@incollection{, 5EC40799220B7558A9C093CCFE05BDE3 , author={{RobertHolzmann} and {MercedesAyuso} and {Jorge MiguelBravo} and {Austrian Academy of Sciences}}, journal={{Global Journal of Human Social Sciences}}, journal={{GJHSS}}2249-460X0975-587X10.34257/GJHSS, address={Cambridge, United States}, publisher={Global Journals Organisation}1713157 } @incollection{b0, , title={{Una estimación actuarial del coste individual de las pensiones de jubilación and viudedad: Concurrencia de pensiones del Sistema de la Seguridad Social español}} , author={{ EstefaníaAlaminos } and { MercedesAyuso }} , journal={{Estudios de Economía Aplicada}} 33 3 , year={2015} } @book{b1, , title={{El coste de los cuidados de larga duración en España bajo criterios actuariales: ¿es sostenible su financiación?}} , author={{ MercedesAyuso } and { MontserratGuillén }} , year={2011} , address={Ekonomi Gerizan, Federación de Cajas de} , note={En El Estado de bienestar en la encrucijada: nuevos retos ante la crisis} } @book{b2, , title={{Longevidad: un breve análisis global y actuarial}} , author={{ MercedesAyuso } and { RobertHolzmann }} , year={2014} , note={Instituto BBVA de Pensiones -Documento de Trabajo No 1/2014, Septiembre. Madrid: BBVA} } @incollection{b3, , title={{Revisión de las proyecciones de población -Parte 1: Más allá de los convenientes supuestos sobre fertilidad, mortalidad y migración}} , author={{ MercedesAyuso } and { JorgeBravo } and { RobertHolzmann }} , journal={{Instituto BBVA de Pensiones -Documento de Trabajo}} 10 , year={2015. 2015} , publisher={BBVA} } @incollection{b4, , title={{Sistema público de dependencia y reducción del coste individual de cuidados a lo largo de la vida}} , author={{ CatalinaBolancé } and { RamónAlemany } and { MontserratGuillén }} , journal={{Revista de Economía Aplicada}} 61 , year={2013} } @incollection{b5, , title={{Widening social inequalities in mortality: the case of Barcelona, a southern European city}} , author={{ CarmenBorrell }} , journal={{Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health}} 51 6 , year={1997} } @incollection{b6, , title={{Inequalities in mortality according to educational level in two large Southern European cities}} , author={{ CarmeBorrell }} , journal={{International Journal of Epidemiology}} 28 1 , year={1999} } @incollection{b7, , title={{La fase de percepción de los pagos de los planes de pensiones provisionados: riesgos y opciones de pago}} , author={{ JorgeBravo } and { RobertHolzmann }} , booktitle={{Documento de Trabajo: Nº 6/2014. Madrid: Instituto BBVA de Pensions}} , year={2014} } @incollection{b8, , title={{Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century}} , author={{ HenrikBrønnum-Hansen }} , journal={{References Références Referencias}} 9 1 , year={2004. 2015. September 17} , publisher={PNAS -Social Sciences} , note={Social gradient in life expectancy and health expectancy in Denmark} } @incollection{b9, , title={{Human Capital Inequality, Life Expectancy and Economic Growth}} , author={{ AmparoCastelló-Climent } and { RafaelDoménech }} , journal={{The Economic Journal}} 118 , year={2008} } @book{b10, , title={{Trends in Income Inequality and its Impact on Economic Growth}} , author={{ FedericoCingano }} , year={2014} , publisher={OECD Publishing} } @incollection{b11, , title={{Changing mortality and morbidity rates and the health status and life expectancy of the older population}} , author={{ EileenMCrimmins } and { DMark } and { YasuhikoHayward } and { Saito }} 10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en12 , journal={{Demography}} 31 1 , year={1994} } @incollection{b12, , title={{Differentials in active life expectancy in the older population of the United States}} , author={{ EileenMCrimmins } and { DMark } and { YasuhikoHayward } and { Saito }} , journal={{The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences}} 51 3 , year={1996} } @incollection{b13, , title={{Esperanzas de vida y expectativas de salud en las edades avanzadas}} , author={{ RobertoChande } and { Ham }} , journal={{Estudios demográficos y urbanos}} 48 , year={2001} } @incollection{b14, , title={{Differences in healthy life expectancy for the US population by sex, race/ethnicity and geographic region: 2008}} , author={{ Man-Chang } and { Huei }} , journal={{Journal of Public Health}} 37 3 , year={2015} } @incollection{b15, , title={{The Association Between Income and Life 17}} , author={{ RajChetty } and { MichaelStepner } and { SarahAbraham } and { ShelbyLin } and { BenjaminScuderi } and { NicholasTurner } and { AugustinBergeron } and { DavidCutler }} 10.1001/jama.2016.4226 , journal={{Clinical Review & Education. JAMA}} , year={2016. 2001-2014. April 10. 2016} , note={Expectancy in the United States. Published online} } @incollection{b16, , title={{Sex-Differences in the Evolution of Life Expectancy and Health in Older Age}} , author={{ DJDeeg }} , booktitle={{Sex and Longevity: Sexuality}} , editor={ Robin } Gender, Reproduction, Parenthood, Book Series Research , year={2001} } @incollection{b17, , title={{Trends in educational and occupational differentials in all-cause mortality in Austria between 1981/82 and 1991/92}} , author={{ GabrieleDoblhammer } and { RolandRau } and { JosefKytir }} , journal={{Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift}} 117 , year={2005} } @incollection{b18, , title={{Is life expectancy really falling for groups of low socioeconomic status? Lagged selection bias and artefactual trends in mortality}} , author={{ JenniferBDowd } and { AmarHamoudi }} , journal={{International Journal of Epidemiology}} 43 4 , year={2014. 2017} } @book{b19, , title={{Mortality and lifetime income: Evidence from Social Security records}} , author={{ JamesEDuggan } and { RobertGillingham } and { JohnSGreenlees }} , year={2007} , publisher={International Monetary Fund} , note={Working paper 07/15} } @incollection{b20, , title={{Measuring socioeconomic mortality differentials over time}} , author={{ HarrietDuleep } and { Orcutt }} , journal={{Demography}} 26 2 , year={1989} } @incollection{b21, , title={{Mortality and life expectancy statistics}} , author={{ Eurostat }} , journal={{Eurostat Statistics Explained}} , year={2015} } @incollection{b22, , title={{Black-White Disparities in Life Expectancy: How Much Can the Standard SES Variables Explain?}} , author={{ MichaelGeruso }} , journal={{Demography}} 49 2 , year={2012} } @incollection{b23, , title={{Decomposition analysis of Spanish life expectancy at birth}} , author={{ RosaGómez-Redondo } and { CarlBoe }} , journal={{Demographic Research}} 13 20 , year={2005} } @book{b24, , author={{ JoséHerce } and { Antonio }} , title={{Las pensiones en las Comunidades Autónomas}} , year={2015} , note={Instituto BBVA de Pensiones -Documento de Trabajo No 12/2015, Marzo. Madrid: BBVA} } @incollection{b25, , title={{Global pension systems and their reform: Worldwide drivers, trends and challenges}} , author={{ RobertHolzmann }} , journal={{International Social Security Review}} 66 2 , year={2012} } @incollection{b26, , title={{A Optimistic Perspective on Population Aging and Old-Age Financial Protection}} , author={{ RobertHolzmann }} , journal={{Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies}} 50 2 , year={2013. 2013. 2014} Chinese Academy of Social Science , note={Studies in Labor Economics} } @book{b27, , title={{Conference paper presented at the 13th International Workshop on Pension Insurance and Savings Paris Dauphine}} , author={{ RobertHolzmann }} , year={2015. 28 May} , note={Addressing Longevity Risk Through Private Annuities: Issues and Options} } @book{b28, , title={{Discapacidad (tasas, esperanzas de vida en salud)}} , year={2015} INE (Instituto Nacional de Estadística } @book{b29, , title={{}} , author={{ Madrid }} } @incollection{b30, , title={{Income distribution and life expectancy: a critical appraisal}} , author={{ KenJudge }} , journal={{British Medical Journal}} 311 7015 1282 , year={1995} } @incollection{b31, , title={{The association between individual income and remaining life expectancy at the age of 65 in the Netherlands}} , author={{ AdriaanSKalwij } and { JMRob } and { MarikeGAlessie } and { Knoef }} , journal={{Demography}} 50 1 , year={2013} } @incollection{b32, , title={{Educational Attainment and Life Expectancy}} , author={{ RobertMKaplan } and { MichaelLSpittel } and { TiaLZeno }} , journal={{Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences}} 1 1 , year={2014} } @incollection{b33, , title={{Marital status and longevity in the United States population}} , author={{ RobertMKaplan } and { RichardGKronick }} , journal={{Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health}} 60 9 , year={2006} } @incollection{b34, , title={{Modeling and Forecasting U.S. Mortality}} , author={{ RDLee } and { LRCarter }} , journal={{Journal of the American Statistical Association}} 87 , year={1992} } @book{b35, , title={{Good Intentions, Bad Outcomes}} , author={{ SantiagoLevy }} , year={2008} , publisher={Brookings Institution} , address={Washington, DC} } @incollection{b36, , title={{Coherent Mortality Forecasts for a Group of Populations: An Extension of the Lee-Carter Method}} , author={{ NLi } and { RLee }} , journal={{Demography}} 42 , year={2005} } @incollection{b37, , title={{A further study of life expectancy by socioeconomic factors in the National Longitudinal Mortality Study}} , author={{ CharlesCLin }} , journal={{Ethnicity & disease}} 13 2 , year={2002} } @incollection{b38, , title={{The relationship between education and adult mortality in the United States}} , author={{ AdrianaLleras-Muney }} , journal={{The Review of Economic Studies}} 72 1 , year={2005} } @incollection{b39, , title={{What Longevity Predictors Should be Allowed for When Valuing Pension Scheme Liabilities}} , author={{ AMadrigal } and { FMatthews } and { DPatel } and { AGaches } and { SBaxter }} , journal={{British Actuarial Journal}} 16 , year={2011} } @incollection{b40, , title={{The gap gets bigger: changes in mortality and life expectancy, by education}} , author={{ EllenRMeara } and { SethRichards } and { DavidMCutler }} , journal={{Health Affairs}} 27 2 , year={2008. 1981-2000} } @incollection{b41, , title={{The enduring association between education and mortality the role of widening and narrowing disparities}} , author={{ RichardMiech }} , journal={{American Sociological Review}} 76 6 , year={2011} } @book{b42, , title={{Discapacidades de las personas mayores en España: prevalencias, duraciones e impacto sobre los cuidados de larga duración}} , author={{ MalenaMonteverde }} , year={2004} Tesis doctoral. Universitat de Barcelona } @incollection{b43, , title={{The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income: Implications for Federal Programs and Policy Responses}} , journal={{Committee on Population, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Board on Mathematical Sciences and Their Applications, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences}} , year={2015} , publisher={The National Academies Press} National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. , note={Committee on the Long-Run Macroeconomic Effects of the Aging U.S. Population-Phase II} } @incollection{b44, , title={{Trends in life expectancy by National Statistics Socio-economic Classification}} , author={{ WalesEngland }} , journal={{Statistical Bulletin}} , year={2011. 1982-2006} Office National Statistics } @incollection{b45, , title={{Trend in life expectancy at birth and at age 65 by socio-economic position based on the National Statistics Socio-economic Classification}} ______2015 , journal={{Statistical Bulletin}} , year={1982-1986 to 2007-2011} } @book{b46, , title={{Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising}} , author={{ Oecd }} , year={2011} , publisher={OECD} , address={Paris} } @incollection{b47, , title={{Fragmentation of retirement markets due to differences in life expectancy}} , author={{ Oecd }} OECD. 50. OECD. 2016 , booktitle={{OECD Business and Finance Outlook}} Paris; Paris; Paris , publisher={OECD Publishing} , year={2014. 2014. 2017 49. 2015. 2016} , note={OECD. 2015} , note={Joint publication of the OECD and the European Commission} } @incollection{b48, , title={{The Linear Rise in the Number of Our Days}} , author={{ JimOeppen } and { JamesVVaupel }} , booktitle={{Perspectives on mortality forecasting, Social Insurance Studies}} , editor={ PalmerBengtsson } Stockholm , publisher={Swedish Social Insurance Agency} , year={2006} 3 } @incollection{b49, , title={{Differences in life expectancy due to race and educational differences are widening, and many may catch up}} , author={{ SOlshansky } and { Jay }} , journal={{Health Affairs}} 31 8 , year={2012} } @incollection{b50, , title={{Heterogeneity in expected longevities}} , author={{ JosepPijoan-Mas } and { José-Víctor Ríos-Rull }} , journal={{Demography}} 51 6 , year={2014} } @incollection{b51, , title={{Optimal Annuitization with Stochastic Mortality and Correlated Medical Costs}} , author={{ FelixReichling } and { KentSmetters }} , journal={{American Economic Review}} 105 11 , year={2015} } @incollection{b52, , title={{The protective effect of marriage for survival: a review and update}} , author={{ MSRendall } and { MMWeden } and { MMFavreault } and { HWaldron }} , journal={{Demography}} 48 2 , year={2011} } @incollection{b53, , title={{From Right to Reality: Incentives, Labor Markets, and the Challenge of Achieving Universal Social Protection in Latin America and the Caribbean}} , author={{ HelenaRibe } and { DavidRobalino } and { IanWalker }} , journal={{Latin American Development Forum Series}} , year={2012} , publisher={World Bank} } @incollection{b54, , title={{Applying Survival Models to Pensioner Mortality Data}} , author={{ SRichards }} , journal={{British Actuarial Journal}} 14 , year={2008} } @incollection{b55, , title={{Extending the Lee-Carter Model: A Three-Way Decomposition}} , author={{ MRussolillo } and { GGiordano } and { SHaberman }} , journal={{Scandinavian Actuarial Journal}} 2 , year={2011} } @incollection{b56, , title={{Widening socioeconomic inequalities in US life expectancy}} , author={{ GopalKSingh } and { MohammadSiahpush }} , journal={{International Journal of Epidemiology}} 35 4 , year={2006. 1980-2000} } @incollection{b57, , title={{Are Differences in Disability-Free Life Expectancy by Gender, Race, and Education Widening at Older Ages?}} , author={{ Solé-Auró } and { HiramAïda } and { EileenMBeltrán-Sánchez } and { Crimmins }} , journal={{Population Research and Policy Review}} 34 1 , year={2015} } @incollection{b58, , title={{}} , author={{ Ã?"löfSteingrímsdóttir } and { Anna }} , journal={{European Journal of Epidemiology}} 27 3 , year={2012. 1961-2009} } @book{b59, , title={{Global Pension Assets Study}} , author={{ TowersWatson }} , year={2016. 2016} } @book{b60, , title={{World Mortality Wallchart 2015. Department of Economic and Social Affairs -Population Division}} , year={2013. 2013. 2015} 64 , address={New York; New York} , note={World Mortality Report} , note={Department of Economic and Social Affairs -Population Division} } @incollection{b61, , title={{Differential mortality by lifetime earnings in Germany}} , author={{ VonGaudecker } and { HansMartin } and { RembrandtScholz }} , journal={{Demographic Research}} 17 4 , year={2007} } @book{b62, , title={{Demographics in Russia}} , author={{ Wikipedia }} , year={2016} } @incollection{b63, , title={{Socio-Economic Differences in Mortality: Implications for Pensions Policy}} , author={{ EdwardWhitehouse } and { AshgarZaidi }} 10.1787/2317-47416062 , journal={{OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers}} 71 , year={2008} , publisher={OECD Publishing} } @book{b64, , title={{World Health Organization (WHO). 2015a. World health statistics}} , year={2015} , publisher={WHO} , address={Geneva} } @incollection{b65, , title={{World report on ageing and health. Geneva: WHO. Education Widening at Older Ages?}} , journal={{Population Research and Policy Review}} 34 1 , year={2015b} , note={World Health Organization (WHO)} } @incollection{b66, , title={{}} , author={{ Ã?"löfSteingrímsdóttir } and { Anna }} , journal={{European Journal of Epidemiology}} 27 3 , year={2012. 1961-2009} } @book{b67, , title={{Global Pension Assets Study}} , author={{ TowersWatson }} , year={2016. 2016} } @book{b68, , title={{Department of Economic and Social Affairs -Population Division}} , year={2013. 2013} , address={New York} , note={World Mortality Report} , note={United Nations} } @book{b69, , title={{World Mortality Wallchart 2015. Department of Economic and Social Affairs -Population Division}} , year={2015} , address={New York} , note={United Nations} } @incollection{b70, , title={{Differential mortality by lifetime earnings in Germany}} , author={{ VonGaudecker } and { HansMartin } and { RembrandtScholz }} , journal={{Demographic Research}} 17 4 , year={2007} } @book{b71, , title={{Demographics in Russia}} , author={{ Wikipedia }} , year={2016} } @incollection{b72, , title={{Socio-Economic Differences in Mortality: Implications for Pensions Policy}} , author={{ EdwardWhitehouse } and { AshgarZaidi }} 10.1787/2317-47416062 , journal={{OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers}} 71 , year={2008} , publisher={OECD Publishing} } @book{b73, , title={{World Health Organization (WHO). 2015a. World health statistics}} , year={2015} , publisher={WHO} , address={Geneva} } @book{b74, , title={{World report on ageing and health}} , year={2015b} , publisher={WHO} , address={Geneva} , note={World Health Organization (WHO)} }