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             \author[1]{Dr. S.  Britto}

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\date{\small \em Received: 6 February 2017 Accepted: 1 March 2017 Published: 15 March 2017}

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\begin{abstract}
        


This paper basically deals with the dynamics of natural resource management in Madurai District. According to Singh and Singh (2007) Natural Resource Management is usually a group action programme involving the entire population of the watershed. The ninth five year plan document also stated that development programme could be implemented successfully only with the involvement of people. It is imperative to ensure people?s active participation in all, phases of planning and implementing the programme. But there is no universality acceptable measure or index of people?s participation the necessity of developing scales in view of its importance. The following questions were posed while taking up this study - whether NGOs are superior to the GOs in enlisting the people?s participation imparting knowledge and to adoption of technologies..Secondly what type of participation is more effective for planning and implementation of the programme and finally what are the attributing factors for high performance of an organization. To explore suitable and concrete answer to three questions, a study was needed. Besides an effort was also made to identify the perceived constraints in participation and reason for the non-adoption of recommended integrated watershed technologies selected personal and social psychological factors, their relationship, relative importance, their direct and indirect efforts as participation, knowledge and adoption levels were the other aspects of the study. Finally the suggestion perceived by the beneficiaries for effective participation and adoption of practices in watershed areas were also enumerated. This research reviews the role of Community including panchayats in environmental governances and critically examines ways to balance empowerment of panchayats without compromising the participation of the community. Degradation of Natural Resources and Impacts Health Impacts: Management and conservation of natural resources is important for the maintena

\end{abstract}


\keywords{NRM, watershed, government organization, NGOS and community participation.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
Rural poor people are not just 'the poor'; they have faces and names. They are real people: poor farmers, poor fishers, poor nomads and poor women producers. Overcoming poverty means individual and collective empowerment, strengthening productive and income generating capacities and increasing opportunities. This requires a clear understanding of the activities of poor people and of the natural, social, economic and political environment in which they live. It also requires supportive policies, institutions, services and investment. The last two decades have witnessed a paradigm shift in conservation and Natural Resource Management away from costly state-centered control towards approaches in which local people play a much more active role. These reforms purportedly aim to increase resource user participation in Natural Resource Management decisions and benefits by restructuring the power relations between state and communities through the transfer of management authority to local-level organisations. Yet, the reality rarely reflects this rhetoric.\par
Three quarters of the world's poorest people live in rural areas, and their livelihoods depend on farming, pastoralism, forestry, and artisanal fishing -all of which can be subsumed under the term "agriculture". Support to agriculture is well recognized as essential for poverty reduction and for securing people's right to food. Agriculture is also recognized as an engine of propoor growth  {\ref (OECD, 2006;} {\ref World Bank, 2007;} {\ref Oxfam, 2009)}. According to OECD DAC, "Agriculture connects economic growth and the rural poor" but "its importance goes beyond incomes and reduces poverty by lowering and stabilizing food prices; improving employment for poor rural people; increasing demand for consumer goods and services, and stimulating growth in the nonfarm economy"  {\ref (OECD, 2006)}. Secure access to natural resources and their sustainable management is, in turn, key for agriculture-based livelihoods. Today, this is particularly important as climate change and growing competition over scarce resources (notably land and water) affect the natural resource base for agriculture and for rural poverty reduction  {\ref (Brunori, et al., 2008;} {\ref World Bank, 2007;} {\ref Nelleman et.al, 2009)}. Moreover, secure access to natural resources is at the core of poor rural people's entitlements as Community, as rights over resources are often linked to membership in social organisations, recognition of collective identities, and access to services.\par
It is reported that India is currently losing between 5 to 7 Mil. Hectares of food lands every year due to soil degradation. Among the poor people about 3.7 per cent in the world. Among the poor people about in India out other 329 million hectares (mi. hec) of geographical areas, only 264 million hectares has potential for agriculture production. Land degradation has taken place on 175 Mil hectares that is water erosion on 111 Mi. Hectares, wind erosion and acidity on 39 Mil. Hectares and associated special problem on 25 Mil. Hectares  {\ref (Ashokaman et.al. 2997 and} {\ref grenal, 1997)}. It is estimated that about 6000 million tons (mi. Tonns) of soil is eroded annually (Swamination 1996. In India more that 70 per cent of the population depends on agriculture and rarely three fourth of the total area land depends on rain. The forty millions of farmers in India are cultivating at dry land is linked with the vagaries and mercy of the monsoon, it was reported that the Natural Resource Management through Integrated watershed development programme (IWDP) were launched during the late Seventeen the and Eighties.\par
Borrini-Feyerabend et al. 2004 in his book throughout the islands of the Caribbean, initiatives are underway to engage communities in co-management of natural resources. The stated rationale is often that community involvement can help to reduce the degradation of marine and terrestrial biodiversity, address resource use conflicts, improve the community's quality of\textbackslash life and provide opportunities for economic activity. Other goals include improved governance through building stronger community institutions and increased community capacity, empowerment and voice, which can in turn provide a vehicle for strengthening local governance in other spheres of social and economic development.\par
The issue of control over natural resources is considered closely linked to issues of power or good governance, in particular within resource-rich African countries. "Access and control over resources in Africa is considered the major governance issue, especially for rural people, and is the bread and butter issue on which democracy must deliver. NRM [Natural Resource Management] is central to good governance and increasing enfranchisement of rural peoples", argues a 2002 USAID report (P-3).\par
Borrini-Feyerabend et al. 2004   
\section[{Research Methodology}]{Research Methodology}\par
Various methods are available to collect for a study. It is the responsibility of the researcher to select the appropriate method for collecting adequate, accurate and reliable data. Especially in case of primary source of information the researcher adopt interview method as a best method of data collection. This study hence adopted interview method with help of structured interview schedule for the collection of data from respondents. This approach in data collection helped the researcher in many ways. Initially, most of the respondents were cynic to answer to the questions relating to Natural Resource Management, but one to one approach resulted in providing a room to clarify their doubts. However the researcher spent enough time to elucidate the mission of the study. The researcher also adopted focused group interview method (FGD) with help of semi-structured interview to elicit information from the general public about the community participation on Natural Resource Management.\par
The researcher always stayed with the respondents during the data collection. It enabled the researcher to build the rapport with the respondents and got ample opportunities to collect the data and information from the field, moreover it had been the participatory rural appraisal (PRA) method.\par
Volume XVII Issue II Version I 4. There will be no relationship in personal and sociopsychological characteristics of beneficiaries on their extent of participation, level of knowledge and adoption of Natural Resource Management components between the Natural Resource Management beneficiaries of the governmental and N G Os. 
\section[{IV. Conceptual Framework for the Study}]{IV. Conceptual Framework for the Study}\par
This section provided an insight to develop the theoretical frame work which served as a guidance to identify the independent variables for the present study. Some of the variables were also identified after discussion with extension scientists and extension staff in the study area. Based on this, a conceptual model has been dveloped and represented in figure \hyperref[fig_0]{-1}.   
\section[{Age}]{Age}\par
The age of the respondents signifies the level of maturity and to what extent they are liable to their family /social commitment and performing home chores. In general the middle aged is more committed than the young this productive aged group is equivalent to farming functions and its other activities. In the present study, the age among the respondents are categorized as below 35 years, 36 yrs to 45 years and 45 years and above age wise classification as shown in Table \hyperref[tab_3]{-1}  In the category of Large farmers a majority of 52(50\%) respondents are in the age group of above 45 years old.35 (34\%) respondents are in the age between 36 years to 45 years that is middle aged and 16(16\%) respondents are below in the age of 35 years that is young aged. The mean age of respondents is 37 years.\par
V. 
\section[{Literacy Level}]{Literacy Level}\par
Education represents the formal education that the respondents have had. Since the level of education is one of the important factors which determines the level of understanding of the characteristics of the sample responders. Further the higher education of respondents helps to empower faster than lower grade education. The level of education is grouped in to illiterates, can sign (knowing only signature putting), primary level, Secondary level and graduation. The level of education among the respondents is illustrated in Table-2.   
\section[{Go NGO}]{Go NGO}\par
At the high performing NGO NRM project, a maximum percentage of farmers were observed in functional, consultation information giving, material incentives or interactive participation types and very negligible percentage was observed in non-participation. The farmers also indicated similar types of participation. The reasons might be that High Performing N G O established its familiarity, rapport and credibility among the farmers. NRM project had been initiated based on local needs and problems with better towards scientific methodology might have enhanced the involvement in activities to attain higher profitability form the dry land technologies. Educational status probably hindered the participation because the farmers were able to acquire the relevant information without involvement thorough other communication media VI. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
Based on the results, the following implications are derived which could be used to plan the future extension strategies in a better manner. The scale developed to measure the extent of people's participation in different stages of planning and implementation of NRM would serve as a useful tool for operational level NRM programme staff. This will be useful to detect the exact weakness and due attention could be given to overcome deficiencies and ensure better involvement of people in the programme. Secondly, the higher the level and type of participation, more will the knowledge and adoption of technologies which indicates that to increase the knowledge and adoption of practices, the beneficiaries should be involved in planning and implementation activities of the programme. Thirdly,the high performing groups used various participatory approaches to enlist the people's participation. It indicates that more thrust can be given to participatory approaches for successful implementtation of development programmes in general and NRM in particular. Fourthly, Educational status, extension system linkage scientific orientation, innovativeness and attitude do play significant role in participation and adoption of NRM technologies. The implementing agency has to give more importance to educate people, to increase scientific knowledge and develop the favorable attitude by using different extension teaching methods.\par
Fifthly, as the government NRM programme beneficiaries expressed lack of knowledge about programme as constraints in participation, the awareness has to be created about programme by using different media and methods before planning and implementation. Sixthly, the availability of funds for N G Os is a major stumbling block to implement programme, hence the Central and State governments should provide necessary finance based on the activities and performance of N G Os in NRM. Seventhly, while implementing NRM technologies in any community and public lands, emphasis should be given for community empowerment and involvement and finally the NRM can be implemented jointly with collaborative action of G Os and N G Os so that both can attain the benefits and complement and supplement each other thereby the beneficiaries stand to gain.\par
The types of participation in of Low Performing-N G O NRM programme, one-third (33.50\%) farmers did not participate in NRM activities, whereas, nearly onefifth farmers were observed in consultation, information giving and passive types of participation.It is found that scientific orientation and attitude acted as important variables in influencing the participation level in High Performing-NGO NRM programme. Favourable attitude and more scientific knowledge would induce the farmers to analysis the technology in a scientific manner to suit to their farm situation. This might have influenced the farmers to participate in the NRM programme.It indicates that a unit's increase in risk orientation, scientific orientation, innovativeness and attitude, ceteris paribus would result in increase in participation level to the extent of 7.12, 6.69,18.97 and 7.39 units respectively. Similarly, a unit of increase in educational status would result in reduction in participation by \hyperref[b12]{11} \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Figure 3}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{} \par 
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II.\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
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\tabcellsep were framed.\\
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\tabcellsep 3. There will be no difference in adoption level of\\
\tabcellsep Natural Resource Management practices among\\
12\tabcellsep the beneficiaries of the governmental and N G Os\\
\tabcellsep projects.\\
( C )\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.06915254237288135\textwidth}P{0.12101694915254237\textwidth}P{0.17\textwidth}P{0.2016949152542373\textwidth}P{0.15559322033898304\textwidth}P{0.13254237288135595\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep The age\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{S.No Respondents}\tabcellsep Below35years (young)\tabcellsep 36 years to 45 years (middle)\tabcellsep Above 45 years (old)\tabcellsep Total\\
1\tabcellsep Marginal farmers\tabcellsep 201 (81\%)\tabcellsep 37 (15\%)\tabcellsep 9 (4\%)\tabcellsep 247 (48\%)\\
2\tabcellsep Small farmers\tabcellsep 119 (70\%)\tabcellsep 30 (18\%)\tabcellsep 21 (12\%)\tabcellsep 170 (33\%)\\
3\tabcellsep Large farmers\tabcellsep 75 (73\%)\tabcellsep 7 (7\%)\tabcellsep 21 (20\%)\tabcellsep 103 (20\%)\\
Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 395 (76\%)\tabcellsep 74 (14\%)\tabcellsep 51 (10\%)\tabcellsep 520 (100\%)\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Volume XVII Issue II Version I\\
( C )\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.8284810126582278\textwidth}P{0.021518987341772152\textwidth}}
solutions, conducted more educational programmes,\tabcellsep \\
planned and implemented with the beneficiaries and this\tabcellsep \\
might have influenced towards higher types of\tabcellsep \\
participation on NRM project.\tabcellsep \\
a) Strategic mechanism for effective planning and implementation of NRM programme For effective and efficient planning and implementation of NRM programme, both the G O and N G O should have a common modus operandi. Both at orgaisational and field level they should have co-operation and collaboration so that both can complement and supplement each other. NRM programme could be implemented jointly so that both the organisations can gain benefits. The G O can utilize the services of dedicated N G Os workers to ensure people's participation, whereas N G Os can utilize the services of technical expertise and funds available from GO for effective planning and implementation of Natural Resource Management programme. For effective planning and implementation of NRM project the following strategies are worth considering. ? Consistent and effective policies are needed for the protection, conservation and maintenance of soil and water resources. ? Development of NRM technologies that are technically and environmentally sound, economically viable, socially and culturally acceptable and which may lead to sustainable land use. ? Suggested model For effective planning and efficient implementation of NRM\tabcellsep Volume XVII Issue II Version I ( C )\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{Year 2017 © 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US) Community Participation in Natural Resource Management in Madurai District-TN INDIA} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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