\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter

\IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}%
  {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}%
  {\RequirePackage{color}}
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex
  \usepackage{fontspec}
  \usepackage{xunicode}
  \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash}
  \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{}
  \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}}
  \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}}
  \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}}
  \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}}
  \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono}
  
\else
  \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}%
   {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
      \PrerenderUnicode{–}
    }%
   {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}}
  \usepackage[english]{babel}
  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage{float}
  \usepackage[]{ucs}
  \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash }
  \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{}
  \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}}
  \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}}
  \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,}
  \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ }
  \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>}
  \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}}
  \def\textJapanese{}
  \def\textChinese{}
  \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{}
\fi
\def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small}
\DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25}
\usepackage{relsize}
\RequirePackage{array}
\def\@testpach{\@chclass
 \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else
  \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else
   \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else
    \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@
   \else \z@
   \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else
   \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}%
   \@chnum
   \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else
    \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else
     \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else
   \z@ \@chclass
   \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else
    \if \@nextchar !6 \else
     \if \@nextchar @7 \else
      \if \@nextchar (8 \else
       \if \@nextchar )9 \else
  10
  \@chnum
  \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else
   \if \@nextchar p4 \else
    \if \@nextchar b5 \else
   \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi
   \fi \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi}
\gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
\def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}}
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\def\abbr{}
\def\corr{}
\def\expan{}
\def\gap{}
\def\orig{}
\def\reg{}
\def\ref{}
\def\sic{}
\def\persName{}\def\name{}
\def\placeName{}
\def\orgName{}
\def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}}
\def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}}
\def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}}
\def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}}
\def\textquoted#1{‘#1’}
\def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}}
\def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}}
\def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}}
\def\titlem{\itshape}
\newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{bibl}{}{}
\newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{rubric}{}{}
\newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par }

\newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}}
\newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}}
\definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75}
\def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@}
\def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}}
\begingroup
\catcode`\_=\active
\gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}}
\endgroup
\mathcode`\_=\string"8000
\catcode`\_=12\relax

\usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry}
\usepackage{framed}

\definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{fancyvrb}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{marginnote}

\renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1}


\renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize}

\def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif}

  \pagestyle{fancy}

\usepackage[pdftitle={Studies on Nature and Properties of Salinity across Globe With a View to its Management -A Review},
 pdfauthor={}]{hyperref}
\hyperbaseurl{}

	 \paperwidth210mm
	 \paperheight297mm
              
\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em}
\def\@dotsep{4.5}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
\clubpenalty=8000
\emergencystretch 3em
\hbadness=4000
\hyphenpenalty=400
\pretolerance=750
\tolerance=2000
\vbadness=4000
\widowpenalty=10000

\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large}}
\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
     {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\large}}
\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
     {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize}}
\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
     {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
     {-1em}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}}


\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt}
 \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup
 \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth 
 \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth 
 \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
 \endgroup}
\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
\@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{}
\@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{}
\newif\if@mainmatter 
\@mainmattertrue
\def\chaptername{Chapter}
\def\frontmatter{%
  \pagenumbering{roman}
  \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\roman{section}}
  \def\@chapapp{}%
}
\def\mainmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter}
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \pagenumbering{arabic}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}
  \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}%
  \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}}
}
\def\backmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2}
  \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}%
  \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}}
  \appendix
}
\newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{%
   \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
       {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
        \leftmargin\labelwidth
        \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
        \@openbib@code
        \usecounter{enumiv}%
        \let\p@enumiv\@empty
        \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}%
	}%
  \sloppy
  \clubpenalty4000
  \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
  \widowpenalty4000%
  \sfcode`\.\@m}%
  {\def\@noitemerr
    {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}%
    \endlist}

\def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}}
\parskip0pt
\parindent1em
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\newenvironment{reflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{sansreflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{specHead}[2]%
 {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}%
  \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}%

  \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}%
  \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}%
  }{}
      \def\TheFullDate{2017-01-15 (revised: 15 January 2017)}
\def\TheID{\makeatother }
\def\TheDate{2017-01-15}
\title{Studies on Nature and Properties of Salinity across Globe With a View to its Management -A Review}
\author{}\makeatletter 
\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{%
  \clearpage
    \if@twoside
    \ifodd\c@page
      \hbox{}\newpage
      \if@twocolumn
        \hbox{}\newpage
      \fi
    \fi
  \fi
}
\makeatother
\makeatletter
\thispagestyle{empty}
\markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author}
\renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
               \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@
               \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@
               \itemsep 1pt}
}
\makeatother
\fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm}
\fancyhf{} 
\setlength{\headheight}{14pt}
\fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} 
\fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} 
\fancyfoot[RO]{}
\fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID}
\fancyfoot[LE]{}
\fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID}
\hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true}
\fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}}

\date{}
\usepackage{authblk}

\providecommand{\keywords}[1]
{
\footnotesize
  \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1
}

\usepackage{graphicx,xcolor}
\definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81}
\definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9}
\definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70}
\definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} 

\renewenvironment{abstract}{%
   \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
   \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space}
}{%   
   \vskip8pt
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
}

\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos}

\makeatother 
      \usepackage{lineno}
      \linenumbers
      
\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Yohannes  Yihdego}

             \author[2]{Subhabrata  Panda}

             \affil[1]{  Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation}

\renewcommand\Authands{ and }

\date{\small \em Received: 10 December 2016 Accepted: 31 December 2016 Published: 15 January 2017}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


Salinity is a complication towards evolving a sustainable food production system and habitat management throughout globe. Such problem has its origin from marine, geological and anthropogenic activities. Nature and properties of salinity has been reviewed on global extent with a view to its management in this regard.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{salinity, sustainable, crop production, water harvesting, coastal area.}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark}
\end{textblock*}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
\end{textblock*}


\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
alinity across globe can be broadly grouped as ocean and terrestrial salinity. Terrestrial salinity has its manifestation on land surface and in groundwater \hyperref[b36]{33,} {\ref 34,}\hyperref[b37]{35,}\hyperref[b33]{36} . Salinity of ocean is most vividly revealed and which hardly needs a classification, though sea temperature is the crucial factor for which salinity changes from place to place on oceans. Salinity is the outcome of various geological factors in association with atmospheric influence. Atmospheric components along with geological circumstances are the determinants of salinity on land territories including groundwater and in oceans.\par
properties of salinity, especially soil and groundwater salinity, for its management with a view to effective utilization of landmass and water bodies and oceans for a better scope for creation of dwelling places and security of food, fodder and fibres in future for human beings on a global scale. Here, groundwater, mouths of rivers and coastal areas are interfaces between land territory and ocean.\par
Salinity is the indication of property of both water and soil. It is the saltiness characterized by amount of dissolved salts present and expressed as grams of salt present in one kilogram of water or soil with a unit of parts per thousand or ppt or 0 ? 00 . Dissolution of salts results in higher density of salty water than freshwater. This property is used to measure salinity of water by hydrometer. Similarly salty water refracts more than freshwater and this property is the reason for measuring salinity of water by refract meter. As the property of variation of microwave emissivity with temperature and salinity of sea surface, salinity sensor is mounted on NASA's Aquarius Instrument satellite (June 10, 2011) to measure changes in global sea water salinity. Readings with that instrument can identify roughness created by the shallow pools of freshwater due to intense rainfall on ocean. Carrying capacity of electrical charges by ions in water is employed to measure salinity of water by electrical conductivity meter. This meter is also used to measure salinity of 1:2 soil-water saturation extract. Apparent electrical conductivity of bulk soil in field is done through electrode probes or electromagnetic induction or time domain reflection. Aquarius Instrument satellite also measures global soil moisture status. With the another instrument, Argentine built Microwave Radiometer aboard, in future, that Aquarius will gauge intense rain over ocean simultaneously to salinity readings. After thorough refining microwave emissivity measurements that salinity sensor may succeed in measuring accurate soil salinity over the globe. There is another scope for refining measurement soil moisture content with the help of physical procedures or of certain bacteria like Escherichia coli and joint venture of this microbiological method with the microwave emissivity salinity sensor may lead to precise estimation of soil salinity. \hyperref[b0]{1,}\hyperref[b1]{2,} {\ref 3,} {\ref 4,}\hyperref[b2]{5,}\hyperref[b3]{6,}\hyperref[b20]{7,}\hyperref[b4]{8,}\hyperref[b5]{9,}\hyperref[b6]{10} The present review work is targeted to find out nature and properties of salinity on global scale with a view to its management, especially managing salinity for sustainable food production through better agriculture and aquaculture, building construction and fresh water harvesting. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods}\par
Literature survey is done on studies on geographical expanse of salinity in water and in soil under the various geological and atmospheric influences. Native geological features, territorial water bodies and streams and even oceans and seas are influencers of soil salinity. Thus, literature survey will target to find out those native factors including atmospheric components to study the nature and III. 
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
Nature of Salinity -Salinity is the accumulation of salts above certain level in water or soil matrix and geological formations. Sources of salinity can be broadly classified into salinity of water and salinity of soil. Each has its effect on the other. Thus, the two cannot be segregated in nature. Besides climate has great binding on salinity and, thus, there is soil-water -atmosphere continuum in nature of salinity, studies of which will be effective in its management, especially managing soil salinity. For the purpose of clarity the whole discussion is divided into: i) Ocean salinity ii) Terrestrial salinity a) Ocean salinity i. Physical states of water There are three physical states of water like liquid, ice and vapour. Water, in its liquid state, dissolves rocks and sediments and reacts with emissions from volcanoes and hydrothermal vents. This results in complex solution in ocean basins. Apart from that salts with minerals are released in oceans as a result of weathering of rocks.\par
Other two states are salt incompatible and, thus, formation of ice through condensation and vapour formation through evaporation are responsible for increase in salt concentration in water.  {\ref 3,}\hyperref[b6]{10,}\hyperref[b7]{11,}\hyperref[b23]{12} ii. Water Cycle The globe is broadly composed off one third parts of land and two third parts of water. Global 78\% precipitation and 86\% evaporation occur over ocean. This difference in fresh water input-output affects the ocean dynamics, where ocean surface salinity is the key factor. Tracking of that salinity helps to directly monitor land runoff, sea ice freezing and melting; evaporation and precipitation over ocean.\par
Formation of ice and evaporation are responsible for increase in salt concentration in ocean. Processes like input of fresh water from precipitation (rain, snow), surface (river) and sub surface runoff (fresh groundwater flow) and melting of ice are responsible for continually decreasing salinity against different salinity factors. Still it is of great concern that small variations in salinity in ocean surface can eventually affect the circulation in ocean and global water cycle. \hyperref[b2]{5,}\hyperref[b20]{7,}\hyperref[b6]{10,}\hyperref[b7]{11,}\hyperref[b23]{12} iii. Ocean Circulation and Climate Upper ocean circulation is driven by winds. Deep below the surface the changes in sea water density is the casual factor of ocean circulation, while sea water density is dependent on salinity and temperature.\par
On high latitude regions, such as on the North Atlantic east of Greenland, cold surface ocean waters becomes saltier due to evaporation and/or sea ice formation. In those regions surface water turns dense enough to sink to the ocean depths. That pumping of surface water forces the deep ocean water to move horizontally until it can find areas where it can move up to the surface of ocean. That ocean current is called as 'thermohaline circulation', as that is caused by changes in temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline). It is a very large and slow current estimated to be on the order of 1000 years to complete a full circuit, also called the 'Global Conveyer Belt' as this works as an interconnected system. Such studies can help to emergency preparedness towards disaster management with regard to cyclones, sustainable fishing from seas and estuaries, etc. Studies on salinity in coastal areas are helpful for planning rain water harvesting for more crop production. \hyperref[b0]{1,} {\ref 3,} {\ref 4,}\hyperref[b2]{5,}\hyperref[b6]{10,}\hyperref[b7]{11,}\hyperref[b23]{12,}\hyperref[b10]{13,}\hyperref[b11]{14,}\hyperref[b12]{15,}\hyperref[b21]{16,}\hyperref[b13]{17,}\hyperref[b14]{18,}\hyperref[b15]{19,}\hyperref[b16]{20,}\hyperref[b22]{21,}\hyperref[b17]{22} iv. Salinity Regionsknowledge base for land salinity management a. High Salinity a) In centre of the ocean basins, away from the mouths of rivers which input fresh waters. b) In sub-tropical regions, due to high rates of evaporation as a result clear skies, c) little rain and prevailing winds. In landlocked seas in arid regions.\par
b. Low Salinity a) In high latitudes due to lower evaporation rates and melting of ice which dilutes sea water. b) In tropical areas dominated by rain.\par
Such differences in salinity regions have a significant impact on ocean circulation and the global climate.  {\ref 3,} {\ref 4} v. Sea-land proximity and Geomorphologyknowledge base for land salinity management\par
The Bay of Bengal is less saline than the Arabian Sea. Because Bay of Bengal is showered by intense monsoon rains and gets fresh water discharges from the Ganges and other large rivers, whereas the Arabian Sea is laid up against dry Middle East.\par
Drift of sea water by winds is a major factor for salinization of coastal soils. More sandy soils are less affected by salinity. Large rivers, generally, form delta near its mouth and carry sediments constituting clay fractions in majority, which are susceptible to adhesion of ions of salts, i.e. the cause of salinity. For these Continental salinity is concerned mainly for soil and water salinity affecting agriculture. Salinity is the problem for building construction everywhere and especially in arctic coasts for anomalous load bearing property of frozen saline soils. Frozen saline soils are also distributed in Central Siberia, where continental salinization is caused by predominance of evaporation over precipitation and that is characterized by prevalence of sulphate and carbonate ions and such soils are characterised by special engineering property of low bearing capacity. Those soils possess property between frozen and unfrozen soils because of their freezing at lower temperature and contain more unfrozen water than the same soil without salt. On such soil test of bearing capacity should allow constant load for construction of building. \hyperref[b15]{19} ii. Agricultural Soil Salinity Agricultural Soil Salinity is the manifestation of both the soil and water (surface and ground) salinity, as water is a useful input in irrigated agriculture. In case of non-irrigated agriculture question of water salinity is not concerned.\par
During the process of weathering of rocks and parent material salts are released which makes the soil saline in situ and through transportation by surface and sub-surface runoff salinized azonal soils are formed. For such origin of salinity rainfall, sheet, rill, gullies, streams, rivers and groundwater flows are causing factors. Due to work of wind, moving glaciers, lakes, river, ocean various azonal soils (e.g. alluvial, colluvial) are formed. Contamination of those forceful geomorphic agents is also the cause of origin of saline soils on various parts of the globe. For example, coastal saline soils originated due to closeness of the coasts with the sea. Such geographical situation also affects the salinity of groundwater. Incidental flooding by sea water and high tides in the sea and drifts from seawater by wind are causes of salinity of coastal rivers and groundwater. Impeded drainage condition due to impervious or negligibly permeable soil layer at depth cause collection of salts in soil layers and on drying of surface causes salts to rise up and makes the soil saline which is usually characterised by salt efflorescence which is named in different parts of the globe differently like reh in India. Dissolution of calcium from clay complex turned the saline soil sodic (alkali) soil. \hyperref[b19]{23,}\hyperref[b24]{24,}\hyperref[b25]{25,}\hyperref[b26]{26,}\hyperref[b27]{27} b) Management of Terrestrial Salinity Management of land salinity requires area specific characterisation of salinity both in water and soil as well. Because either the salinity of soil or water cannot be separated like dilemma of differentiating flesh and blood. Groundwater is also an important component which needs attention in managing continent salinity, and, thereby using the vast saline tract for useful purpose for growing food mainly through agriculture and aquaculture.\par
From the generic point of view, as sodic soils are non-separable from saline areas, management of salinity in soils should take care of alkalinity of soil while planning for drainage of saline land. \hyperref[b26]{26,}\hyperref[b27]{27,}\hyperref[b28]{28,}\hyperref[b30]{29} c) Precautions for Drainage of Saline Soil for Conservation of Agricultural Lands Through judicious practice of art and science of land drainage, drainage of saline soils can accomplish considerable achievements in conserving agricultural lands, in improving marginal agricultural lands, and in mitigating effects of other lands and water development projects. \hyperref[b31]{30} This can be explained with the following six examples. Example 1: Drainage of pilot area of Chacupe, in the arid coastal area of Peru.\par
For the reclamation of that strongly salinized sodic soil following were done: Anthropogenic activities are causes of salinity in every parts of the globe right from the snow covered territory to shoreline of the hot continent. Those can be classified as anthropogenic pollutants like road salt (applied in winter in cold countries), fertilizers, domestic, industrial and agricultural effluents spilled oil and gas filled brines and brines from desalination plants and ice making plants, etc. Apart from those over pumping of groundwater in coastal areas may cause saline water ingress in groundwater. Ponding of saline river water or sea water for inland prawn culture, application of saline water for irrigation cause soil salinity. Construction of railways, roads and dams for canal irrigation are some of cause of impeded drainage condition leading to soil salinity. Construction of such canals was identified as main cause of increase in areas of saline as well as sodic (alkali) soils in India. \hyperref[b26]{26,}\hyperref[b27]{27,}\hyperref[b28]{28,}\hyperref[b30]{29} collector drains (NHW The critical NHW value was found to be 7 days, below which production was not affected and above which production showed a declining trend.\par
, above 90cm below soil surface), by relating it to production of sugarcane.\par
That example showed a good use of water level (instead of discharge flow) as a criterion for land drainage.\par
Establishment of that criterion helped to determine corresponding discharge by standard hydrological procedures.\par
Such criterion helped to classify estates with excessive, good and deficient drainage systems and to recommend required remedial measures. Example 3: Subsurface drainage for water logging and salinity in the Nile Delta, Egypt.\par
Thatstudies in Mashtul Pilot area showed that i. Examining the modestly deep water table (about 0.8m as a seasonal average) sufficient to control soil salinity at a safe level as well good crop production, ii. Imposing deeper water level for intensive drainage would have the negative side effects towards higher drainage losses as well as lower irrigation efficiency, iii. Merit of such drainage criterion was found to be also effective in areas under crops other than rice. Example 4: Subsurface drainage for water logging and salinity control in northwest India.\par
To reclaim seriously salinized soil in Sampla Pilot area, Karnal, Haryana with upward seepage of salty groundwater a subsurface drainage was commissioned manually.\par
i. Collection of drained water in a sump from the system, which is ultimately pumped out into the open drain. ii. Drainage of salty water is done only during the rainy season (monsoon period, June-September), when rivers and canals carry a large amount of fresh water, so that mixing of that water will do no harm.\par
During that season almost all the river water (Yamuna river, a tributary of the Ganges) reaches the sea (Bay of Bengal). iii. Draining huge amount of salty drainage water in dry season, was cautioned to be more harmful for surrounding soil. On the other hand irrigation water, being scarce in that season, salty drained water is used for irrigation, having no danger of undue salinization of soil, as once in two or three years the monsoon gives sufficient rainfall to leach the soils and to evacuate the accumulated salinity. iv. This is the example of a restrained operation of drainage system, where water table is permitted to be as shallow as possible and it is environment friendly with savings for irrigation water and operational costs as well.\par
Example 5: Subsurface drainage of acid sulphate and muck soils in southwest India.\par
That drainage system was installed in farmers' fields to improve acid sulphate and muck (peat) soils in La poder area, 1 to 2m below mean sea level, in Kerala.\par
i. Traditionally only surface drainage is practised for that purpose, ii. Due to high rainfall (about 3000mm/year) with plenty of fresh water in ring canals the area maintained almost permanently under water to yield two rice crops a year, with duck rearing in between. iii. Temporary lowering of water table in the December (dry month) helps a) to increase crop yield from 1.5 t/ha to about 2.5t/ha, b) to wash down acids and toxic elements to deeper depth with the next flooding of the field, c) to contribute to better aeration of the soil, with a subsequent improvement of the quality of the organic matter. Similar phenomenon, by tradition, is possibly occurring in restrictively drained areas of Pulau Petak, south Kalimantan, Indonesia. Example 6: Subsurface drainage in winter for wheat production in England.\par
In a pilot area near Drayton, England following were observed: i. Winter wheat is sown in previous autumn.\par
ii. Summer production of winter wheat was correlated with depth of water table in Winter. iii. In summer there is no problem of water logging due to higher evaporation. iv. Production only decreased when the average depth of the water table in winter was less than about 0.5m. v. With the deeper water table production was not affected.\par
vi. 
\section[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par
i. Studies on marine and estuarine and coastal salinities have good bearing on sustaining food production. 31, 32 ii. Management of salinity needs location specific establishment of criteria for reclamation and/or drainage to obtain higher efficiencies both for drainage and irrigation with regard to crop cultivation. iii. Aquaculture should also take of judicious application of science of soil and water salinity management as per need. iv. Construction of building on frozen saline soil must undertake tests of bearing with fixed load in contrast to increasing load. v. Environment friendly approach should aim at lowering operational cost for managing salinity for increasing production of food through agriculture and   \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Year 2017\\
( B )\\
Global Journal of Human Social Science -\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[ Great Britain]{b8}\label{b8} 	 		\textit{},  	 	 		\textit{Great Britain}  		Elsevier Science Ltd. 43  (2)  p. 117.  	 
\bibitem[
			Alberta
		]{b29}\label{b29} 	 		\textit{},  		 			Alberta 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[]{b43}\label{b43} 	 		\textit{},  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143017X14839994523785}{10.2175/106143017X14839994523785}.  		 \url{https://doi.org/10.2175/106143017X14839994523785}  		 	 
\bibitem[]{b45}\label{b45} 	 		\textit{},  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/com/article/10.1007/s40710-016-0198-3}{com/article/10.1007/s40710-016-0198-3}.  		 	 
\bibitem[ CLASSIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF SALT AFFECTED SOILS ()]{b15}\label{b15} 	 		\textit{},  		 \url{http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5871e/x5871e03.htmOR-IGIN}  	 	 		\textit{CLASSIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF SALT AFFECTED SOILS}  		1/2016. 11.  	 
\bibitem[Furevik ()]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		\textit{},  		 			T Furevik 		.  		 C12. 8009): SRF 10 -1 to SRF 10 -16.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Geophysical Research}  		2002. American Geophysical Union. 107.  	 
\bibitem[Oosterbaan (1991)]{b31}\label{b31} 	 		\textit{Agricultural Land Drainage: a wider application through caution and restraint. Lecture delivered at the symposium held to mark the occasion of the 30th International Course on Land Drainage},  		 			R J Oosterbaan 		.  		 \url{www.waterlog.infoorwww.waterlog.info/articles.htm}  		1991. 27 November 1991. 1991. Wageningen, The Netherlands. p. .  	 	 (International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement. ILRI Annual Report) 
\bibitem[Pankova ()]{b24}\label{b24} 	 		‘Amelioration of Alkali (Soda -Saline) Soils’.  		 			Y I Pankova 		.  	 	 		\textit{Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems): Agricultural Land Improvement Amelioration and Reclamation},  				2016.  	 	 (II. (sampleAllChapter.aspx) 
\bibitem[Lyubimova ()]{b25}\label{b25} 	 		‘Amelioration of Alkali (Sodic/ Solonetz) Soils’.  		 			I N Lyubimova 		.  		 \url{http://www.eolss.net/EolsssampleAllCha-pter.aspx}  	 	 		\textit{UNESCO-EOLSS (Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems): Agricultural Land Improvement Amelioration and Reclamation},  				2016. II.  	 
\bibitem[Yihdego and Al-Weshah ()]{b44}\label{b44} 	 		‘Assessment and prediction of saline sea water transport in groundwater using using 3-D numerical modelling’.  		 			Y Yihdego 		,  		 			R Al-Weshah 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40710-016-0198-3}{10.1007/s40710-016-0198-3}.  		 \url{http://link.springer}  	 	 		\textit{Environmental Processes Journal}  		2016. 4  (1)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[cations fully saturating the soil exchange capacity Soil Science. XXXII]{b23}\label{b23} 	 		‘cations fully saturating the soil exchange capacity’.  	 	 		\textit{Soil Science. XXXII}  		 (1)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Millero ()]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		\textit{Chemical Oceanography -2 nd Edition},  		 			F J Millero 		.  		2002. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.  	 
\bibitem[Andrei (2015)]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		\textit{Coastal and Inland Aquatic Data Products for the Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) -A Preliminary Report by the HyspIRI Aquatic Studies Group (HASG)},  		 			A Andrei 		.  		2015. 26 February 2015.  	 
\bibitem[Yihdego et al. ()]{b33}\label{b33} 	 		‘Drought and Groundwater Quality in Coastal Area (Book chapter 15’.  		 			Y Yihdego 		,  		 			S Eslamian 		,  		 			F A Eslamian 		.  		 \url{https://www.crcpress.com}  	 	 		\textit{Environmental Impacts and Analysis of Drought and Water Scarcity},  				2016. 2016. 2 p. 9781498731041.  		 			CRC Group 		 	 	 (press at Francis and Taylor. Scarcity Environmental Impacts and Analysis Eslamian Eslamian p book) 
\bibitem[Barale et al. ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		‘Ed.s)’.  		 			V Barale 		,  		 			J F R Gower 		,  		 			L Alberotanza 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.2788/8394}{10.2788/8394}.  	 	 		\textit{Proceedings "Oceans From Space},  				 ("Oceans From SpaceLuxembourg)  		2010. Venice 2010. 2010.  		 			European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability, European Union 		 	 
\bibitem[Dhara et al. ()]{b22}\label{b22} 	 		‘Effect of water bodies on the quality of groundwater in coastal areas of South 24 Parganas in West Bengal, India’.  		 			P Dhara 		,  		 			S Panda 		,  		 			G B Roy 		,  		 			D K Datta 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural Research. Canning Town, South}  		1991. 24  (9)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[
			Anon
		 (2001)]{b27}\label{b27} 	 		\textit{Environment Sciences Division Alberta Environment, 4 th Floor, Oxbridge Place},  		 			Anon 		.  		 \url{http://www.QOv.ab.ca/env/}  		2001. May 2001. Street, Edmonton, Alberta T5K2J6. p. .  	 	 (Salt Contamination Assessment \& Remediation Guidelines. On-Line Edition) 
\bibitem[Gedroiz ()]{b19}\label{b19} 	 		\textit{Exchangeable cations of the soil and the plant: I. Relation of plant to certain},  		 			K K Gedroiz 		.  		1930.  	 
\bibitem[Brouchkov et al. (2003)]{b16}\label{b16} 	 		‘Frozen saline soils of the Arctic coast: their distribution and engineering properties’.  		 			A Brouchkov 		,  		 			M Philips 		,  		 			S M Springman 		,  		 			L U Arenson 		.  	 	 		\textit{Permafrost: Proceedings of the 8 th International Conference on Permafrost},  				 (Zurich, Switzerland)  		2003. 2003. July 2003. CRC Press. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Weert et al. (2009)]{b13}\label{b13} 	 		‘Global Overview of Saline Groundwater Occurrence and Genesis’.  		 			F Weert 		,  		 			J Gun 		,  		 			J Reckman 		.  	 	 		\textit{International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre IGRAC)}  		2009. July 2009.  	 
\bibitem[Yihdego and Webb (2007)]{b34}\label{b34} 	 		‘Hydrogeological constraints on the hydrology of Lake Burrumbeet, southwestern Victoria, Australia’.  		 			Y Yihdego 		,  		 			J A Webb 		.  	 	 		\textit{st VUEESC conference September 2007 Victorian Universities Earth and Environmental Sciences Conference},  		Geological Society of Australia Abstracts No  		 			S H Hagerty,  			D S Mckenzie,  			Y Yihdego 		 (ed.)  		2007. September 2007. 88 p. 21.  	 
\bibitem[Calcutta (1996)]{b18}\label{b18} 	 		\textit{Indian Association of Hydrologists},  		 			Calcutta 		.  		February 1996. West Bengal Regional Centre, Calcutta.  	 
\bibitem[Punia ()]{b30}\label{b30} 	 		‘International Agricultural research -Initiatives and Ethics. Manual. Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding’.  		 			M S Punia 		.  	 	 		\textit{CCSHAU}  		2006.  	 
\bibitem[Yihdego and Drury ()]{b46}\label{b46} 	 		‘Mine dewatering and impact assessment: Case of Gulf region’.  		 			Yihdego 		,  		 			L Drury 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5542-6}{10.1007/s10661-016-5542-6}.  		 \url{http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10661-016-5542-6}  	 	 		\textit{Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Journal}  		2016. 188 p. 634.  	 
\bibitem[Yihdego (2010)]{b40}\label{b40} 	 		\textit{Modelling bore and stream hydrograph and lake level in relation to climate and land use change in Southwestern Victoria, Australia},  		 			Y Yihdego 		.  		2010. May 2010. Melbourne, Australia.  		 			Faculty of Science, Technology and Engineering, Melbourne, La Trobe University 		 	 	 (Ph.D. Thesis.) 
\bibitem[Yihdego ()]{b41}\label{b41} 	 		\textit{Modelling of lake level and salinity for Lake Purrumbete in western Victoria, Australia. A co-operative research project between La Trobe University and EPA},  		 			Y Yihdego 		.  		 \url{http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/\textasciitilde /media/Publications/Yihdego\%202008\%20Lake\%20Purrumbete\%20report\%20updated\%202010.pdf}  		2010. Victoria, Australia.  	 
\bibitem[Yihdego and Webb ()]{b35}\label{b35} 	 		‘Modelling of Seasonal and Long-term Trends in Lake Salinity in Southwestern’.  		 			Y Yihdego 		,  		 			J A Webb 		.  	 	 		\textit{Proceedings of Association of Hydrologists},  				 (Association of HydrologistsVictoria, Australia)  		2008. 1 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Yihdego et al. ()]{b37}\label{b37} 	 		‘Modelling of water and salt balances in a deep, groundwater-throughflow lake-Lake Purrumbete south eastern Australia’.  		 			Y Yihdego 		,  		 			J A Webb 		,  		 			P Leahy 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.975132}{10.1080/02626667.2014.975132}.  		 \url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.975132}  	 	 		\textit{Hydrological Sciences Journal}  		2016. 6  (1)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Wang and Weisberg ()]{b21}\label{b21} 	 		‘Ocean circulation influences on sea surface temperature in the equatorial central Pacific’.  		 			C Wang 		,  		 			R H Weisberg 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Geophysical Research}  		2001. 106  (C9)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Yu (2010)]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		‘On Sea Surface Salinity Skin Effect Induced by Evaporation and Implications for Remote Sensing of Ocean Salinity’.  		 			L Yu 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Physical Oceanography}  		2010. January 2010. American Meteorological Society. 40 p. .  	 
\bibitem[
			Anon
		 ()]{b28}\label{b28} 	 		\textit{Organic Materials as Soil Amendments in Reclamation: A Review of the Literature. Land Resources Network Ltd. Reclamation Research Technical Advisory Committee, Alberta Conservation and Reclamation Council (Reclamation Research Technical Advisory Com-mittee)},  		 			Anon 		.  		1993.  	 
\bibitem[Klemas (2011)]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		‘Remote Sensing of Sea Surface Salinity: An Overview with Case Studies’.  		 			V Klemas 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Coastal Research}  		2011. September 2011. 27  (5)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Talley ()]{b10}\label{b10} 	 		‘s). The Earth system: physical and chemical dimensions of global environmental change’.  		 			L D Talley 		.  	 	 		\textit{Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change},  				 			M C Maccracken,  			J S Perry,  			Ed 		 (ed.)  		 (Ltd, Chichester)  		2002. John Wiley \& Sons. 1 p. .  	 	 (Salinity Patterns in the Ocean) 
\bibitem[Saline soils and their management ()]{b26}\label{b26} 	 		\textit{Saline soils and their management},  		 \url{http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5871e/x5871e04.htm}  		1/2016. 11.  	 
\bibitem[Topliss (2002)]{b11}\label{b11} 	 		\textit{Sea Surface Salinity from Space: A Canadian Perspective.The Canadian Space Agency Earth and Environmental Applications Program},  		 			B J Topliss 		.  		2002. March 2002.  	 
\bibitem[Deser ()]{b9}\label{b9} 	 		‘Sea Surface Temperature Variability: Patterns and Mechanisms’.  		 			C Deser 		.  	 	 		\textit{Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci}  		2010. 2010. 2 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Donguy and Meyers ()]{b7}\label{b7} 	 		‘Seasonal variations of sea-surface salinity and temperature in the tropical Indian Ocean’.  		 			J Donguy 		,  		 			G Meyers 		.  	 	 		\textit{Deep Sea Research J}  		1996.  	 
\bibitem[Yihdego ()]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		‘Simulation of Groundwater Mounding Due to Irrigation Practice: Case of Wastewater Reuse Engineering Design’.  		 			Y Yihdego 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology4020019}{10.3390/hydrology4020019}.  		 \url{http://www.mdpi.com/2306-5338/4/2/19}  	 	 		\textit{Hydrology Journal}  		2017. 2017. 4 p. 19.  	 
\bibitem[Dahlin et al. ()]{b20}\label{b20} 	 		‘Sustainable Operational Oceanography’.  		 			H Dahlin 		,  		 			N C Flemming 		,  		 			S E Petersson 		.  	 	 		\textit{Euro GOOS Office, SMHI}  		2013. 601 p. 76.  	 
\bibitem[Panda]{b32}\label{b32} 	 		‘Systems approach for rainwater harvesting with emphasis on quality of surface water in the coastal region of Eastern India’.  		 			S Panda 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.07.002}{10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.07.002}.  	 	 		\textit{Proceedings of International Conference on Crisis Management in Water and Environment (ICCMWE -2005)},  				 (International Conference on Crisis Management in Water and Environment (ICCMWE -2005))  		112 p. .  	 	 (Indian seasonal and long-term trends in lake salinity in South-western Victoria) 
\bibitem[Olui? (2008)]{b12}\label{b12} 	 		‘The European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories (EARSeL) in cooperation with local organisers: the Scientific Council for Remote Sensing of the Croatian Academy of’.  		 			M Olui? 		.  	 	 		\textit{Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Remote Sensing Techniques in Disaster Management and Emergency Response in the Mediterranean Region},  				 (the 1st International Conference on Remote Sensing Techniques in Disaster Management and Emergency Response in the Mediterranean RegionZadar, Croatia; Zagreb)  		2008. September 2008. p. .  		 			HAZU), the University of Zadar, and GEOSAT Ltd. 		 	 
\bibitem[Nyadjro ()]{b14}\label{b14} 	 		‘The role of salinity on the dynamics of the Arabian Sea Mini Warm Pool’.  		 			E S Nyadjro 		.  	 	 		\textit{J. Geophys. Res. (C: Oceans)}  		2012. 2012. 117.  	 
\bibitem[Yihdego (ed.) ()]{b39}\label{b39} 	 		\textit{Urban Water Reuse Handbook (UWRH), chapter 78},  		 			Y Yihdego 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19646-97.https://www.crcpress.com/Urban-Water-ReuseHandbook/Eslamian/p/book/9781-482229141}{10.1201/b19646-97.https://www.crcpress.com/Urban-Water-ReuseHandbook/Eslamian/p/book/9781-482229141}.  		 \url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19646-97.https://www.crcpress.com/Urban-Water-ReuseHandbook/Eslamian/p/book/9781-482229141}  		Eslamian S., Taylor and Francis (ed.)  		2015. CRC Press. p. .  	 	 (Print) 	 (Water Reuse and Recreational Waters) 
\bibitem[Yihdego et al. (1990)]{b36}\label{b36} 	 		‘Use of a conceptual hydrogeological model and a time variant water budget analysis to determine controls on salinity in Lake Burrumbeet in southeast Australia’.  		 			Y Yihdego 		,  		 			J A Webb 		,  		 			S Panda 		,  		 			G B Roy 		,  		 			R K Ghosh 		,  		 			J A Webb 		.  	 	 		\textit{Environmental Earth Sciences Journal}  		2012. 1990. 1990 December. 2015. 13  (2)  p. .  	 	 (Detection of agroclimatic feasibility for transforming an apparently water deficit monocropped area into a yearlong cultivable tract in Contai) 
\bibitem[Panda and Ghosh]{b17}\label{b17} 	 		‘Water harvesting in coastal and deltaic region’.  		 			S Panda 		,  		 			A K Ghosh 		.  	 	 		\textit{Proceedings of all India Seminar on Small Watershed Development},  				 (all India Seminar on Small Watershed Development)  		 	 
\bibitem[Yihdego (ed.) ()]{b38}\label{b38} 	 		\textit{Water Reuse in Hilly Urban Area, Urban Water Reuse Handbook (UWRH), chapter 70},  		 			Y Yihdego 		.  		 \xref{http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19646-86.https://www.crcpress.com/Urban-Water-Reuse-Handbook/Eslamian/p/book/9781482229141}{10.1201/b19646-86.https://www.crcpress.com/Urban-Water-Reuse-Handbook/Eslamian/p/book/9781482229141}.  		 \url{http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19646-86.https://www.crcpress.com/Urban-Water-Reuse-Handbook/Eslamian/p/book/9781482229141}  		Eslamian S., Taylor and Francis (ed.)  		2015. CRC Press.  	 	 (Print) 
\bibitem[Yihdego et al. ()]{b42}\label{b42} 	 		‘Why is the groundwater level rising? A case study using HARTT to simulate groundwater level dynamics’.  		 			Y Yihdego 		,  		 			C Danis 		,  		 			A Paffard 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Water Environment Research}  		2017.  	 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
