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             \author[1]{Abbadi  Girmay}

             \author[2]{Gebre Yohannes  Girmay}

             \affil[1]{  Tigray Agricultural Research Institute}

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\date{\small \em Received: 6 December 2015 Accepted: 5 January 2016 Published: 15 January 2016}

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\begin{abstract}
        


The current development effort of Ethiopian government emphasizes on market-oriented commodity production through specialization and diversification of enterprises that are complementary to specialized commodities. This household based package formulation is natural resources conservation based approach. Farmers of Hararge have rich and ecologically sound traditional land husbandry practices/knowledge base. ?Traditional tie-ridging? is practiced for in-situ moisture conservation and intensification of cropping systems at plot level. RW is contained in the farm plot. There are some similar experiences in Tigray but should be further exploited to expand and introduce cash crop/ agroforestry in the rugged and undulating areas of Tigray. There was also good integration of biological and physical SWC techniques. Enterprises should be diversified, integrated and market-oriented to improve the livelihood of farmers. Important knowledge gained from Hararge to fill gaps in Tigray & other drylands of Ethiopia comprises water harvesting (in-situ moisture/ water harvesting through tie-ridges), irrigation (crop diversification and intensification), zero grazing and integrated & intensive watershed management approach. further integration of current joint SLM development efforts, network of professionals working on different aspects of water management and utilization, and strong policy, research advisory support should gain top priority to empower and complement current grass-root community efforts and synergize and integrate with new adapted technologies for sustainable use and development of the natural resource base and accelerate agricultural development and transformation.

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\keywords{water harvesting, eastern and northern ethiopia, dry land areas, sustainability.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Synergy between Traditional and Introduced Sustainable Land Management Practices in Ethiopia}]{Synergy between Traditional and Introduced Sustainable Land Management Practices in Ethiopia}\par
Abbadi Girmay ? \& Gebre Yohannes Girmay ? Abstract-The current development effort of Ethiopian government emphasizes on market-oriented commodity production through specialization and diversification of enterprises that are complementary to specialized commodities. This household based package formulation is natural resources conservation based approach. Farmers of Hararge have rich and ecologically sound traditional land husbandry practices/knowledge base. "Traditional tie-ridging" is practiced for in-situ moisture conservation and intensification of cropping systems at plot level. RW is contained in the farm plot. There are some similar experiences in Tigray but should be further exploited to expand and introduce cash crop/ agroforestry in the rugged and undulating areas of Tigray. There was also good integration of biological and physical SWC techniques. Enterprises should be diversified, integrated and market-oriented to improve the livelihood of farmers.  
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
he agricultural potential and natural resource bases of the Tigray Region have been continuously exploited for a long period of time without appropriate conservation practices for sustainable use. These inappropriate use and lack of attention by the previous regimes have led to cyclic drought, environmental degradation, decrease in productivity and deep-rooted poverty. The government of FDRE has designed a development policy to bring about sustainable development in a short period of time. The Regional Government of Tigray has also adopted the Rural Centered Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization (ADLI) Strategy with the following main directions: Ensuring food security, nature conservation and environmental protection, employment opportunity, improved livelihood, market-oriented agricultural production and poverty reduction through mitigation of root causes of poverty.\par
The current development effort of Tigray Regional government emphasizes on household package formulation based on area specialization (market-oriented commodity production) and diversification of enterprises that are complementary to specialized commodities. This household based package formulation is natural resources conservation based approach in which water harvesting is central and the core component of packages: water harvestingcentered household package approach. This approach favours integration and linkage of crop-livestock-natural resource base sectors to enhance ecologically, socially and economically sound sustainable land management principles and practices. The household based package was prepared and is implemented based on agroecological potentials, priorities, opportunities and existing and desired infrastructures for production and post-harvest aspects. To date an exemplary and huge environmental rehabilitation and development work has been done and majority of degraded lands have been rehabilitated in Tigray and had given lessons to other regions.\par
Currently, environmental rehabilitation and agricultural development efforts in Tigray are supported with a tremendous water harvesting works (ponds, shallow and deep wells, series of ponds, run off and river diversion, dams, roof and rock catchments, in-situ moisture conservation and catchments treatment) to tackle recurrent drought and to bring about the desired agricultural transformation, sustainable development and alleviate poverty. These development endeavors should be translated into economic terms and our grass-root community (farmers) should gain economic benefits and generate income to improve their livelihoods  {\ref (Abbadi et al, 2003)}.  
\section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods} 
\section[{a) Case studies}]{a) Case studies}\par
Kombolcha, Alemaya and Fedis weredas of East Hararge and Doba and Mesella weredas of West Hararge Zones were visited. The visit included introduction by zonal and wereda heads, field visit and interaction with experts and farmers, direct observation of farm lands and catchments and wrap-up meeting and open discussion with were da and zonal personnel to share experiences of both counterparts. 
\section[{b) Area description}]{b) Area description}\par
East and West Hararge Zones have varied traditional agroclimatic zones including "kola", "weina dega' and "dega". Rainfall is bimodal and erratic and climatic aridity increases to the East and South East. Landforms vary from plain to undulating rugged topography (Table \hyperref[tab_2]{-2}). The farming systems of these zones are characterized as follows:\par
? Mixed crop-livestock system\par
? Small land holding size ? Market-oriented cash crop/livestock production system\par
? Intensive traditional land resource management practice\par
? Labour intensive working tradition of farmers and farming activity is done all year round (365 days).\par
? Diversified and intensified cropping systems of perennial and annual mixed crops that enhance income generation minimize risk and soil degradation.\par
? Zero grazing system that excludes livestock from farm lands where cut-and-carry feeding system practiced.\par
? Livestock number per capita is very small and practice of oxen plough is minimum and nonexistent in most cases where hand digging is the dominant tillage practice.\par
? Rich and ecologically sound traditional land husbandry practices/knowledge base but lack technical backup.  
\section[{Results and Discussion}]{Results and Discussion}\par
Intensive field visits and open discussions were done to share experiences. Summary of these experiences gained at farm land (plot) and watershed/catchment level and promising techniques, ns/ technologies, skills and knowledge for possible adoption into Tigray's situation and recommendation on adjustment, biophysical and socio-economic setups, technical (research and extension service) backups are presented below. 
\section[{a) Water Harvesting (WH) and Moisture conservation}]{a) Water Harvesting (WH) and Moisture conservation}\par
Rainfall is erratic in intensity and distribution in dry lands of Ethiopia. Rain water Harvesting (RWH) and storage minimizes the risk of frequent crop failures due to drought. East and West Hararge zones have some innovative methods of water harvesting techniques to store and conserve water on farmlands for efficient water utilization to enhance farm productivity.\par
i. Run-off diversion Run-off diversion into farmlands to feed tie-ridges and enhance in-situ moisture harvesting is a common practice of the visited weredas. Farmers in the visited weredas practice this water harvesting mechanism (e.g. 605 ha in kombolcha and 1500ha in Alemaya weredas) to maximize run-off water to alleviate moisture stress. There are also efforts to utilize run-off water and traditional run-off diversion is common practice in some weredas and efforts should be made to utilize excessive run-off lost after each rain shower. 
\section[{ii. Shallow Wells}]{ii. Shallow Wells}\par
A lot of shallow wells have been dug to irrigate crop fields with spate irrigation with motorized pumps. More than 1500 in kombolcha, 1548 in Alemaya and considerable number of shallow wells in other weredas have been dug. More than 1600 waters pumps in Kombolcha and 3600 water pumps in Alemaya were purchased by farmers to irrigate their field. The farmers have interesting water lifting mechanism to up lift water from shallow wells in to up hills. They utilize relay of motorized water pumps to lift water to undulating and sloppy areas to irrigate their fields. This allows cultivation of cash crops in sloppy areas. There are some similar experiences in Tigray but should be further exploited to expand and introduce cash crop/ agroforestry in the rugged and undulating areas of Tigray.  During the rainy period, rain water is left to flow over different landscapes. It also causes flooding, massive soil erosion, land slides and destruction of rural and urban infrastructure like roads, SWC structures, farm lands and residence houses. Farmers at Mesela wereda have vital experience in channeling excessive run off from town roof catchment through ditches into far distance (5km) and storing the runoff into large naturally occurring well (sink well). This effort shows that there is great potential to collect excessive run off from towns and catchments and to convey run off to the desired distance and store it in natural reservoirs or artificially made large wells and use it when water is critically needed to the desired purpose. This experience created an opportunity to maximize and explore all available ways of water harvesting techniques for optimum water harvest in Tigray. Efforts should continue to utilize all possibilities of water harvesting mechanisms.   We observed good experience catchment treatment at Keraba watershed of Doba wereda of West Hararge. We observed integrated and intensive catchment treatment using integrated and intensified SWC technologies. There was integration of different type of physical SWC techniques based on slope gradient and soil depth of the catchment area. These include:\par
Hill side terraces, microbasins, eye brow basin, hearing bone, cut off drain, stone and soil bunds, tieridging and trenches. Catchments were excluded from livestock interference and human settlement and allowed land use change in hilly areas into forest/agroforestry areas and resulted in complete vegetation cover and discharge of water in the catchment discharge area. The catchment was distributed to different grass root community organization for local management, ownership and development and had positive effect in minimizing conflicts among land users. The potential of this catchment approach should be explored to adapt to other regions.   \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Fig. 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Fig. 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Figure 3 :}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{4}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}Figure 4 :}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{5}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_6}Figure 5 :}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{7}\includegraphics[]{image-8.png}
\caption{\label{fig_7}Figure 7 :}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{8}\includegraphics[]{image-9.png}
\caption{\label{fig_8}Figure 8 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.3038860103626943\textwidth}P{0.319300518134715\textwidth}P{0.22681347150259068\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Synergy between Traditional and Introduced Sustainable Land Management Practices in}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Ethiopia\\
Year 2016\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
8\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
( B )\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
-Global Journal of Human Social Science\tabcellsep Hararge Zero grazing Row planting\tabcellsep Tigray Free grazing Broadcasting\\
\tabcellsep Bimodal rain fall and erratic\tabcellsep Erratic\\
\tabcellsep Perennial and annual mix cropping\tabcellsep Dominantly annual cereal crops\\
\tabcellsep No oxen cultivation\tabcellsep Oxen cultivation\\
\tabcellsep Farmland not far from residence\tabcellsep Fragmented\\
s\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: © 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US)Volume XVI Issue III Version I]} 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Year 2016\\
9\\
Volume XVI Issue III Version I\\
( B )\\
Global Journal of Human Social Science -\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: © 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US)]} 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.7368343195266271\textwidth}P{0.005029585798816568\textwidth}P{0.012573964497041418\textwidth}P{0.04526627218934911\textwidth}P{0.032692307692307694\textwidth}P{0.01760355029585799\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{3}{l}{conservation-based}\tabcellsep agricultural\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{development}\\
\multicolumn{6}{l}{strategy to achieve sustainable development and}\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{reduce poverty in Ethiopia.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{6}{l}{e) Network of professionals working on different}\\
\multicolumn{6}{l}{aspects of land management, development and}\\
utilization\tabcellsep is\tabcellsep badly\tabcellsep needed\tabcellsep to\tabcellsep address\\
\multicolumn{6}{l}{multidimensional and cross-sectoral issues and}\\
\multicolumn{6}{l}{impacts of SLM development and intervention}\\
endeavors.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Diversified Income Generation And Asset Building Diversified Income Generation And Asset Building ?}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Participatory Agroforestry approach for soil water conservation in Ethiopia Azene Bekele Tessema ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		‘Participatory Agroforestry approach for soil water conservation in Ethiopia’.  	 	 		\textit{Azene Bekele Tessema}  		1997.  	 
\bibitem[Abbadi (ed.) ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		\textit{Proceedings of Tigray Regional Agri. Research Strategy Worksop},  				 			Abbadi 		 (ed.)  		 (Tigray Regional Agri. Research Strategy WorksopMekelle, Ethiopia)  		2003. April 2002.  	 
\bibitem[Bogale ()]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		‘Resource Entitlement and Conflict Management for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods in Yerer and Daketa Valleys, Eastern Ethiopia’.  		 			Ayalneh Bogale 		.  	 	 		\textit{OSSREA Research Report. Unpublished}  		2004.  	 
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\end{document}
