown that 6.0\% of the respondents sampled were in the age bracket 18-25 years,16.0\% (26-35) years, 46.0\% (36-45) years,18.0\% (46-55 years) and 14.0\% (56 and above). From the result, it was observed that 46.0\% had the highest frequency, followed by 18.0\% and the least was observed for 6.0\% with frequency of 36 respectively. According to OECD (2000), the processing causing poverty affects both male and female in different ways and degrees. Female poverty is of more prevalent and typically more severe than male. He further stated that "Women suffer violence by Men on large scales. They are more likely to be illiterateas well as politically, social excluded in their communities. Hence, ability for women to overcome poverty is generally different from those of men." 2. To examine the influence of community d) 
\section[{Sex}]{Sex}\par
Frequency Percentage Table3 shows that the distribution of respondents religion was 46.0\% with frequency 276 were Christian, followed by Islam with 38.0\% (228) and the least was observed for others 16.0\% (96) respectively. Table4 indicated that 12.0\% of the people sampled had primary education, 8.0\% had secondary education, 38.0\% tertiary education, 8.0\% indicated no formal education while 14\% indicate others. This implies that majority of the respondents were educated.\par
Theoretically, rural areas lie outside the density -built up environments of towns, cities and sub-urban villages' and their inhabitants are engaged primarily in agriculture as well as the most basic of rudimentary form of secondary and tertiary activities.  {\ref (Adebayo,1998)}. Table5 showed the distribution of respondents by marital status of which 28.0\% of the population were single,40\%were married, 20.0\% were separated while 12.0\% were widow(er).This eventually confirm that majority of the respondents sampled were married. Marital status, according to (Ahmed, 2002) stated that women are the recipients of credit; the credit ends up with the male member of the family, leading to misappropriations and credit diversion. Nenison, (2008), and Bowman (2010) strongly emphases that partial / unequal education do lead to increase in poverty. Table \hyperref[tab_5]{6} shows the distribution of respondents by level of income per annum. Highest level of income was observed in 22\% of the respondent that received \#30,000 and above per annum while 28\% of the respondents that falls within less than \#10,000 per annum had the least. Table \hyperref[tab_6]{7} explains occupational distribution of the respondents.73.3\% of the sampled respondents were unskilled labor while 26.7\% were skilled labour. This connotes that majority of the respondents were unskilled labor. A corollary to the above entrepreneur theory by (Sheriffden 1997), which posits that the exploitation of the poor by means of poor conditions of services and low wages accounts for high incidence of poverty in urban areas. The central Bank of Nigeria (1991) views poverty as a state where an individual is not able to meet his social economics obligations such as employment of occupation of skills chances of his or her welfare to the limit of his or her capabilities.  As shown below on table 9. X 2 cal =34.302< X 2 tab =5.99 at 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, we reject that there is no significant effect on provision of social amenities programmes on poverty alleviation of rural dwellers in Oyo state. Therefore, there is great significant effect on provision of social amenities programmes on poverty alleviation of rural dwellers in Oyo state. provision of infrastructure and social amenities gear toward helping to improving the welfare of the rural dwellers. williams  {\ref (1981)}.    From the findings, it was concluded that there was appreciable significant effect on provision of social amenities, education and health programmes on poverty alleviation of rural dwellers in Oyo state. This brought expansion of business activities of the community, access to computer education, vocational training and reduce literacy through adult education programme. The health programme promotes good sanitation and gives room for easy access to health care services in the maternal mortality and morbidity. According to (Nenison, 2008, Bowman 2010) stated unequal education tends to have a negative impact on per capital income and thereby increase poverty in many countries. 
\section[{V. Conclusion and Recommendations}]{V. Conclusion and Recommendations}\par
This finding shows that poverty alleviation is an issue that concerns every person in the society. People come together for the satisfaction of their common needs which bring change for better living. Thus, this change will help to build capacity building, reduces suffering and creates employment that will better the way of life of the rural dwellers. This comes in various forms through educational, health, agriculture, socioeconomic, women empowerment, and housing and employment opportunities.\par
Based on the result of the findings, the following recommendations were made:  ? 
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\section[{MEMBER OF ASSOCIATION OF RESEARCH SOCIETY IN HUMAN SCIENCE (MARSHS)}]{MEMBER OF ASSOCIATION OF RESEARCH SOCIETY IN HUMAN SCIENCE (MARSHS)}\par
The ' MARSHS ' title is accorded to a selected professional after the approval of the Editor-in-Chief / Editorial Board Members/Dean.\par
The "MARSHS" is a dignified ornament which is accorded to a person's name viz. Dr. John E. Hall, Ph.D., MARSHS or William Walldroff, M.S., MARSHS.\par
MARSHS accrediting is an honor. It authenticates your research activities. Afterbecoming MARSHS, you can add 'MARSHS' title with your name as you use this recognition as additional suffix to your status. This will definitely enhance and add more value and repute to your name. You may use it on your professional Counseling Materials such as CV, Resume, Visiting Card and Name Plate etc.\par
The following benefitscan be availed by you only for next three years from the date of certification.\par
MARSHS designated members are entitled to avail a 25\% discount while publishing their research papers (of a single author) in Global Journals Inc., if the same is accepted by our Editorial Board and Peer Reviewers. If you are a main author or coauthor of a group of authors, you will get discount of 10\%. 
\section[{© Copyright by Global Journals Inc.(US) | Guidelines Handbook}]{© Copyright by Global Journals Inc.(US) | Guidelines Handbook}\par
As MARSHS, you willbe given a renowned, secure and free professional email address with 30 GB of space e.g. johnhall@globaljournals.org. This will include Webmail, Spam Assassin, Email Forwarders,Auto-Responders, Email Delivery Route tracing, etc. 
\section[{III}]{III}\par
We shall provide you intimation regarding launching of e-version of journal of your stream time to time.This may be utilized in your library for the enrichment of knowledge of your students as well as it can also be helpful for the concerned faculty members.\par
The MARSHS member can apply for approval, grading and certification of standards of their educational and Institutional Degrees to Open Association of Research, Society U.S.A.\par
Once you are designated as MARSHS, you may send us a scanned copy of all of your credentials. OARS will verify, grade and certify them. This will be based on your academic records, quality of research papers published by you, and some more criteria.\par
It is mandatory to read all terms and conditions carefully. The IFOARS institution is entitled to form a Board comprised of one Chairperson and three to five board members preferably from different streams. The Board will be recognized as "Institutional Board of Open Association of Research Society"-(IBOARS). 
\section[{The Institute will be entitled to following benefits:}]{The Institute will be entitled to following benefits:}\par
The IBOARS can initially review research papers of their institute and recommend them to publish with respective journal of Global Journals. It can also review the papers of other institutions after obtaining our consent. The second review will be done by peer reviewer of Global Journals Incorporation (USA) The Board is at liberty to appoint a peer reviewer with the approval of chairperson after consulting us. The author fees of such paper may be waived off up to 40\%.\par
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The IBOARS can organize symposium/seminar/conference in their country on behalf of Global Journals Incorporation (USA)-OARS (USA). The terms and conditions can be discussed separately. 
\section[{© Copyright by Global Journals Inc.(US) | Guidelines Handbook}]{© Copyright by Global Journals Inc.(US) | Guidelines Handbook}\par
The Board can also play vital role by exploring and giving valuable suggestions regarding the Standards of "Open Association of Research Society, U.S.A (OARS)" so that proper amendment can take place for the benefit of entire research community. We shall provide details of particular standard only on receipt of request from the Board.\par
The board members can also join us as Individual Fellow with 40\% discount on total fees applicable to Individual Fellow. They will be entitled to avail all the benefits as declared. Please visit Individual Fellow-sub menu of GlobalJournals.org to have more relevant details. 
\section[{V}]{V}\par
We shall provide you intimation regarding launching of e-version of journal of your stream time to time. This may be utilized in your library for the enrichment of knowledge of your students as well as it can also be helpful for the concerned faculty members.\par
After nomination of your institution as "Institutional Fellow" and constantly functioning successfully for one year, we can consider giving recognition to your institute to function as Regional/Zonal office on our behalf.\par
The board can also take up the additional allied activities for betterment after our consultation.\par
The following entitlements are applicable to individual Fellows: Disbursement of 40\% Royalty earned through Global Journals : Researcher = 50\%, Peer Reviewer = 37.50\%, Institution = 12.50\% E.g. Out of 40\%, the 20\% benefit should be passed on to researcher, 15 \% benefit towards remuneration should be given to a reviewer and remaining 5\% is to be retained by the institution.Open 
\section[{Preferred Author Guidelines}]{Preferred Author Guidelines} 
\section[{MANUSCRIPT STYLE INSTRUCTION (Must be strictly followed)}]{MANUSCRIPT STYLE INSTRUCTION (Must be strictly followed)}\par
Page Size: 8.27" X 11'"  
\section[{GENERAL}]{GENERAL}\par
Before submitting your research paper, one is advised to go through the details as mentioned in following heads. It will be beneficial, while peer reviewer justify your paper for publication. 
\section[{Scope}]{Scope}\par
The Global Journals Inc. (US) welcome the submission of original paper, review paper, survey article relevant to the all the streams of Philosophy and knowledge. The Global Journals Inc. (US) is parental platform for Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology, Researches in Engineering, Medical Research, Science Frontier Research, Human Social Science, Management, and Business organization.\par
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\section[{?}]{?}\par
One should start brainstorming lists of possible keywords before even begin searching. Think about the most important concepts related to research work. Ask, "What words would a source have to include to be truly valuable in research paper?" Then consider synonyms for the important words. 
\section[{?}]{?}\par
It may take the discovery of only one relevant paper to let steer in the right keyword direction because in most databases, the keywords under which a research paper is abstracted are listed with the paper. 
\section[{?}]{?}\par
One should avoid outdated words.\par
Keywords are the key that opens a door to research work sources. Keyword searching is an art in which researcher's skills are bound to improve with experience and time.\par
Numerical Methods: Numerical methods used should be clear and, where appropriate, supported by references.\par
Acknowledgements: Please make these as concise as possible. 
\section[{References}]{References}\par
References follow the Harvard scheme of referencing. References in the text should cite the authors' names followed by the time of their publication, unless there are three or more authors when simply the first author's name is quoted followed by et al. unpublished work has to only be cited where necessary, and only in the text. Copies of references in press in other journals have to be supplied with submitted typescripts. It is necessary that all citations and references be carefully checked before submission, as mistakes or omissions will cause delays.\par
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The Editorial Board and Global Journals Inc. (US) recommend that, citation of online-published papers and other material should be done via a DOI (digital object identifier). If an author cites anything, which does not have a DOI, they run the risk of the cited material not being noticeable.\par
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\section[{Tables, Figures and Figure Legends}]{Tables, Figures and Figure Legends}\par
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\begin{quote}
Figure Legends\end{quote}
 
\section[{AFTER ACCEPTANCE}]{AFTER ACCEPTANCE}\par
Upon approval of a paper for publication, the manuscript will be forwarded to the dean, who is responsible for the publication of the Global Journals Inc. (US). 
\section[{Proof Corrections}]{Proof Corrections}\par
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As changes to proofs are costly, we inquire that you only correct typesetting errors. All illustrations are retained by the publisher. Please note that the authors are responsible for all statements made in their work, including changes made by the copy editor. 
\section[{Early View of Global Journals Inc. (US) (Publication Prior to Print)}]{Early View of Global Journals Inc. (US) (Publication Prior to Print)}\par
The Global Journals Inc. (US) are enclosed by our publishing's Early View service. Early View articles are complete full-text articles sent in advance of their publication. Early View articles are absolute and final. They have been completely reviewed, revised and edited for publication, and the authors' final corrections have been incorporated. Because they are in final form, no changes can be made after sending them. The nature of Early View articles means that they do not yet have volume, issue or page numbers, so Early View articles cannot be cited in the conventional way. 
\section[{Author Services}]{Author Services}\par
Online production tracking is available for your article through Author Services. Author Services enables authors to track their articleonce it has been accepted -through the production process to publication online and in print. Authors can check the status of their articles online and choose to receive automated e-mails at key stages of production. The authors will receive an e-mail with a unique link that enables them to register and have their article automatically added to the system. Please ensure that a complete e-mail address is provided when submitting the manuscript. 
\section[{Author Material Archive Policy}]{Author Material Archive Policy}\par
Please note that if not specifically requested, publisher will dispose off hardcopy \& electronic information submitted, after the two months of publication. If you require the return of any information submitted, please inform the Editorial Board or dean as soon as possible. 
\section[{Offprint and Extra Copies}]{Offprint and Extra Copies}\par
A PDF offprint of the online-published article will be provided free of charge to the related author, and may be distributed according to the Publisher's terms and conditions. Additional paper offprint may be ordered by emailing us at: editor@globaljournals.org . 
\section[{Final Points:}]{Final Points:}\par
A purpose of organizing a research paper is to let people to interpret your effort selectively. The journal requires the following sections, submitted in the order listed, each section to start on a new page.\par
The introduction will be compiled from reference matter and will reflect the design processes or outline of basis that direct you to make study. As you will carry out the process of study, the method and process section will be constructed as like that. The result segment will show related statistics in nearly sequential order and will direct the reviewers next to the similar intellectual paths throughout the data that you took to carry out your study. The discussion section will provide understanding of the data and projections as to the implication of the results. The use of good quality references all through the paper will give the effort trustworthiness by representing an alertness of prior workings.\par
27. Refresh your mind after intervals: Try to give rest to your mind by listening to soft music or by sleeping in intervals. This will also improve your memory.\par
28. Make colleagues: Always try to make colleagues. No matter how sharper or intelligent you are, if you make colleagues you can have several ideas, which will be helpful for your research.\par
Think technically: Always think technically. If anything happens, then search its reasons, its benefits, and demerits.\par
30. Think and then print: When you will go to print your paper, notice that tables are not be split, headings are not detached from their descriptions, and page sequence is maintained. In every sections of your document 
\section[{Adding unnecessary information}]{Adding unnecessary information}\par
? Use standard writing style including articles ("a", "the," etc.)\par
? Keep on paying attention on the research topic of the paper\par
? Use paragraphs to split each significant point (excluding for the abstract)\par
? Align the primary line of each section Writing a research paper is not an easy job no matter how trouble-free the actual research or concept. Practice, excellent preparation, and controlled record keeping are the only means to make straightforward the progression.\par
principle while stating the situation. The purpose is to text all particular resources and broad procedures, so that another person may use some or all of the methods in one more study or referee the scientific value of your work. It is not to be a step by step report of the whole thing you did, nor is a methods section a set of orders. 
\section[{Materials:}]{Materials:}\par
Explain materials individually only if the study is so complex that it saves liberty this way.\par
Embrace particular materials, and any tools or provisions that are not frequently found in laboratories. Do not take in frequently found. If use of a definite type of tools. Materials may be reported in a part section or else they may be recognized along with your measures.\par
Methods:\par
Report the method (not particulars of each process that engaged the same methodology) Describe the method entirely To be succinct, present methods under headings dedicated to specific dealings or groups of measures Simplify -details how procedures were completed not how they were exclusively performed on a particular day.\par
If well known procedures were used, account the procedure by name, possibly with reference, and that's all.\par
Approach: It is embarrassed or not possible to use vigorous voice when documenting methods with no using first person, which would focus the reviewer's interest on the researcher rather than the job. As a result when script up the methods most authors use third person passive voice. Use standard style in this and in every other part of the paper -avoid familiar lists, and use full sentences. 
\section[{What to keep away from}]{What to keep away from}\par
Resources and methods are not a set of information. Skip all descriptive information and surroundings -save it for the argument.\par
Leave out information that is immaterial to a third party. 
\section[{Results:}]{Results:}\par
The principle of a results segment is to present and demonstrate your conclusion. Create this part a entirely objective details of the outcome, and save all understanding for the discussion.\par
The page length of this segment is set by the sum and types of data to be reported. Carry on to be to the point, by means of statistics and tables, if suitable, to present consequences most efficiently.You must obviously differentiate material that would usually be incorporated in a study editorial from any unprocessed data or additional appendix matter that would not be available. In fact, such matter should not be submitted at all except requested by the instructor.\par
Present surroundings information only as desirable in order hold up a situation. The reviewer does not desire to read the whole thing you know about a topic. Shape the theory/purpose specifically -do not take a broad view.\par
As always, give awareness to spelling, simplicity and correctness of sentences and phrases. 
\section[{Procedures (Methods and Materials):}]{Procedures (Methods and Materials):}\par
This part is supposed to be the easiest to carve if you have good skills. A sound written Procedures segment allows a capable scientist to replacement your results. Present precise information about your supplies. The suppliers and clarity of reagents can be helpful bits of information. Present methods in sequential order but linked methodologies can be grouped as a segment. Be concise when relating the protocols. Attempt for the least amount of information that would permit another capable scientist to spare your outcome but be cautious that vital information is integrated. The use of subheadings is suggested and ought to be synchronized with the results section. When a technique is used that has been well described in another object, mention the specific item describing a way but draw the basic © Copyright by Global Journals Inc.(US)| Guidelines Handbook XX\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}©}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Figures:}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.2914285714285714\textwidth}P{0.16190476190476188\textwidth}P{0.39666666666666667\textwidth}}
Religion\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentage\\
Christianity\tabcellsep 276\tabcellsep 460\\
IsIam\tabcellsep 228\tabcellsep 380\\
Others\tabcellsep 96\tabcellsep 160\\
Total\tabcellsep 600\tabcellsep 1000\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Source: Field Survey, 2016\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: Source: Field Survey, 2016]} 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.3004310344827586\textwidth}P{0.16853448275862068\textwidth}P{0.3810344827586207\textwidth}}
Marital\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentage\\
Single\tabcellsep 160\tabcellsep 280\\
Married\tabcellsep 240\tabcellsep 400\\
Separated\tabcellsep 120\tabcellsep 200\\
Widowed\tabcellsep 72\tabcellsep 120\\
Total\tabcellsep 600\tabcellsep 1000\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Source: Field Survey, 2016\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.4654761904761905\textwidth}P{0.12142857142857141\textwidth}P{0.2630952380952381\textwidth}}
Level Of Income Per Annum\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentage\\
Less Then N10,000\tabcellsep 168\tabcellsep 280\\
N10,000-30,000\tabcellsep 180\tabcellsep 300\\
N20,000-30,000\tabcellsep 120\tabcellsep 200\\
N30,000 and above\tabcellsep 132\tabcellsep 220\\
Total\tabcellsep 600\tabcellsep 1000\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Source: Field Survey, 2016\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{7} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.35091743119266056\textwidth}P{0.14036697247706423\textwidth}P{0.3587155963302752\textwidth}}
Occupation\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentage\\
Unskilled Labour\tabcellsep 400\tabcellsep 733\\
Skilled Labour\tabcellsep 160\tabcellsep 267\\
Total\tabcellsep 600\tabcellsep 1000\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Source: Field Survey, 2016\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}Table 7 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{8} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5322429906542055\textwidth}P{0.3177570093457944\textwidth}}
indicated that 6.0\% of the respondents\tabcellsep years, and 38.0\% lived for 12 years. Majority of the\\
sampled had lived in the community between 3-5 years\tabcellsep respondents had been living in the community for more\\
with frequency of 36, 23.8\% lived in the community for 6-\tabcellsep than 10 years.\\
8 years with frequency of 143, 32.2\% lived for 9-11\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_7}Table 8}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{8} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.46878787878787875\textwidth}P{0.11848484848484848\textwidth}P{0.2627272727272727\textwidth}}
How Long Have You Been In This\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep Percentage\\
Community?\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
3-5 Years\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep 60\\
6-8 Years\tabcellsep 143\tabcellsep 238\\
9-11 Years\tabcellsep 193\tabcellsep 322\\
12 Years and above\tabcellsep 228\tabcellsep 380\\
Total\tabcellsep 600\tabcellsep 1000\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Source: Field Survey, 2016\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_8}Table 8 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{9} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.3695652173913043\textwidth}P{0.12318840579710146\textwidth}P{0.08007246376811594\textwidth}P{0.2278985507246377\textwidth}P{0.04927536231884058\textwidth}}
Observed\tabcellsep Expected\tabcellsep X 2 cal\tabcellsep X 2 tab\tabcellsep Df p\\
Little extent 206\tabcellsep 1000\tabcellsep 34.302\tabcellsep 5.99\tabcellsep 0.00\\
Small extent 1415\tabcellsep 1000\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Great extent 13751\tabcellsep 1000\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Source: Field Survey, 2016}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_9}Table 9 : Effect of provision of social amenities programmes on poverty alleviation}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{10} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.3855191256830601\textwidth}P{0.4644808743169399\textwidth}}
showes X 2 cal =40.683 < X 2 tab\tabcellsep significance influence of education programmes on\\
=7.815 at 0.05 level of significant. Hence there is\tabcellsep poverty alleviation of rural dwellers in Oyo state.\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_10}Table 10}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{10} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Source: Field Survey, 2016\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_11}Table 10 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{11} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5597560975609757\textwidth}P{0.051829268292682924\textwidth}P{0.033689024390243905\textwidth}P{0.15289634146341463\textwidth}P{0.031097560975609752\textwidth}P{0.020731707317073172\textwidth}}
Observed\tabcellsep Expected\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{X 2 Cal}\tabcellsep X 2 tab\tabcellsep Dfp\\
No Extent 306\tabcellsep 750\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{40.683}\tabcellsep 7.815\tabcellsep 3.000\\
Little Extent 172\tabcellsep 750\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Small Extent 1256\tabcellsep 750\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Great Extent 1266\tabcellsep 750\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{as shown below X 2 cal =82.424 < X 2}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{alleviation on rural dwellers in Oyo state. Hence, there is}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{tab =7.815 at 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, no}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{significant influence of health Programmes on poverty}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: significance influence of health programmes on poverty alleviation of rural dwellers in Oyo state.]} 
\caption{\label{tab_12}Table 11}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{11} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.4722222222222222\textwidth}P{0.15256410256410255\textwidth}P{0.11623931623931624\textwidth}P{0.08717948717948718\textwidth}P{0.021794871794871794\textwidth}}
Observed\tabcellsep Expected\tabcellsep X 2 cal\tabcellsep X 2 tab\tabcellsep DF\\
No Extent 50\tabcellsep 750\tabcellsep 82.424\tabcellsep 7.815\tabcellsep 3\\
Little Extent 33\tabcellsep 750\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Small Extent 1502\tabcellsep 750\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Great Extent\tabcellsep 1266\tabcellsep 750\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: Source: Field Survey, 2016]} 
\caption{\label{tab_13}Table 11 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6984454314720812\textwidth}P{0.005932741116751269\textwidth}P{0.012944162436548223\textwidth}P{0.007011421319796955\textwidth}P{0.005932741116751269\textwidth}P{0.11973350253807107\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{5}{l}{16. Obadan M.I. (1996). Poverty in Nigeria:}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Characteristics,}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Alleviation}\tabcellsep Strategies'\tabcellsep and\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Programmed. NCEMA policy Analysis series Vol.2}\\
NO3.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{17. Some Psychological Aspects of Understanding the}\tabcellsep ? All community programmes must be rehabilitative, Productive and being re-creative in nature. This will help to retain sustainability of knowledge acquired in the training. references références referencias\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{poor in Allen V. L. (ed), Psychological Factors in}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{poverty pg. 9-28 Chicago, Markham.}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{21. Sancho G. (1999). Rural Urban Dichotomy:}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Implications for community Development in Adult}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Education. Lagos. Ayo Adesina Commercial}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Enterprises Lagos 53-60.}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{22. Sen A. (1999). Development is Freedom. New York:}\\
Anchor.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{23. Shaw W. (1996). The Geography of United states}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{poverty. New York. Garland publishing. .}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{24. UNDP. (2001). Africa Journal of Road Agriculture}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Nutrition and Development Vol.7, No.5, 2007.}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{25. Webber (2001).Protestant Ethic and Sprit of}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Capitalism. New York Routledge Wikipedia, Free}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Encyclopedia (2007).}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{26. Woo J., (1996). Environmental Department}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Dissemination Notes (Towards Environmentally and}\\
socially\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{sustainable}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Development).}\tabcellsep Social\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Assessment Series No.4.}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{? Community members should reciprocate the}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{government's good gesture through active}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{participation and involvement in community}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{development programme.}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{? Community should ensure sustainability of}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{community development programmes.}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{? Non-Governmental}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{organizations}\tabcellsep should\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{compliment government efforts by providing socio-}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{economic, educational and health programmes for}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{rural dwellers in local government, health and other}\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{needed areas of human life.}\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: ? More resources should be annexed towards community development particularly Oyo state and Nigeria in general, to ameliorate the suffering of the people in the rural society.]} 
\caption{\label{tab_14}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: © Copyright by Global Journals Inc.(US) | Guidelines Handbook XVII Separating a table/chart or figure -impound each figure/table to a single page Submitting a manuscript with pages out of sequence]} 
\caption{\label{tab_16}:}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© Copyright by Global Journals Inc.(US) | Guidelines Handbook} 			\footnote{© Copyright by Global Journals Inc.(US)| Guidelines Handbook} 			\footnote{© Copyright by Global Journals Inc.(US) | Guidelines Handbook XIX} 		 		\backmatter   			 \par
Acknowledgements: Contributors to the research other than authors credited should be mentioned under acknowledgement. The specifications of the source of funding for the research if appropriate can be included. Suppliers of resources may be mentioned along with address. 			  			 \par
1) Substantial contributions to conception and acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the findings.\par
2) Drafting the paper and revising it critically regarding important academic content.\par
3) Final approval of the version of the paper to be published.\par
All authors should have been credited according to their appropriate contribution in research activity and preparing paper. Contributors who do not match the criteria as authors may be mentioned under Acknowledgement. 
\subsection[{General style:}]{General style:}\par
Specific editorial column necessities for compliance of a manuscript will always take over from directions in these general guidelines.\par
To make a paper clear Reason of the study -theory, overall issue, purpose Fundamental goal To the point depiction of the research Consequences, including definite statistics -if the consequences are quantitative in nature, account quantitative data; results of any numerical analysis should be reported Significant conclusions or questions that track from the research(es) Approach:\par
Single section, and succinct As a outline of job done, it is always written in past tense A conceptual should situate on its own, and not submit to any other part of the paper such as a form or table Center on shortening resultsbound background information to a verdict or two, if completely necessary What you account in an conceptual must be regular with what you reported in the manuscript Exact spelling, clearness of sentences and phrases, and appropriate reporting of quantities (proper units, important statistics) are just as significant in an abstract as they are anywhere else 
\subsection[{Introduction:}]{Introduction:}\par
The Introduction should "introduce" the manuscript. The reviewer should be presented with sufficient background information to be capable to comprehend and calculate the purpose of your study without having to submit to other works. The basis for the study should be offered. Give most important references but shun difficult to make a comprehensive appraisal of the topic. In the introduction, describe the problem visibly. If the problem is not acknowledged in a logical, reasonable way, the reviewer will have no attention in your result. Speak in common terms about techniques used to explain the problem, if needed, but do not present any particulars about the protocols here. Following approach can create a valuable beginning:\par
Explain the value (significance) of the study Shield the model -why did you employ this particular system or method? What is its compensation? You strength remark on its appropriateness from a abstract point of vision as well as point out sensible reasons for using it. Present a justification. Status your particular theory (es) or aim(s), and describe the logic that led you to choose them. Very for a short time explain the tentative propose and how it skilled the declared objectives. 
\subsection[{Approach:}]{Approach:}\par
Use past tense except for when referring to recognized facts. After all, the manuscript will be submitted after the entire job is done. Sort out your thoughts; manufacture one key point with every section. If you make the four points listed above, you will need a least of four paragraphs. 
\subsection[{Abstract:}]{Abstract:}\par
The summary should be two hundred words or less. It should briefly and clearly explain the key findings reported in the manuscript-must have precise statistics. It should not have abnormal acronyms or abbreviations. It should be logical in itself. Shun citing references at this point.\par
An abstract is a brief distinct paragraph summary of finished work or work in development. In a minute or less a reviewer can be taught the foundation behind the study, common approach to the problem, relevant results, and significant conclusions or new questions.\par
Write your summary when your paper is completed because how can you write the summary of anything which is not yet written? Wealth of terminology is very essential in abstract. Yet, use comprehensive sentences and do not let go readability for briefness. You can maintain it succinct by phrasing sentences so that they provide more than lone rationale. The author can at this moment go straight to Do not present the similar data more than once. Manuscript should complement any figures or tables, not duplicate the identical information. Never confuse figures with tables -there is a difference. 
\subsection[{Approach}]{Approach}\par
As forever, use past tense when you submit to your results, and put the whole thing in a reasonable order. Put figures and tables, appropriately numbered, in order at the end of the report If you desire, you may place your figures and tables properly within the text of your results part. 
\subsection[{Figures and tables}]{Figures and tables}\par
If you put figures and tables at the end of the details, make certain that they are visibly distinguished from any attach appendix materials, such as raw facts Despite of position, each figure must be numbered one after the other and complete with subtitle In spite of position, each table must be titled, numbered one after the other and complete with heading All figure and table must be adequately complete that it could situate on its own, divide from text Discussion:\par
The Discussion is expected the trickiest segment to write and describe. A lot of papers submitted for journal are discarded based on problems with the Discussion. There is no head of state for how long a argument should be. Position your understanding of the outcome visibly to lead the reviewer through your conclusions, and then finish the paper with a summing up of the implication of the study. The purpose here is to offer an understanding of your results and hold up for all of your conclusions, using facts from your research and generally accepted information, if suitable. The implication of result should be visibly described. Infer your data in the conversation in suitable depth. This means that when you clarify an observable fact you must explain mechanisms that may account for the observation. If your results vary from your prospect, make clear why that may have happened. If your results agree, then explain the theory that the proof supported. It is never suitable to just state that the data approved with prospect, and let it drop at that. Make a decision if each premise is supported, discarded, or if you cannot make a conclusion with assurance. Do not just dismiss a study or part of a study as "uncertain." Research papers are not acknowledged if the work is imperfect. Draw what conclusions you can based upon the results that you have, and take care of the study as a finished work You may propose future guidelines, such as how the experiment might be personalized to accomplish a new idea. Give details all of your remarks as much as possible, focus on mechanisms. Make a decision if the tentative design sufficiently addressed the theory, and whether or not it was correctly restricted.\par
Try to present substitute explanations if sensible alternatives be present. One research will not counter an overall question, so maintain the large picture in mind, where do you go next? The best studies unlock new avenues of study. What questions remain? Recommendations for detailed papers will offer supplementary suggestions.  			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
