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\title{Physico-Chemical Studies on Treatment of some Divalent Elements in Ground Water}
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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Alaa  Elghoul}

             \affil[1]{  Sohage University, Egypt.}

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\date{\small \em Received: 8 December 2015 Accepted: 3 January 2016 Published: 15 January 2016}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Underground drinking water treatment is one of the hardest types of treatment that because of the difficulty of control on water source, who is an underground water source, as well as due to the high salt content of solid dissolved and that arrive in Egypt to approximately 1000 parts per million. Iron and manganese of the most famous elements of bilateral parity in drinking underground water. We show in this study physic chemical ways for treatment of iron and manganese in ground water.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{groundwater; iron and manganese treatment, aeration, chlorination, KMnO4.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
roundwater is an important resource to act as a natural storage that can buffer against shortages of surface water. However, due to the stratum composition, the groundwater often contains iron and manganese ions.\par
While the concentrations in excess, the water becomes red-brown, and endues the scaling problems in pipeline system. Thus, the water quality standards have specified their limitations, where Fe is less than 0.3 mg L-1 and Mn is less than0.05 mg L-1.\par
In the traditional process, Fe and Mn in groundwater are initially oxidized using aeration and/or chemical oxidant such as chlorine, hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, ozone or potassium permanganate following the remove by filtration.\par
The selection of various oxidants depends on which kinds of pollutants in water, as well as their effects on the water quality. Capital cost is also an important consideration. After the oxidation process, the Fe and Mn oxides are then removed through the sand filter. Moreover, previous studies have indicated that the presence of Mn oxide particles accelerates the formation of Fe-Mn oxide, contributing to the removal of Fe and Mn from groundwater \hyperref[b0]{[1]}.\par
Granular activated carbon is often used to enhance the adsorption of Mn 2+ in filtration process \hyperref[b1]{[2]}\hyperref[b3]{[3]}\hyperref[b4]{[4]}\hyperref[b5]{[5]}. However, the drawback is frequent regeneration or new carbon replacement.\par
In recent years, membrane process has been applied in water and wastewater treatment. Compared to the traditional physical/chemical treatment, membrane process illustrates more advantages in water quality enhancement, including space saving, and reduced amounts of chemicals used and sludge produced \hyperref[b6]{[6]}.\par
However, high capital and maintenance costs are considered to be major drawbacks. Due to the dramatic improvements of membrane science and technology, the manufacturing cost of membranes has been decreased significantly. Many water treatment plants in US have used membrane process as one of major treatment units \hyperref[b7]{[7]}.\par
Meeting the water treatment standards using the existing equipment is considered to be the major problem for many water treatment plants. Membrane separation technology has been utilized to remove metal oxide particles and to improve the performance of the existing process \hyperref[b8]{[8]}. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods} 
\section[{a) Forms of Occurrence of Iron and Manganese in Water}]{a) Forms of Occurrence of Iron and Manganese in Water}\par
Iron and manganese occur in dissolved forms as single ions (Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ ) or in undissolved higher forms mainly as Fe(OH) 3 or Mn(OH) 4 , respectively. They can also be present in colloid form (bound to humic substances). The form of their occurrence depends on oxygen concentration, solubility of Fe and Mn compounds in water, pH value, redox potential, hydrolysis, the presence of complex-forming inorganic and organic substances, water temperature, and water composition (e.g. CO 2 content). 
\section[{b) Effect on Water Quality}]{b) Effect on Water Quality}\par
Adverse effects of higher Fe and Mn concentrations in drinking water can be summarized as follows:\par
? iron (II) and manganese (II) ions are oxidized to higher forms in a water distribution system and this results in the formation of hydroxide suspensions causing undesirable turbidity and colour of water,Prof. Dr. M. K. Moustsfa ? , Prof. M. A. Hussien ? , Prof. M. E. Mohamed ? \& A. A. Mohamed ?\par
Abstract-When there is no surface water we must think in use groundwater, but groundwater need treatment, Treatment of underground water one of the most difficult treatment methods, that because under groundwater contain high amount of total dissolved salts(TDS), and there is great difficulty in control the source of underground water, iron and manganese from the famous divalent elements in groundwater, the Egyptian standard for the concentration of iron is (0.3 ppm) and for manganese is (0.4 ppm) the increase in concentration for iron and manganese case change in the taste of water and sometimes effect on the human health. We will show in this study physical, chemical study for treatment of iron and manganese in groundwater. Following the above-mentioned facts, higher concentrations of iron and manganese in water cause technological problems, failure of water supply systems operation, water quality deterioration and, in water with slightly higher concentrations of oxygen, they form undesirable incrustations that result in the reduction of pipe flow cross-section. 
\section[{c) Methods of Iron and Manganese Removal}]{c) Methods of Iron and Manganese Removal}\par
The principle of most methods used for iron and manganese removal is that originally dissolved iron and manganese are transformed into undissolved compounds that can be removed through single-stage or two-stage separation.\par
Oxidation and hydrolysis of these compounds is done under strict conditions with respect to water properties and type of equipment for iron and manganese removal.\par
Single-stage water treatment (filtration) is designed for iron and manganese concentrations to 5 mg?l-1, and the two stage treatment (settling tanks or clarifiers and filters) is used for water with iron and manganese concentrations higher than 5 mg?l-1. In case water contains higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, and CO 2 (eventually H 2 S), aeration is done before settling or filtration.\par
Removal of Fe and Mn from groundwater and surface water can be done by several methods: ? oxidation by aeration, ? removal of Fe and Mn by oxidizing agents (O 2 , Cl 2 , O 3 ,KMnO 4 ), ? removal of Fe and Mn by alkalinization (by adding thelime), ? contact filtration for removal of Fe and Mn, ? removal of Fe and Mn by ion exchange, ? removal of Fe and Mn using membrane processes, ? removal of Fe and Mn using biological filtration, ? removal of Fe and Mn using in situ method.\par
Fe  {\ref 2+} and Mn 2+ oxidation rate as well as hydrolysis of emerging oxides of higher iron and manganese oxidation forms in groundwater depends on the pH value.\par
Various graphic dependencies of these relationships with respect to oxidation time are listed in literature. The pH value should be equal or greater than 7 in removal of iron from groundwater.\par
For removal of manganese without catalyst, the pH value should be equal to or greater than 8 \hyperref[b3]{[3]}.\par
Removal by using the oxidized film on grains of filter medium is one method for elimination of dissolved manganese.\par
The film is formed on the surface of filter medium by adding permanganate potassium (not only KMnO4 but also other strong oxidizing agents).\par
The film serves as a catalyst for the oxidation process. Grains of filter medium are covered by higher oxides of metals. In such a case, it is related to special filtration so-called "contact filtration" -filtration by using manganese filters. The oxidation state of the film of MnOx(s) filter medium is important in removal of dissolved manganese.\par
Manganese removal efficiency is a direct function of MnOx(s) concentration and its oxidation state. The films with different ability to remove dissolved manganese from water are formed on the surface of various filter media \hyperref[b10]{[10]}\hyperref[b11]{[11]}\hyperref[b12]{[12]}\hyperref[b13]{[13]}\hyperref[b14]{[14]}. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Results and Discussion Aeration}]{Results and Discussion Aeration}\par
Groundwater passing through different layers of soil and due to its water properties and its high solubility, contain elements and minerals of material in the soil that sometimes can be dangerous for the health of consumers or at least undesirable in terms of cognitive beautiful. Iron and manganese are from constitutive of the soil and rocks of the Earth's surface. Water penetration through soil and rock can minerals such as these elements have dissolved and bring them into solution. The problems of iron and manganese in groundwater in domestic installations, commercial, industrial and refineries are created, and because much of the community water supply from underground water supplies will be removed where iron and manganese concentrations exceeded it is necessary.\par
? the presence of iron and manganese bacteria in water supply system causes change in water quality (smell) and bacterial growth in pipes, ? in the case of the occurrence of iron (II) and manganese (II) ions at the consumer's point, iron Fig.  {\ref 1} : Results obtained from ground water aeration 1-we don't use chlorine . \hyperref[b24]{(26)} 2-reduce of turbidity come from filtration \hyperref[b15]{(15)} . 3-increase of pH come from volatility of CO 2 .(  {\ref 16})\par
4-aeration high effect on Iron than manganese as the second need chemical treatment \hyperref[b17]{(17)}.\par
Chlorine is the most commonly used disinfectant employed for killing bacteria in water. In addition chlorine, as an oxidizing agent, is used to remove undesired inorganic species such as ammonia, iron and manganese  {\ref (18)} : Fig.  {\ref 2} : Results obtained from ground water chlorination 1-turbidity decrease after filtration . \hyperref[b24]{(26)} 2-PH decrease under the acidic effect of chlorine  {\ref (19)} . 3-the decrease of IRON and MANGANESE is little because that chlorine is a weak on oxidation of them  {\ref (20)} . primarily to control taste and odors, remove color, control biological growth in treatment plants, and remove iron and manganese.\par
In a secondary role, potassium permanganate may be useful in controlling the formation of THMs and other DBPs byoxidizing precursors and reducing the demand for other disinfectants \hyperref[b18]{(21)}. 
\section[{c) Iron and Manganese Oxidation}]{c) Iron and Manganese Oxidation}\par
A primary use of permanganate is iron and manganese removal. Permanganate will oxidize iron and manganese to convert ferrous (+2) iron into the ferric (+3) state and +2 manganese to the +4 state.\par
The oxidized forms will precipitate as ferric hydroxide and manganese hydroxide \hyperref[b19]{(22)}.\par
The precise chemical composition of the precipitate will depend on the nature of the water, temperature, and pH.\par
The classic reactions for the oxidation of iron and manganese are:  3Mn +2 + 2KMnO 4 + 2H 2 O? 5MnO 2 (s) + 2K + + 4H + 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
Underground drinking water treatment difficult but when mastery will provide a lot and we will get a rich mineral salts drinking water and conform to the specifications aeration will help in getting rid of iron, chemical treatment, help in getting rid of iron and manganese.  
\section[{Chemical Treatment by kmno 4 Discussion}]{Chemical Treatment by kmno 4 Discussion}\par
1-turbidity decrease under the effect of filtrations. \hyperref[b24]{(26)} 2-pH decrease because that the KMnO 4 is consumed alkalinity \hyperref[b20]{(23)} .\par
3-IRON decrease under the effect of oxidation by KMnO 4 (24).\par
4-MANGANESE decrease under the effect of oxidation by KMnO 4\par
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\caption{\label{fig_1}Fig. 3 :}\end{figure}
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2\tabcellsep TURBIDITY\tabcellsep NTU\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{1}\tabcellsep 0.85\tabcellsep 0.25\\
3\tabcellsep PH\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -6.5\tabcellsep 8.5\tabcellsep 7.53\tabcellsep 7.72\\
4\tabcellsep IRON\tabcellsep PPM\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.3}\tabcellsep 0.282\tabcellsep 0.041\\
5\tabcellsep MANGANESE\tabcellsep PPM\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.4}\tabcellsep 0.963\tabcellsep 0.602\\
© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: s -Year]} 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}2016}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.026234567901234566\textwidth}P{0.24660493827160493\textwidth}P{0.08919753086419753\textwidth}P{0.1521604938271605\textwidth}P{0.01574074074074074\textwidth}P{0.1626543209876543\textwidth}P{0.15740740740740738\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep PARAMETERS\tabcellsep UNITS\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{EGYPTIAN}\tabcellsep BEFORE\tabcellsep AFTER\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{STANDARDS}\tabcellsep TREAT.\tabcellsep TREAT.\\
1\tabcellsep RES. CHLORINE\tabcellsep PPM\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{5}\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 2\\
2\tabcellsep TURBIDITY\tabcellsep NTU\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{1}\tabcellsep 0.68\tabcellsep 0.51\\
3\tabcellsep PH\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -6.5\tabcellsep 8.5\tabcellsep 7.62\tabcellsep 7.55\\
4\tabcellsep IRON\tabcellsep PPM\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.3}\tabcellsep 0.281\tabcellsep 0.242\\
5\tabcellsep MANGANESE\tabcellsep PPM\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.4}\tabcellsep 0.614\tabcellsep 0.561\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.0265625\textwidth}P{0.2496875\textwidth}P{0.09031249999999999\textwidth}P{0.1540625\textwidth}P{0.0159375\textwidth}P{0.1646875\textwidth}P{0.14875\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep PARAMETERS\tabcellsep UNITS\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{EGYPTIAN}\tabcellsep BEFORE\tabcellsep AFTER\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{STANDARDS}\tabcellsep TREAT.\tabcellsep TREAT.\\
1\tabcellsep RES. CHLORINE\tabcellsep PPM\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{5}\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\\
2\tabcellsep TURBIDITY\tabcellsep NTU\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{1}\tabcellsep 0.67\tabcellsep 0.24\\
3\tabcellsep PH\tabcellsep \tabcellsep -6.5\tabcellsep 8.5\tabcellsep 7.66\tabcellsep 7.23\\
4\tabcellsep IRON\tabcellsep PPM\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.3}\tabcellsep 0.184\tabcellsep UDL\\
5\tabcellsep MANGANESE\tabcellsep PPM\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.4}\tabcellsep 0.943\tabcellsep 0.291\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
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\end{document}
