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\title{The Nexus between Fatigue Indices and Coping Strategies in Sports among Oyo State Special Athletes}
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             \author[1]{Adebayo Francis Komolafe  Ph.D}

             \affil[1]{  University of Ibadan.}

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\date{\small \em Received: 13 December 2015 Accepted: 4 January 2016 Published: 15 January 2016}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Disability sports have acquired an indispensable status in the life of many nations and the special athlete as a whole. Special athletes are exposed to a number of intense physical and psychosocial demand and they needed to make use of a set of cognitive and behavioural strategies in order to cope with these challenges and related fatigue. Hitherto, previous studies had focused largely on adaptive sports and effects of sporting activities on persons with disability without establishing a link between disabled athlete?s use of coping strategies and their achievement motivation. Therefore, it is on this premise that this study harps on the relationship between fatigue indices and coping strategies among Oyo State special athletes. Descriptive survey design using purposive sampling technique was employed. Participants of the study include all the registered special athletes in Oyo State comprising of one hundred and twenty three (123) athletes. Two standardized instruments, thus, Modified fatigue impact scale (r=0.384) and Athletic coping skills inventory (r=0.514) were both employed. Altogether, five hypotheses were tested at 0.05 significant level, and parametric statistics, Pearsons Product moment correlation, and multiple regression analysis were used to analyse the data. Findings revealed significant effect of two independent variables on the dependent variable: cognitive style (?=0.294, r=0.514, P<0.05) and psychosocial factors (?=0.236, r=0.499, P<0.05), while modified fatigue impact has no significant relative effect on coping strategies. The composite effect of independent variables (Modified Fatigue Impact, Cognitive style and Psychosocial Factor) on Athletic coping skills was significant ((F(3,119)=166.777) and about 30% of the variation was accounted for by the independent variables as explained by the adjusted R square. It is therefore recommended that the relationship between fatigue indices and coping strategies is high and the higher the individuals

\end{abstract}


\keywords{fatigue, coping strategies, physical disabilities, disables and sport.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par
isability sports especially at the elite level has acquired an indispensable status in the life of many nations and special athletes as a whole. The entertaining and business potentialities of sports cut across ages, sexes races, religious, cultural and socioeconomic discriminations, able bodied and disabled  {\ref (Lannem, Serenson, Lidal, Hjeltnees, 2009)}. Sports reflect an avenue for inculcating in the special athletes physical habits that would result in the attainment of higher character.\par
Sports, the world over, is a vehicle for recreation, mobilization, social integration and fostering of national and international understanding. Developing the human mind and physical wellbeing are two incontrovertible contributions of sports to human civilization.\par
Without doubt, these two (developing human mind and physical well being) represent the critical forces, for the survival and rehabilitation of the persons with disability.\par
Sporting activities require a lot of energy to train everyday to keep in form. Special athletes train, most times from morning to evening.\par
Their awkward movement interference of artificial on their bodies with their natural body, cause fatigue. Therefore, resting during the time of activities will occur.\par
A great deal of research work has been done to analyse the special athletes' fatigue and ways by which the persons with disabilities cope. For instance, Allianz, (2012); \hyperref[b23]{Richardson, Anderson and Morris (2008)} all worked on reduction of fatigue. \hyperref[b16]{Lannem, et al., (2009)} explained that when coping strategies are identified and put into practice, they are very useful in making disability sports an interesting one. A study conducted by  {\ref Smith and Christiensen (1994)} examined the influence of coachability, coping with adversity, concentration, confidence/achievement motivation, goal setting/mental preparation, peaking under pressure and freedom from worry as the antidotes to fatigue and disabled are at the highest benefit. Elite special athletes are exposed to a number of intense physical and psychosocial demands and they use a set of cognitive and behavioural strategies in order to cope with those challenges and related fatigue \hyperref[b8]{(Crocker, Alderman and Smith 1988;}\hyperref[b10]{Gould, Finch and Jackson, 1993)}.\par
There is a growing body of literature, empirical and theoretical, that has investigated the effects of exercise on physical disability. Exercise is the "training of the body to improve its function and enhance its fitness \hyperref[b1]{(Biddle, 2001)}. It has many benefits. physically fit individuals are thought to be able to engage in everyday activities without feeling tired or exhausted and better able to withstand disease, infection and D deterioration. However, to enjoy its benefits, people need to exercise with sufficient intensity for 30 minutes five times per week (British Heart Foundations 2013). Although, there is no conclusive evidence that exercise prolongs life, many epidemiological studies show that regular exercise is associated with reduced risk of many life-threatening illnesses (Odejide and  {\ref Olatawuram, 2000)}.\par
The claim that exercise therapy improves health and well being has long history. There is widespread support for a positive and lasting relationship between participation in regular exercise and various indices of coping in fatigue. Several consensus documents and reviews have been published in this field \hyperref[b0]{(Abiodun, 2000;}\hyperref[b1]{Biddle, 2001;} {\ref Craft and Lauders, 2008)}.\par
Disability is any physical or mental condition that limits a person's moments, senses or activities. It occurs when a structure or organ of the body is damaged and there is restriction or inability to perform the functions requires of the organ \hyperref[b14]{(Komolafe, 2016)}. Disability could be caused by different factors among which are prenatal (before birth), including heredity, infectious diseases, blood incompatibility, malformation, drugs and mother's nutrition. Some of the perinatal (during birth) causes including, but not limited to premature, prolonged labour, birth injuries and anoxia. For some postnatal (after birth) causes are accident, diseases, poliomyelitis, measles and drugs. Disability covers a wide range of areas. \hyperref[b26]{Smith (2007)}  Given the wide variety of disabilities, there are several categories in which the athletes compete. The allowable disabilities are broken down into six broad categories. The categories are computee, cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, wheel chair users and persons with visual impairment. Others are athletes with disabilities that do not fall into the other five categories; these include dwarfism, multiple sclerosis and congenital disorders \hyperref[b25]{(Ryan, 1995)}.\par
The disability sports comprise all the sport contested in the summer and Winter Disability Games. As of 2012, the summer disability sports include 21 sports and about 500 events. The winter disabled sports include 5 sports and disciplines and about 64 events (SSFN, 2014). Some years ago, the person with disability through SSFN has won laurel for the country at International level. For instance, in the year 2000 during the Paralympic Games held in Sydney 13 medals were won. Also in the 2010 during the commonwealth Games held in India, 1 medal was won. However, in the years 2012 and 2013, athletes participated in Paralympic Games in South Korea and Turkey respectively, no medal was won (SSFN, 2014).\par
The main thrust of this discourse is that fatigue may easily be experienced by persons with disabilities during these sporting activities. When there is fatigue, there will be overwhelming sense of tiredness, lack of energy and often, a feeling of total exhaustion  {\ref (Herlofson and Larson, 2002)}. Fatigue is a feeling of extreme boredom accompanying hardwork or exercise. When an individual experiences fatigue, he/she may not want to continue with the activity any longer. Ursing and Erikson (2012) posited that fatigue is a lack of physical and or mental energy. This energy loss is interfered into the ability of the individual during an activity especially, sports. This is likely to be the case of athletes with disabilities. Fatigue limits functional activities or quality of life. Fatigue is an increased weakness with exercise or as the day progresses as an abnormal constant and persistent sense of tiredness or as a fatigable weakness exacerbated by activity.\par
Fatigue can be chronic persistent and acute. It is chronic persistent when it is present for any amount of time on 50\% of the days for more than 6 weeks. While acute fatigue is when there is a significant increase in feeling during the previous 6 weeks ( \hyperref[b6]{Collins, 1997)}. It must be noted that, persons traumatized by the disabilities are already basking in the physical and emotional trauma as imposed in him/her by disabilities. One will not be surprised that when the same set of persons engage in sporting activities, fatigue may be envisaged. If fatigue sets in, there are some ways in which individuals can manage it. Managing fatigue in this study is refer to as coping strategies.\par
Coping strategies can be explained as any changes in thoughts or behaviours that are made to manage the perceived demands of a situation \hyperref[b19]{(Lazarus and Folkman, 1987)}. Coping lies at the very heart of competitive sport.\par
The way in which performers perceive the challenges, success and failure provides the human story that brings spectators to modern professional sport.\par
Coping has traditionally been studied using two major approaches: a style approach and a process situation approach \hyperref[b4]{(Carver, Scheier and Weintraub, 1989;}\hyperref[b18]{Lazarus, 1993)}. The style approach claimed that certain personality characteristics can predict how an individual copes when facing adversity  {\ref (Carver, 1987)}. However, the process oriented approach to coping according to \hyperref[b19]{Lazarus and Folkman (1987)} posited that it is concerned with an individual's actual thoughts and behaviour. It focuses on the individual's thoughts and behaviour within a specific context. The most significant limitations is that process approach measures do not consider the whole person, who has certain belief systems, social connections and a particular goal hierarchy.\par
With measuring coping, both approaches are important.  {\ref Lazarus (1999)} was of the opinion that these perspectives complement each other and neither perspective can by itself provide enough understanding of emotion and adaptation within the coping process. 
\section[{II. Statement of the Problem}]{II. Statement of the Problem}\par
Persons with disabilities in some societies are considered dependent and viewed as incapable.\par
Observation is that about 85\% of the disabled athletes are not very at ease when they are in motion. Sometimes, some will have to stop their actions to rest for some moments. This could be due to the awkward posture, weight of the artificial limbs or any part of the body fixed on the individual. Also, there could be pain due to the interference of the artificial with the natural body. Research on athletes' coping strategies as well as their achievement motivation in sport has received a lot of attention in sport psychology. For instance, Richards, (2004) and Roberts  {\ref (2002)}. Research on coping in sport started with trying to clarify which coping responses athletes use across various sports settings. For example, . However, only a few studies have examined the link between disabled athlete's use of coping strategies and their achievement motivation. This study, therefore, investigated the relationship between fatigue indices and coping strategies in sports among Oyo State special athletes. 
\section[{III. Hypotheses}]{III. Hypotheses}\par
The following null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance.\par
1) There is no significant relationship between physical fatigue index and coping strategies in sports and Oyo State special athletes;\par
2) There is no significant relationship between cognitive fatigue index and coping strategies in sports and Oyo State special athletes; 3) There is no significant relationship between psychosocial fatigue index and coping strategies and Oyo State special athletes 4) There is no significant relative effect between fatigue indices and coping strategies among Oyo State special athletes 5) There will be no significant joint effect between fatigue indices and coping strategies among Oyo State special athletes. 
\section[{IV. Method a) Participants}]{IV. Method a) Participants}\par
The participants in this study were 123 registered special athletes from 7 disabilities sports zones in Oyo State. These are: Ibadan City zone \hyperref[b20]{(21)}, Ibadan less city zone (15) Oyo zone (36), Ogbomoso zone \hyperref[b11]{(12)}, Saki zone (6) Ibarapa zone (12 and Okeho zone \hyperref[b5]{(6)}. These were purposively selected. Their mean age (mean= 23.62; SD 9.4). 
\section[{b) Procedure for Data Collection}]{b) Procedure for Data Collection}\par
The ethical approval to conduct the study was obtained from the appropriate authority, while the consent of the special athletes to participate in the research were sought through the consent form filled and signed by the athlete that volunteered to participate in the research. The content of the instrument were explained to them before the data was collected. 
\section[{c) Measures}]{c) Measures}\par
Two standardized instruments were used for data collection. These instruments are: Athletic coping skills inventory and modified fatigue impact scale. The first instrument was the Athletic coping skills Inventory (A.C.S.I.) developed by \hyperref[b27]{Smith and Christensen (1994)}. This instrument contains 28 items of four point rating Likert format ranging from 0 to 3. Thus, 0 = Almost Never, 1 = sometimes, 2 = Often, and 3 = Almost Always. It has seven sub-scales ranging from: coping with Adversity, coach ability, concentration, confidence and Achievement Motivations, Good setting and Mental preparation, Peaking under pressure, and freedom from worry. This instrument has adequate psychometric properties with Cronbach alpha values ranging from 0.70 to \hyperref[b27]{(Smith and Christensen, 1994)}.\par
The second instrument was the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (M.F.I.S.) developed by  {\ref Kos, Dupertail, D'hooghe, Nagels and Kerckhofs (2003)}. This instrument contains 21-items of five point rating likert format ranging from 0 to 4. Thus, 0=Never, 1 = Rarely, 2 = Sometimes, 3 = often, and 4 = Almost Always. Items on MFIS can be aggregated into 3 subscales (physical, cognitive and psychosocial) as well as into total MFIS score. The psychometric properties are Cronbach alpha values of 0.92 (Physical subscale), 0.88 (cognitive subscale), and 0.92 (psychosocial subscale) respectively \hyperref[b15]{(Kos, et al., 2003)}. 
\section[{d) Data Analysis}]{d) Data Analysis}\par
The descriptive survey design of correlation was used because the variables involved in this study were not manipulated. Descriptive statistics of percentage and mean were used where appropriate, the parametric statistical of correlation and multiple regression models were also used for the relationship and prediction. 
\section[{V. Results}]{V. Results}\par
Ho 1 : There is no significant relationship between Athletic coping skills (A.C.S) and Modified fatigue Impact (M.F.I). The table above reveals that there was significant relationship between Athletic coping skills and cognitive style (r=0.514**, P<0.05). The null hypothesis is thereby rejected. Ho 3 : There is no significant relationship between Athletic coping skills and psychosocial factors. It is shown in the table above that there was significant relationship between Athletic coping skills and psychosocial factor (r=0.499**, p <0.05). Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected. Ho 4 : There are no relative effects of independent variables (modified Fatigue Impact, cognitive style and psychosocial factors) on Athletic coping skills. Result of table 4 reveals that modified fatigue Impact does not have effect on the dependent variable, that is athletic coping skills (?=0.073, P>0.05). On the other hand, both cognitive style and psychosocial factors were found to have significant relative effects of the dependent variables cognitive style (?=0.294, P<0.05) psychosocial factor (?=0.236, P<0.05). Ho 5 : There is no joint significant effect of independent variables (Modified Fatigue Impact, Psychosocial Factors and Cognitive style) on Athletic Coping skills. Results in table 5 reveals that there is significant joint effect of the independent variables (Modified Fatigue Impact, Psychosocial factor and cognitive style) on Athletic coping skills ( F(3,119) =16.777. In investigating the goodness of fit of this result, about 28\% of the variation was accounted for by the independent variables as reported by the adjusted R-square. 
\section[{VI. Discussion}]{VI. Discussion}\par
Exercise is the training of the body to improve its functions and enhance its fitness \hyperref[b1]{(Biddle, 2001)}. It has many benefits. physically fit individuals are thought to be able to engage in everyday activities without feeling tired or exhausted and better able to withstand disease, infection and any form of deterioration. The findings in this study shows a significant result justifying the assertion that there is significant relationship between physical fatigue indices and coping strategies in sports, among Oyo State athletes. Fatigue brings about total exhaustion, lack of energy, and overwhelming sense of tiredness which will be managed by using desired coping strategies \hyperref[b5]{(Chaudhuri and Behan, 2004}).  {\ref Ursin and Erikson (2004)} in their study on coping strategies, view that if an individual expect to handle the stressor/stimuli in a positive way, the arousal will be short and no harmful health consequences will occur. If, however, the individual do not expects to be able to handle that which causes fatigue, the arousal will persist and may result in hopelessness. Without coping strategies, fatigue fullness will reduce the psychological and physiological activities of an individual. It is on this premise that \hyperref[b15]{Kos et al. (2003)} developed the modified fatigue impact scale to measure the impact of fatigue on a person's activities.\par
Our findings which shows positive relationship between cognitive style indexes and coping strategies lend credence to \hyperref[b21]{Lazarus (2000)}, which emphasized that coping is a cognitive analogue of action tendencies. The general non-specific fatigue responses can be viewed as an alarm to raise neurophysiologic activation to a higher level.\par
The alarm is activated when something is missing or unexpected and which triggers cognition in the body. Whether the stressor is edifying or frightening, dependents upon the individual assessment of the situation.\par
Findings of this study also show a positively significant relationship between psychosocial fatigue indexes and coping strategies, among Oyo State special athletes. Richardson Anderson and Morris (2008) opined in their study that psychosocial factor such as good mood, positive emotions and acceptance are avenues for escape from fatigue. When positive coping strategies are adopted, fatigueable environment shall be ruled off in the lives of people with physical disabilities.\par
It was also revealed in our findings that there is significant relative on Oyo State special athletes. \hyperref[b19]{Lazarus and Folkman (1987)}, argued in their study that there is high cognitive value among the cerebral palsy athletes, even with their level of fatigue and stressful environment. Psychosocial and psychomotor abilities still remain the same. The higher the individuals rated their coping strategies caused by their disabilities, the lower they scored on fatigue experiences \hyperref[b9]{(Deci and Ryne, 1995)}. 
\section[{VII.}]{VII.} 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
The objectives of this study can be summarized into: (a) exploring the relationship between fatigue indices and coping strategies; (b) whether or not special athletes use coping strategies to treat fatigue and (c) the level of fatigue the special athletes of Oyo State experience. The author, through the work, affirm the relationship between physical fatigue indices and coping strategies. Also, significant relationship existed between cognitive fatigue indices and coping strategies. Also, significant relationship existed between cognitive fatigue indices and coping strategies. There was significant relationship between psychosocial fatigue indices and coping strategies. The special athletes endeavoured to do well with the level of disabilities they have. It is important to equally note that, their cognitive values remain the source. The higher the individuals rated their coping with fatigue caused by their disability, the lower they scored on both fatigue coping strategies scales. 
\section[{VIII. Recommendations}]{VIII. Recommendations}\par
Special athletes experience some levels of fatigue from time to time. If adequate coping strategies are adopted, fatigue could be eliminated. Therefore, based on the findings, the author recommends that: a) Goals should be set by the special athletes before commencement of play or competition; b) The special athletes should worry less so that they can be freed from worries;\par
Volume XVI Issue V Version I 55 ( A )\par
c) Athletes should maintain stable emotion regardless of situation in the game and d) Driving services to ease troubles accompanying travelling to and from sport facilities should be provided for. \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6660060975609756\textwidth}P{0.046646341463414634\textwidth}P{0.051829268292682924\textwidth}P{0.015548780487804876\textwidth}P{0.010365853658536586\textwidth}P{0.018140243902439027\textwidth}P{0.012957317073170731\textwidth}P{0.02850609756097561\textwidth}}
Variables\tabcellsep Mean\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Std. Dev}\tabcellsep N\tabcellsep R\tabcellsep P\tabcellsep Remarks\\
Athletic coping skills\tabcellsep 61.1382\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{9.3459}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 123\tabcellsep .384**\tabcellsep .000\tabcellsep Sig.\\
Modified Fatigue Impact\tabcellsep 15.2114\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{5.6500}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
** significant at 0.05\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Table 1 above shows that there exist a significant relationship between Athletic coping skills}\tabcellsep Ho 2 :\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{and Modified Fatigue Impact (r=.384**, P<0.05). Thus,}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
the null hypothesis is rejected.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.4467153284671533\textwidth}P{0.11167883211678832\textwidth}P{0.1240875912408759\textwidth}P{0.024817518248175182\textwidth}P{0.04343065693430657\textwidth}P{0.031021897810218975\textwidth}P{0.06824817518248175\textwidth}}
Variables\tabcellsep Mean\tabcellsep Std. Dev\tabcellsep N\tabcellsep R\tabcellsep P\tabcellsep Remarks\\
Athletic coping skills\tabcellsep 61.1382\tabcellsep 9.3459\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 123\tabcellsep .514**\tabcellsep .000\tabcellsep Sig.\\
Cognitive style\tabcellsep 13.7886\tabcellsep 5.1379\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
** = significant at 0.05\%\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.3769565217391304\textwidth}P{0.12565217391304348\textwidth}P{0.14782608695652172\textwidth}P{0.029565217391304348\textwidth}P{0.05173913043478261\textwidth}P{0.03695652173913043\textwidth}P{0.08130434782608696\textwidth}}
Variables\tabcellsep Mean\tabcellsep Std. Dev\tabcellsep N\tabcellsep R\tabcellsep P\tabcellsep Remarks\\
Athletic coping skills\tabcellsep 61.1382\tabcellsep 9.3459\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 123\tabcellsep .499**\tabcellsep .000\tabcellsep Sig.\\
Psychosocial factors\tabcellsep 2.9919\tabcellsep 1.5550\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.27045454545454545\textwidth}P{0.1777272727272727\textwidth}P{0.10431818181818181\textwidth}P{0.13522727272727272\textwidth}P{0.08113636363636363\textwidth}P{0.08113636363636363\textwidth}}
Model\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Unstandardized Coefficient}\tabcellsep Standardized\tabcellsep T\tabcellsep Sig.\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep coefficient\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep ?\tabcellsep Std. Error\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Constant\tabcellsep 47.638\tabcellsep 2.315\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 25.500\tabcellsep .000\\
Modified fatigue impact\tabcellsep .121\tabcellsep .164\tabcellsep .073\tabcellsep .741\tabcellsep .460\\
Cognitive style\tabcellsep .536\tabcellsep .222\tabcellsep .294\tabcellsep 2.416\tabcellsep 0.017\\
Psychosocial factor\tabcellsep 1.425\tabcellsep .726\tabcellsep .236\tabcellsep 1.964\tabcellsep .052\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.32057142857142856\textwidth}P{0.2914285714285714\textwidth}P{0.04371428571428571\textwidth}P{0.12142857142857141\textwidth}P{0.034\textwidth}P{0.038857142857142854\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Athletic coping skills}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Model\tabcellsep Sum of square\tabcellsep Df\tabcellsep Mean square\tabcellsep F\tabcellsep Sig.\\
Regression\tabcellsep 3187.675\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 1062.558\tabcellsep 16.777\tabcellsep .000\\
Residual\tabcellsep 7536.975\tabcellsep 119\tabcellsep 63.336\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Total\tabcellsep 10724.650\tabcellsep 122\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{R = 0.545, R 2 = 0.297, Adj R 2 =0.280}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
57 The Volume XVI Issue V Version I Year 2016\\
( A )\\
Global Journal of Human Social Science -\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}}\end{figure}
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