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\title{Poverty Assessment and Analysis of Factors Affecting Income of the Poor Khmer Households in Loan My Village, Tam Binh District, Vinh Long Province}
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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Nguyen Quang  Tuyen}

             \affil[1]{  Cantho University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 14 December 2015 Accepted: 1 January 2016 Published: 15 January 2016}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Poverty is a considering problem which has been happening among the ethnic groups of the Mekong Delta in Vietnam, especially the poor Khmer. Therefore, the research on "Poverty assessment and analysis of factors affecting income of the poor Khmer households in Loan My village, Tam Binh district, Vinh Long province" was necessarily conducted. The research were collected by direct interview from 137 poor Khmer households and the key informants. Both quantitative and qualitative mothodologies were in the reseach as descriptive statistics and the multivariate regression.The results showed that the poor Khmer households who have no land, no capital for investment in production, or lack of land, capital, or low level of education or illiteracy, few main labors, many children, illness, debt, temporary house, little or no assets and means of production. Factors effecting the poor Khmer households included total income of household per month, number of main labors, non agricultural employees, employees outside village/local area, total land and participants of local organizations. Main income of poor Khmer households was from hired labor force with being out of regular full-time employment and the income of household was not enough for the household's expenditure, in addition to the poor Khmer households used loan improperly.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{income, poor khmer households, situation, support programs.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
overty is a probem of global as well as is a big challenge of nation. An approximate half of world population lives under 2.50 USD being equivalent to 50.000 VND per day (UNICEF, 2013). In Vietnam, povery reduction is a long-term objective in the process of the socio-economic development because the poverty reduction is the main factor to ensure for the social equality and the sustainable economy growth. The numbers of poor households decreased over year by year but the poor people still exist, especially for the ethnic people. In most cases, the poor are mainly farmers whom have low education, limited ability of accessing information; in particular, the infrastructure where the poor have lived is less development. Most incomes of the poor have depended on agriculture with the limited resource; therefore, the change of the agricultural occupation towards the non agricultural one is more difficulties. The poor have still faced to disadvantages in accessing to the policies and the programs for their life improvement  {\ref (Goverment, 2008a)}. Thus, a resarch on "Poverty assessment and analysis of factors affecting income of the poor Khmer households in Loan My village, Tam Binh district, Vinh Long province" was implemented in 2015 to understand the poor situation and the factors affecting the poverty through the income in the Khmer community in order to give the feasible solutions for the poverty reduction. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Research Objectives}]{Research Objectives}\par
-Assess the poor situation of Khmer households in Loan My village, Tam Binh district, Vinh Long province.\par
-Analyze the factors effecting income of poor Khmer households in Loan My village.\par
-Recommend the poverty reduction solutions for the Khmer households.\par
According to the statistic data on the ethnic people in the Mekong Delta, the total of the ethnic people was 1.4 billion in 2014 that it occupied 12.4\% of total population in the delta in which Khmer accounted for 10.6\% of total population (Local Department  {\ref III, 2015)}. Vinh Long is one of the provinces which have many Khmer people and the poor households are high in the total households of province. Loan My village where it had 3556 Khmer in which had 234 poor households in 2013, is only one village of Tam Binh district where many Khmers live. Therefore, many policies for the poverty reduction are implemented in village such as credit policy for the poor households, educational support and health care for the poor. However, the poor households are still high. (People's Committee of Tam Binh district, 2013). 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Research Methodology a) Selection of Research Site and Households}]{Research Methodology a) Selection of Research Site and Households}\par
The representative research site is located in Loan My village, Tam Binh district, Vinh Long province. Only this village of Tam Binh district has the Khmer people with 1515 Khmer households in which the poor Khmer households have 234 households occupying 64\% in total of the poor households of village (Annual Statistics of Tam Bình district, 2013).\par
The 137 poor Khmer households are selected to interview which occupy 58\% of total of the poor Khmer households in Loan My village. 
\section[{b) Data Collection and Analysis}]{b) Data Collection and Analysis}\par
Data research are collected from secondary data such as documents, reports, statistics, thesis and primary data from interviewing key informants and the poor Khmer households.\par
Data analysis is analyzed by the quality method and quantity method such as descriptive statistics and the multivariate regression function. 
\section[{IV.}]{IV.} 
\section[{Results and Discussions a) The poor situation of Khmer households in the research site i. Human capital}]{Results and Discussions a) The poor situation of Khmer households in the research site i. Human capital}\par
Education level of Khmer households affected to their occupations. This result is conformity with the research result of Truong Minh Le (2010), the poor households are usually illiteracy or taking part in primary school. The poor Khmer households are often the hired labors in the non-farm activities; moreover, their low education led to be difficult to find a good job, so they must work for another people.\par
The average numbers of household members are four. One household has often one main labor and two additional labors; the same numbers of males and females as well because there is no differentiation between male and female in family nowadays. However, the birth control of the poor Khmer households is weak. This is also a problem leading to poverty of Khmer households because there are many members in a family but the households lack main labors to earn money for taking care children and elder people.\par
Loan My village is located in the remote area of district, there are not enough works for the labors here, hence, they have to find jobs in other places with their limited knowledge. So, they accept to work with low salary and hard works such as bricklayer, stevedore? This is also the reason to explain why many Khmer people are poor in the village.\par
ii. Social Capital About 36\% of poor Khmer households do not participate in the social organizations. This is a disadvantage for the poor households because they lack opportunity to access the policy, so they are very diffcult to understand more information and to enlarge the social relationship when they do not engage into the local associations. At present, the activities of local associations have been improved by the interconnected aid programs which are very helpful for the poor. In fact, the poor Khmer hesitate to participate in the local association with many reasons; for instance, they are rather afraid of contacting officials, their low education, busy housework, taking care children and working outside village.\par
iii. Financial Capital -About 45\% of the poor Khmer people in research did not ask for a loan because they have many reasons. For instance, they are afraid of asking for a loan, there is no money to pay back while the others have not known how to ask for a loan. The purpose of loan helps the poor Khmer households do farming or other jobs to improve their incomes and the poverty reduction. However, many poor Khmer households have used this loan for the other purposes such as living expenditures. In addition, the households ask for a loan to raise animals being a failure due to lacking of raising techniques and no additional money to invest for feeds and medicines.\par
-A total of monthly income is 1.246,934 VND per household, monthly income is 328,283 VND per person and a total of monthly expenditure per household is 1.552,810 VND. Income per capita of poor Khmer household was not high whereas a poor Khmer household had to pay more living cost due to many members in family. Therefore, these disadvantages caused to the situation that the poor Khmer households have been increasing as well as remaining the poverty situation. Financial capital of the poor Khmer households has been serious shortage because the total of incomes in family is low; a loan is not enough to do farming or other jobs for the poor households. 
\section[{iv. Natural Capital}]{iv. Natural Capital}\par
The poor Khmer households have under 0.4 hectare of land occupying 22\% of the poor Khmer households in research, doing farming does not earn enough money for living of family. In approximate, 78\% of poor Khmer households had no land for production because they did not have money to buy or they had land in the past but they sold all land to repay their debts at present.\par
In recent, amount of fish has reduced due to be caught too much; moreover, climate and environment of water have changed. So, the accessibility of the poor Khmer households is very weak, for instance, about 76\% households said that it is very hard to find fish in nature condition which made more difficulties for the poor. The poor Khmer households usually catch fish for serving daily meals and expenditures in their families. 
\section[{v. Physical Capital}]{v. Physical Capital}\par
The poor Khmer people have the temporary households or the non-concrete houses which occupied 63\% of the poor Khmer households and semi-concrete houses comprised 28\% of the poor Khmer households.\par
In recent, according to Decision no. 167/2008/Q?-TTg, the local government has implemented actively in erasing the temporary households, building the love houses,? which havw contributed to the poverty reduction \hyperref[b2]{(Government, 2008b)}. Moreover, the credit aid programs for building houses helping the poor households have the stable places to stay and work. However, this support is limited.\par
About 39\% of the poor Khmer households have no assets and means of production excluding the old cupboards and the beds. There is very rare poor Khmer households in village have means of production such as sewing-machine, grass cutters and boats, but they have no cash. 
\section[{c) Production Activities}]{c) Production Activities}\par
There are 61\% of poor Khmer households in research working as the hired labors in the non-farm activities including bricklayer, stevedore, taking care children, etc; 30\% working as the hired labors in the onfarm activities; and 31\% doing the on-farm activities including animals and rice. Income of the poor Khmer households in the non-farm activities is usually unstable and lowed. Incomes of the households raising animals and growing rice are not enough for living because their lands are small and the numbers of animals are inconsiderable. 
\section[{d) Analysis of the Factors Affecting Income of the Poor Khmer Households}]{d) Analysis of the Factors Affecting Income of the Poor Khmer Households}\par
Income is the most important factor affecting the povery situation of the households. Thus, analysis of the factors effecting income is considered as analyzing the factors affecting the poverty of the poor Khmer households:\par
-The main labors helped increasingly the income of the poor Khmer households.\par
-The hired labors in the non-farm activities increased the monthly income per person.\par
-The hired labors outside village increased the monthly income per person, however, the poor Khmer households hesitated to go away for earning money because they had to pay more expeditures in the new places.\par
-The monthly income of the households has increased leading the monthly income per member in family but the additional incomes of the members in household had not much contribution in the total income of the poor Khmer household.\par
-Area of farm land is helpful for living of the poor Khmer households. Nervetherless, the farm land area of the poor Khmer households is small while their ability to buy land is very difficult. -Implementing the policies related to the farm land for the poor Khmers.\par
V. 
\section[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par
Situation of the poor Khmer households is very difficult. In recent, the authority of Loan My village has tried to implement the poverty reduction program but it is not effective, the numbers of the poor Khmer hoseholds are still high in the village.\par
Lack of capital, a little or no farm land, low education, low income, temporary house, more children, disease, more additional labors than main labors in family, those constrain the poverty reduction of the poor Khmer households.\par
The factors affected income of poor Khmer households included in the total income of households per month, number of main labors, non agricultural employees, employees outside village/local area, total land area and participants of local organizations.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
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\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Volume XVI Issue I Version I\\
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X 1 Main labor\tabcellsep 109.955,5\tabcellsep 26.261\tabcellsep 0,318\tabcellsep 4,187\tabcellsep 0,000\\
X 2 Non-farm hired labor\tabcellsep 93.349,2\tabcellsep 23.710,9\tabcellsep 0,294\tabcellsep 3,937\tabcellsep 0,000\\
X 3 Outside hired labor\tabcellsep 113.705,2\tabcellsep 49.345,5\tabcellsep 0,161\tabcellsep 2,304\tabcellsep 0,023\\
X 4 Income of householder\tabcellsep 0,04\tabcellsep 0.02\tabcellsep 0,189\tabcellsep 2,704\tabcellsep 0,008\\
X 5 Total area\tabcellsep 31,6\tabcellsep 14,3\tabcellsep 0,146\tabcellsep 2,207\tabcellsep 0,029\\
X 6 Participation of association\tabcellsep 56.336\tabcellsep 22.735,8\tabcellsep 0,174\tabcellsep 2,478\tabcellsep 0,015\\
X 7 Asking for loan\tabcellsep -5.837,2\tabcellsep 22.591,3\tabcellsep -0,019\tabcellsep -0,258\tabcellsep 0,797\\
R\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0,676}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
R 2\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0,457}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Sig.F\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0,000}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{-The poor Khmer households participated in the}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Model has six significant variables to explain the}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{local associations which have increased their}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{effect of these independent variables to the monthly}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{income because they have had opportunity to}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{income per capita (dependent variable: Y) that the}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{access for a loan and policy of employment.}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{multivariate regression equation is formulated as}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{However, the income of the poor Khmer households}\tabcellsep following:\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
did not increase much.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{6}{l}{Y = 42.294,4 + 109.955,5 X 1 + 93.349,2 X 2 + 113.705,2 X 3 + 0,04 X 4 + 31,6 X 5 + 56.336 X 6}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
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\end{document}
