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\title{Entrepreneurial Role Played By The Women of Uttarakhand with The Help of Various Social Structural Components}
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             \author[1]{Dr. Abhimanyu  Kumar}

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\date{\small \em Received: 17 March 2011 Accepted: 7 April 2011 Published: 19 April 2011}

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\begin{abstract}
        


This paper is based on primary data collected from the respondent on Women?s encompasses within it. It studies the role of social structural components in developing entrepreneurial orientation among women. Based on an extensive survey of data and empirical findings of two cities in state of Uttarakhand the paper goes on to demonstrate the resistance faced by women entrepreneurs owing to their social habitat and how they managed to overcome the social structural obstacles.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{Respondents, components, social -structural, Area.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{INTRODUCTION}]{INTRODUCTION}\par
ttarakhand women have been the backbone of the State's economy. They have always stood in the forefront during the struggle of state formation. Women are the mainstay of the culture and traditions of the hills. Repeatedly hill women have shown remarkable courage and participation in development programs. Uttarakhand women have always been emerged as a stand-by of the rural economy due to their total involvement with agriculture, forest protection, cattle care and dairying. The most appreciable example of women entrepreneurs in Uttarakhand is "The women weavers of the Kaman region in Uttarakhand" .Women from over 32 villages in hilly region of Almora involved in the processing of raw materials and production of women and knitted products. The women weavers are earning their own income and have improved their About : Sociology Govt. P.G. College, Ranikhet About :Research Associate National Centre for agricultural economics and policy research pusa, New Delhi. About : Economics Govt. P.G. College, Ranikhet degree of derogation and deprivation faced by these groups. Hagen argued that was universally assumed that the non-conformist groups faced derogation and further supported members of their own groups to emerge as successfully entrepreneurs. In this way, the entrepreneurial groups or biasness communities emerged and participated in the process of economic development. Schumpeter described an entrepreneur as a type who carried out innovation by introduction of new good, methods of production, new market, and new sources of supplying raw materials and by carrying out the new organization of industry. The works of Weber and Schumpeter were considered be to major breakthrough in the literature on entrepreneurship. Both considered capitalism as dynamics, specific, historical, process not present everywhere and also recognized the role of entrepreneurs in the emergence of capitalism.  {\ref McClelland: (1961)} the relationship between need for achievement motivation and entrepreneurship. He noted the need for achievement motivation is a desire to do well not so much for the sake of social recognition or prestige but to attain an inner feeling of personal accomplishment' which he considered as the main attribute of entrepreneurship generated by child rearing and socialization practices. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{OBJECTIVES}]{OBJECTIVES}\par
The objective of this study are as follows: :-To study the limits of entrepreneurial orientation in terms of attributes like innovation.\par
To study the relationship of entrepreneurial orientation with the social background. . To distinguish the role of these components in the emergence of women respondents entrepreneurs.\par
With a geographical area 53,485 Km 2 spread across 13 districts is unique in its topography and large rural population, 75\%of total .The study was conducted in two cities of Pant nagar and Hardwar of Uttarakhand. The selection criterion of these cities was that they were industrially more advanced and they had a sizeable standard of living. The generation of entrepreneurial orientation particularly among women for accelerating the pace of development has assumed significance. This paper examines the role of social structural components particularly relating to the background of women generation of entrepreneurial orientation among them. Hagen examined the relationship between withdrawals of status, respect entrepreneurial orientation in the case of some groups like samurai in Japan. Antiquinos in Columbia, Protestant dissenters in England, non-Huguenots in France, old Believers in Russia and Paresis in India in these societies at different points of time Although variation existed in terms of 1. 
\section[{2.}]{2.} 
\section[{3.}]{3.}\par
III. 
\section[{RESEARCH METHODOLOGY}]{RESEARCH METHODOLOGY}\par
Enterpreneurial role played by the women of uttarakhand with the help of various social structural components©2011 Global Journals Inc. (US)\par
sampling. The list of women entrepreneurs was acquired from their respective associations' .The study included in its sample women who ran beauty parlors, manufacturing units and franchise of multi market companies. This paper basically focuses on the study of these women respondents who are entrepreneurs of Pant Nagar and Hardwar of Uttarakhand. Data for the study was collected through interview by using an interview schedule. Therefore simple percentage method is used in analyzing the socio-economic background of the respondents. 
\section[{IV. THE ANALYSIS AND OF DATA}]{IV. THE ANALYSIS AND OF DATA}\par
It is observed that the social background of the women is an important factor in their conceptualizing and measuring the component entrepreneurial orientation in terms of perception of women entrepreneurs, an attempt was made to correlate it with socio-economic characteristics of the respondents to find their role in determining entrepreneurial orientation. We have framed certain objectives in order to correlate socio-economic characteristics with entrepreneurial orientation as follows in the table. The above table shows of the educational level of the women entrepreneurs' family on their basis of the parents. It was found that 40\% of women and 28.5\%whose fathers' were upto higher secondary and post graduate respectively did not differ in terms of entrepreneurial orientation. Interestingly, women whose mothers' were below higher secondary depicted a high level of entrepreneurial orientation when compared to women whose mothers were graduate regarding the role of parents' educational background it was found that parents were a source of inspiration and effectively generated entrepreneurial orientation in their children irrespective of their background. 
\section[{R=Respondents}]{R=Respondents}\par
The above table shows that by examining the relationship of age with entrepreneurial orientation it was found that women belong to middle age exhibited a high level of entrepreneurial orientation as compared to relatively young women. Perhaps, during this period of R=Respondents their age they establish their entrepreneurial units. Our observation had also shown that most of the women started their entrepreneurial venture after marriage and married women exhibited a higher level of entrepreneurial orientation. Therefore our observation women exhipited a high level entrepreneurial orientation.\par
To study the relationship of religion and caste with entrepreneurial orientation it is found that 36\% Hindu women compared to Muslim have perceived a high level of entrepreneurial orientation. Caste wise 21.7\% of invalidated the objectives that young and unmarried The above shows the occupational level of the women entrepreneurial basis of their husband's .It was found 18.8\% of women and 20\% whose husband's were service classes of entrepreneurial orientation. When compared to women whose husbands were 28.6\% upto higher secondary level and 33.4\% not amiable? Their four husband's business background and educational background determined entrepreneurial orientation.\par
V. 
\section[{CONCLUSION}]{CONCLUSION}\par
It is observed that the social background of the women is an important factor in their conceptualizing and measuring the component entrepreneurial orientation in terms of perception of women entrepreneurs, an attempt was made to correlate it with socio-economic characteristics of the respondents to find their role in determining entrepreneurial orientation. The relationship of age with entrepreneurial orientation it was found that women belong to middle age depicted a high level of entrepreneurial orientation as compared to relatively young women. Perhaps, during this period of their age they establish their entrepreneurial units. Our observation had also shown that most of the women started their entrepreneurial venture after marriage and married women depicted a higher level of entrepreneurial orientation. The educational level of the family wise on the basis of the parents. It was found that Enterpreneurial role played by the women of uttarakhand with the help of various social structural components 
\section[{R=Respondents}]{R=Respondents}\par
R=Respondents secondary depicted a high level of entrepreneurial orientation when compared to women, whose mothers' were graduate when compared to women whos husbands were 28.6\% upto higher secondary level and 33.4\% not amiable? Their four husband's business background and educational background determined entrepreneurial orientation. 40\% of women and 28.5\%whose fathers' were upto higher secondary and post graduate respectively did not differ in terms of entrepreneurial orientation. Interestingly, women whose mothers' were below higher \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{557}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}U 5 55 57 ©2011}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{:} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.053248259860788856\textwidth}P{0.15185614849187934\textwidth}P{0.5436581593194122\textwidth}P{0.0019721577726218094\textwidth}P{0.00065738592420727\textwidth}P{0.034184068058778036\textwidth}P{0.00065738592420727\textwidth}P{0.011175560711523588\textwidth}P{0.024980665119876257\textwidth}P{0.027610208816705336\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{number of women entrepreneurs. The sample consisted of 54 women respondents selected through random}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{INTERPRETATION}\\
April\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
55 58\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{general caste, 56.0\% of other backward caste and}\\
5 Volume XI Issue III Version I 5\tabcellsep Age Low Medium High Total R=Respondents\tabcellsep \multicolumn{8}{l}{The percentage age wise entrepreneurial orientation of respondents Young Middle Old R \% R \% R \% 6 40.0 6 19.3 4 50.0 7 46.6 14 45.3 3 37.5 2 13.4 11 35.4 1 12.5 15 100 31 100 8 100 The percentage religion wise entrepreneurial orientation of respondents 20.0\% of Scheduled caste women perceived a high level Total R \% 16 29.6 24 44.4 14 26.0 54 100 of entrepreneurial orientation. Though few in numbers interestingly our observation had also shown that women from rural areas have perceived a high level of entrepreneurial orientation.}\\
Global Journal of Human Social Science\tabcellsep Religion Low Medium High Total Marital status Low Medium High R=Respondents\tabcellsep \multicolumn{6}{l}{Hindu The percentage Marital status entrepreneurial orientation of respondents Muslim Sikhs R \% R \% R \% 10 30.3 6 33.3 2 66.6 11 33.3 10 55.5 1 33.4 12 36.4 2 11.2 ---33 100 18 100 3 100 Married Unmarried Widow R \% R \% R \% 15 32.0 1 25.0 ---18 38.2 3 75.0 2 66.6 14 29.8 ---1 33.4}\tabcellsep Total Total 16 R 16 23 15 54 R 23 15\tabcellsep \% 33.3 40.7 26.0 100 \% 30.0 42.5 27.5\\
\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep 47\tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep 100\\
\tabcellsep R=Respondents\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: Table:-2 The entrepreneurial orientation by Educational background of women entrepreneurs 'respondents' families.]} 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table : -}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{:} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.3355263157894737\textwidth}P{0.05432330827067669\textwidth}P{0.047932330827067667\textwidth}P{0.04154135338345864\textwidth}P{0.05432330827067669\textwidth}P{0.051127819548872175\textwidth}P{0.05432330827067669\textwidth}P{0.0575187969924812\textwidth}P{0.05432330827067669\textwidth}P{0.04473684210526315\textwidth}P{0.05432330827067669\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{8}{l}{The percentage of husband's occupation in entrepreneurial orientation}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Husband\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Agriculture}\tabcellsep Service\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Business}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Not available}\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \\
'occupation\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep R\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep R\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep R\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep R\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep R\tabcellsep \%\\
Low\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 33.3\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 31.2\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 30.0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 20.0\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 29.6\\
Medium\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 66.7\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 50.0\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 33.3\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 60.0\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 42.6\\
High\tabcellsep --\tabcellsep --\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 18.8\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 36.7\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 20.0\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 27.8\\
Total\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 100\tabcellsep 54\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table : -}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{Global Journals Inc. (US) ©} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
