\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter

\IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}%
  {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}%
  {\RequirePackage{color}}
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex
  \usepackage{fontspec}
  \usepackage{xunicode}
  \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash}
  \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{}
  \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}}
  \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}}
  \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}}
  \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}}
  \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono}
  
\else
  \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}%
   {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
      \PrerenderUnicode{–}
    }%
   {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}}
  \usepackage[english]{babel}
  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage{float}
  \usepackage[]{ucs}
  \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash }
  \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{}
  \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}}
  \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}}
  \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,}
  \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ }
  \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>}
  \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}}
  \def\textJapanese{}
  \def\textChinese{}
  \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{}
\fi
\def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small}
\DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25}
\usepackage{relsize}
\RequirePackage{array}
\def\@testpach{\@chclass
 \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else
  \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else
   \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else
    \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@
   \else \z@
   \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else
   \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}%
   \@chnum
   \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else
    \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else
     \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else
   \z@ \@chclass
   \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else
    \if \@nextchar !6 \else
     \if \@nextchar @7 \else
      \if \@nextchar (8 \else
       \if \@nextchar )9 \else
  10
  \@chnum
  \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else
   \if \@nextchar p4 \else
    \if \@nextchar b5 \else
   \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi
   \fi \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi}
\gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
\def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}}
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\def\abbr{}
\def\corr{}
\def\expan{}
\def\gap{}
\def\orig{}
\def\reg{}
\def\ref{}
\def\sic{}
\def\persName{}\def\name{}
\def\placeName{}
\def\orgName{}
\def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}}
\def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}}
\def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}}
\def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}}
\def\textquoted#1{‘#1’}
\def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}}
\def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}}
\def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}}
\def\titlem{\itshape}
\newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{bibl}{}{}
\newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{rubric}{}{}
\newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par }

\newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}}
\newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}}
\definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75}
\def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@}
\def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}}
\begingroup
\catcode`\_=\active
\gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}}
\endgroup
\mathcode`\_=\string"8000
\catcode`\_=12\relax

\usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry}
\usepackage{framed}

\definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{fancyvrb}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{marginnote}

\renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1}


\renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize}

\def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif}

  \pagestyle{fancy}

\usepackage[pdftitle={Benjamin Franklin Fitch the Forgotten Developer of the Container System in US of America},
 pdfauthor={}]{hyperref}
\hyperbaseurl{}

	 \paperwidth210mm
	 \paperheight297mm
              
\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em}
\def\@dotsep{4.5}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
\clubpenalty=8000
\emergencystretch 3em
\hbadness=4000
\hyphenpenalty=400
\pretolerance=750
\tolerance=2000
\vbadness=4000
\widowpenalty=10000

\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large}}
\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
     {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\large}}
\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
     {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize}}
\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
     {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
     {-1em}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}}


\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt}
 \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup
 \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth 
 \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth 
 \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
 \endgroup}
\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
\@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{}
\@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{}
\newif\if@mainmatter 
\@mainmattertrue
\def\chaptername{Chapter}
\def\frontmatter{%
  \pagenumbering{roman}
  \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\roman{section}}
  \def\@chapapp{}%
}
\def\mainmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter}
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \pagenumbering{arabic}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}
  \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}%
  \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}}
}
\def\backmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2}
  \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}%
  \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}}
  \appendix
}
\newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{%
   \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
       {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
        \leftmargin\labelwidth
        \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
        \@openbib@code
        \usecounter{enumiv}%
        \let\p@enumiv\@empty
        \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}%
	}%
  \sloppy
  \clubpenalty4000
  \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
  \widowpenalty4000%
  \sfcode`\.\@m}%
  {\def\@noitemerr
    {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}%
    \endlist}

\def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}}
\parskip0pt
\parindent1em
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\newenvironment{reflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{sansreflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{specHead}[2]%
 {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}%
  \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}%

  \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}%
  \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}%
  }{}
      \def\TheFullDate{2015-03-15 (revised: 15 March 2015)}
\def\TheID{\makeatother }
\def\TheDate{2015-03-15}
\title{Benjamin Franklin Fitch the Forgotten Developer of the Container System in US of America}
\author{}\makeatletter 
\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{%
  \clearpage
    \if@twoside
    \ifodd\c@page
      \hbox{}\newpage
      \if@twocolumn
        \hbox{}\newpage
      \fi
    \fi
  \fi
}
\makeatother
\makeatletter
\thispagestyle{empty}
\markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author}
\renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
               \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@
               \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@
               \itemsep 1pt}
}
\makeatother
\fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm}
\fancyhf{} 
\setlength{\headheight}{14pt}
\fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} 
\fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} 
\fancyfoot[RO]{}
\fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID}
\fancyfoot[LE]{}
\fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID}
\hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true}
\fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}}

\date{}
\usepackage{authblk}

\providecommand{\keywords}[1]
{
\footnotesize
  \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1
}

\usepackage{graphicx,xcolor}
\definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81}
\definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9}
\definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70}
\definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} 

\renewenvironment{abstract}{%
   \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
   \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space}
}{%   
   \vskip8pt
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
}

\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos}

\makeatother 
      \usepackage{lineno}
      \linenumbers
      
\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Krzysztof  Lewandowski}

             \affil[1]{  Wroclaw University of Technology}

\renewcommand\Authands{ and }

\date{\small \em Received: 5 February 2015 Accepted: 28 February 2015 Published: 15 March 2015}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


The objective of this paper is to present the works of Benjamin Franklin Fitch, the author of the concept of containers in US of America before the Second World War, together with a brief biographical note.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{containerization, developer, USA.}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark}
\end{textblock*}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
\end{textblock*}


\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
ontrary to the assertions of contemporary literature in the field of containerization, it should be noted that USA can boast of container production before World War II. In many articles is suggestion that first developer of the container transport systems in USA was Malcolm Mclean in 1956. Research revealed evidences that the development of such structures in USA has been already in 1917. The author of this paper is Benjamin Franklin Fitch, who isn't mentioned in present in the contemporary technical literature in USA. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Education and Experience}]{Education and Experience}\par
Benjamin Franklin Fitch (BFF) was born in Louisville, KY) on day March 2, 1877. In this city he was educated  {\ref 1895} {\ref -1908} {\ref . Later (1908-12)-12)}, he worked as wholesale hardware bus and then  he was vice-president and general manager of axe and tool manufactory plant, In 1914 he started experience as travel sales manager for motor truck Industry \hyperref[b25]{[26]}.\par
a) The equipment invented by Benjamin Franklin Fitch for shipping containers On 17 May 1917 he inaugurated exploitation of the experimental installation for transfer of the demountable bodies (Figure  {\ref 2}) based on his own design in Cincinnati city, Ohio (Figure \hyperref[fig_0]{1}) \hyperref[b3]{[4]}. This installation consisted of one 5-ton White motor truck chassis, nine removable truck bodies with a capacity of 5 tons each, 12 sets of lifting chain hoists and five overhead superstructures \hyperref[b11]{[12]}. In 1919 BFF has been ordered for extended by the United States Railroad Administration to complete co-ordination of Cincinnati railroad terminals for relief of congestion during the war period \hyperref[b3]{[4]}. In 19 May 1919 Fitch System was extended. 21 railway stations were served by 14 freight trucks with 225 containers. Results help save 15 cent per each reloaded ton \hyperref[b23]{[24]}. This kind of the terminal was also proposed to build in New York City. Estimated cost and economic profits can help to save \$45,000,000 in freight costs yearly \hyperref[b1]{[2]}.\par
In 1920 BFF described in Engineer World newspaper an idea of the motorized terminal (Figure  {\ref 3a}, b and Figure  {\ref 4}) \hyperref[b2]{[3]}. His motorized terminal was designed to transfer freight between terminals of different transport modes railroad and roads many kinds of "traps", "transfer" or "ferry" cars by the horizontal shifting \hyperref[b16]{[17]}.\par
Based on his conception of was established a short range container connection between Cincinnati and Aurora on distance 30 miles. This transport system was established in January 10, 1922 (Figure  {\ref 5}, Figure  {\ref 6}). There were used 5 tons containers with 17 ft. 6 in. long, 8 ft. wide and 7 ft. 3 1/2 in dimensions \hyperref[b12]{[13]}.\par
This similar system of containers were later used by the Cincinnati and Lake Erie Railroad. BFF patronized build cranes to handling containers at terminals in Cincinnati, Dayton and Toledo, with fleet of trucks for carrying the containers into Michigan and Kentucky \hyperref[b11]{[12]} \hyperref[b24]{[25]}.\par
From 1929 BFF was the President of the Motor Terminals Company, New York City, an engineering and financing organization, and also was the President of The Cincinnati Motor Terminals Company, the operating medium of all railroads at Cincinnati, Ohio \hyperref[b3]{[4]}. In April of 1929 in Washington three railroads companies spoke about provides for container transport \hyperref[b15]{[16]}. In 1930 the Cincinnati Motor Terminals Company had 150 containers with capacity 10 tons \hyperref[b16]{[17]}.\par
In Thursday, October 24, 1929 has been the Wall Street Crash of 1929, which caused economic collapse and reduction in all modes of transport in the whole world (Figure7, Figure  {\ref 8}). Railroads was sought a possibility to find a cargo, and container was a big chance. Government of USA decided to do public work and start built a network of highways similarly as European countries Germany and Italy \hyperref[b8]{[9]} \hyperref[b9]{[10]}. The Cincinnati, Lawrenceburg and Aurora that's transport system collapsed in 1930 but in the Cincinnati and Lake Erie it followed into oblivion in 1939  {\ref [12][25]}.\par
Fitch continued on, developing a container system. He designed the biggest and heaviest containers in this time in the whole world.   Fig.  {\ref 8} : Rail wagons without cargo \hyperref[b5]{[6]} As first, in 1929-30, the Fitch System were used by Cincinnati \& Lake Erie, between Cincinnati, Dayton, Toledo, Cleveland and Detroit. For this were designed 30 all-steel 15-ton containers. Later, in 1931, the Fitch System has been applied on Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1931 he established container transport system based on construction of 40 all steel construction big containers with seizes (17'6" X 8'0" X 8'0', Capacity: 30,000 pounds -890 cubic feet) for the Pennsylvania Railroad between New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Richmond, similarly to use on the Lake Shore Electric, the Eastern Michigan Lines and the Cincinnati and Lake Erie Railroad earlier. Also in 1931 another kind of 28 all steel construction big containers with seizes (20'0" X 8'0" X 8'0", Capacity: 50,000 pounds -1,000 cubic feet.) were used by Pennsylvania Railroad which carried them between New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Richmond, Va. (Figure \hyperref[fig_3]{9}) These railroads companies also have used 2 other kinds container in total number of 10 summary. The Pennsylvania Railroad used similarly aluminum containers type TD and TD1. 51 Containers TD has the same weight as Fitch containers, but have different sizes (19'0" X 7'0" X 7'4", capacity 30,000 pounds -795 cubic (Figure \hyperref[fig_4]{10}) \hyperref[b16]{[17]} .\par
The distances of transport of the containers The Fitch Systems were: from Cincinnati on the Ohio River through Dayton and Toledo to Detroit on the Great Lakes, and through Columbus to Cleveland, on Lake Erie, distances was of about 250 miles; and from the New York City metropolitan district through Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington to Richmond, was nearly 300 miles \hyperref[b0]{[1]}.\par
In November 1932 in Enola PRR opened first rail container terminal in the world (Figure \hyperref[fig_0]{11}) \hyperref[b17]{[18]}. This terminal used for reloading containers two overhead cranes with an automatic lifting coupler quite present spreader called in this time as spreaders \hyperref[b16]{[17]}.\par
For handling containers in Enola terminal was used two overhead cranes with spreaders. Interesting is that hooking has been taken from Fitch solution but was adopted for PRR container. Originally Fitch container had the hooks on the bodies for engagement to the spreader are spaced longitudinally at 12 ft., which is in uniformity with Fitch bodies, and though only 7 ft. wide, permit overhead handling by the same spreader used to handle the Fitch bodies, by applying lifting links with double eyes spaced at 7 ft. and 8 ft. respectively \hyperref[b16]{[17]}.  Structure of Enola terminal is very similarly to conception of BFF from patent from 1924. In Enola container terminal we see two cranes with hooking systems -early construction of spreaders (Figure \hyperref[fig_0]{11}).\par
In patent of BFF the crane is astride the railway sidings with a narrow maneuvering yard. (Figure \hyperref[fig_0]{12}).\par
Before the forklift trucks and reach stackers was created the cranes, gantry or overhead, were the basics equipment for reloading containers in container terminals. In 1935 the Cincinnati Motor Terminals Company, employed 21 five-ton motor trucks, had 250containers, and 66 electric cranes, and 13 sets of hand hoists \hyperref[b16]{[17]}.\par
In 1939 Benjamin Franklin Fitch (BFF) has designed new transfer system for big containers. The body of 25 ton milk container moved on cross channels on the trailer frame and on the floor of the flatcar. Upright stops or anchorages on the car at the sides of the body then prevented lateral displacement. With the trailer driven closed alongside the rail car, the body, which has a gross weight with load of 25 tons, was pushed from trailer to car by means of a push-pull bar and two cross chains that moved in channels on the trailer. These chains had lugs that engage with stops under the body and are driven by a longitudinal shaft and gears on the trailer (Figure \hyperref[fig_0]{13}). In this year BFF had over 20 years' experience and over 160 patents covering equipment developed for use in the container system \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. 
\section[{Fig. 13 : View of new reloading system of by Benjamin}]{Fig. 13 : View of new reloading system of by Benjamin}\par
Franklin Fitch, 1939 \hyperref[b12]{[13]} To 1947 Benjamin Franklin Fitch (BFF) was president and camembert of Motor Terminals, Inc. also he was president of the Natl. Fitch Corp. and Term. Motor-Rail Corp., New York. Member of the N. Y. Railroad Club. N. Y. He was author of numerous articles In technology and trade publications on coordinated transport Episcopalian. Independent. Club»: Kentuckians, Metropolitan (New York); N. Y. Southern Soc.; Pendennis (Louisville. Ky.) with Home address: Ocean Lawn, Newport, R. I. \hyperref[b25]{[26]}.\par
In 26 April 1956 Malcolm McLean's Ideal -X ship carried fifty-eight trailer vans from Port Newark, NJ, to Huston, TX, as the new concept in shipping \hyperref[b27]{[28]}.\par
Benjamin Franklin Fitch dead May 2 1956 in New York City. After his death newspaper The New York Times mentioned about him as an inventor of equipment for shipping and handling freight. His age was 79 \hyperref[b10]{[11]}.\par
In report from 1958 were noticed that BFF also developed two big size containers. First type with sizes: 22'9 ¾"*8', with internal diameter 5'4", with capacity 3000 gallons, i.e. liters, made from stainless steel wit stains doors. Second type with sizes 16'4"*8', with capacity 2500 gallons, i.e. liters, with 18 numbers in use \hyperref[b18]{[19]}. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
When we compare the whole life activity of Benjamin Franklin Fitch with the Malcolm Mclean' we see a the big influence of the outsides factors for their activity.\par
Benjamin Franklin Fitch wasn't a first who had used containers in USA. The first transport of containers through the Atlantic Ocean were in 1902. It was linked the Great Emigration from Europe to USA at the end of XIX and beginning the XX century \hyperref[b9]{[10]}. Benjamin Franklin Fitch started his work with container system in time of First World War, called in this time as Great War. After this event in many countries were the economic depressions, 1921-1922. In Europe this evoked creation a fascism, first in Italy. In US in this time the railways companies had a big problems with the robbers. That was source to wide exploitation of the containers by railways companies in USA, but that is subject for the another analysis. Second economic depression is known as Dig Depression in 1929. It had strongly influence for economy in whole world. The USA in this time didn't the big influence for world policy. In USA this event was source for a big competition between modes of transport, road and railways. Many countries in Europe did the protectionist of their country economy that was source of trade wars also with USA which stopped the free trade across Atlantic Ocean. Only things of emigrants were free without restrictions for transport in sea containers called in this time as the liftvans  {\ref [5][6]}.\par
Different prices of own activity from these two modes of transport changed the social point of view about economy in USA. Road transport had seemed as the cheaper and faster. This changed a policy of the technicians. They concentrated on road transport. Another case to this change was developing of the highways' system on territory of USA. It changed availability of the territory of USA. Before the Second World War, the US Government didn't promoted the use of container system in the country and the world. In the time of Second World War the road transport stayed game ruler of the modes of the land transport.\par
Malcolm McLean started this activity in 1934 when economy of USA was growth. He also used as first freight truck on roads, but without containers. His patent was created after World War II, when European countries and Japan are still rebuilding for 10 years and Korea after the Korean War ended needed of everything and a lot of companies shipping cargo transported them \hyperref[b18]{[19]}. It was filed in US Patent Office in 1954 and patented in 1958. Malcolm McLean was an author only the one patent.\par
Benjamin Franklin Fitch had over 100 patents in the year of his death, 1956.\par
After the Second World War USA stayed w big ruler in world policy. The big policy tensions in 1950' and 1960' changed conditions for the development of loading units in transport. The container system of Malcolm Mclean's has been established on 1960' as fundamental technical system for support system of the USA Army \hyperref[b8]{[9]}. 
\section[{47}]{47}\par
Year 2015 ( H )\par
IV. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
The Forgotten Developer of the Container System in US of America, inventor of many equipment's for reloading of containers -Benjamin Franklin Fitch, (Figure \hyperref[fig_0]{14} His wide experience and knowledge was fundamental for developing the container system in USA before the Second World War.\par
The name of Benjamin Franklin Fitch should be entered in books on containerization in USA in order to organize knowledge about the development of this process before the Second World War.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}CFig. 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{24}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Fig. 2 :FigFig. 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{567}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Fig. 5 :Fig. 6 :Fig. 7 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{9}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Fig. 9 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{10}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Fig. 10 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1112}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}Figure 11 :Fig. 12 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-8.png}
\caption{\label{fig_6}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-9.png}
\caption{\label{figure9}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-10.png}
\caption{\label{figure10}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-11.png}
\caption{\label{figure11}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-12.png}
\caption{\label{figure12}}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2015 Global Journals Inc. (US) -Year 2015} 			\footnote{© 2015 Global Journals Inc. (US) -} 			\footnote{© 2015 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[B.F. FITCH DEAD; FREIGHT EXPERT; Inventor Devised Equipment for Transfer of Goods at Rail and Truck Depots (1956)]{b10}\label{b10} 	 	 	 		\textit{B.F. FITCH DEAD; FREIGHT EXPERT; Inventor Devised Equipment for Transfer of Goods at Rail and Truck Depots},  				May 03. 1956.  	 	 (--Print Headline) 
\bibitem[Container service hearings close Railway Age (1929)]{b15}\label{b15} 	 		‘Container service hearings close’.  	 	 		\textit{Railway Age},  				April 16, 1929. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Container System Creates Freight Service ()]{b14}\label{b14} 	 		\textit{Container System Creates Freight Service},  		1922. 72 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Gazeta Bydgoska (1932)]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		\textit{Dworce towarowe o?rodków przemys?owych},  		 			Gazeta Bydgoska 		.  		11/1932, 15.01.1932. p. 8.  	 
\bibitem[Teodor]{b7}\label{b7} 	 		\textit{Dzisiejsze koleje ameryka?skie, ?adowanie stalowych skrzy? na wagony, ?ycie Techniczne 1937 nr 4},  		 			Kura?ow Teodor 		.  		p. .  	 
\bibitem[Gazeta Bydgoska (1931)]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		 			Gazeta Bydgoska 		.  		\textit{Wielki zastój w porcie hamburskim},  				174/1931, 31.07.1931. p. 6.  	 
\bibitem[GB Patent 213807 (A) -Improved means for transferring freight ()]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		\textit{GB Patent 213807 (A) -Improved means for transferring freight},  		1924. Benjamin Franklin Fitch.  	 
\bibitem[Fitch and Conkling ()]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		\textit{History of the Fitch family, A. D. 1400-1930; a record of the Fitches in England and America, including "pedigree of Fitch" certified by the college of arms},  		 			Roscoe Fitch 		,  		 			Conkling 		.  		1930. London, England, compiled by Roscoe Conkling Fitch., Haverhill, Mass. p. .  	 	 (Record publishing company) 
\bibitem[Krzysztof ()]{b9}\label{b9} 	 		\textit{Kontenerowe systemy transportowe, geneza i rozwój do 1914, Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wroc?awskiej},  		 			Lewandowski Krzysztof 		.  		2015. Wroc?aw.  	 	 (Container transport systems, the genesis and development until 1914, (pol)) 
\bibitem[Krzysztof ()]{b8}\label{b8} 	 		 			Lewandowski Krzysztof 		.  		\textit{Conditions for the development of loading units in transport, (pol) Warunki rozwoju jednostek ?adunkowych w transporcie},  				Logistyka 4/2014. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Men ()]{b28}\label{b28} 	 		‘Money and Ideas Are Remaking A Region’.  		 			Men 		.  	 	 		\textit{LIFE}  		OCT 1949. p. 84.  	 
\bibitem[Francis ()]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		\textit{Motor Truck Transportation, Railway age v},  		 			Davis Francis 		,  		 			W 		.  		1920. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Van et al. ()]{b23}\label{b23} 	 		\textit{Motor Truck Transportation, The Principles Governing Its Success},  		 			F Z Van 		,  		 			C E. ; C E D Lane 		,  		 			Van Nostrand 		,  		 			Company 		.  		1921. New York: Eight Warren Street.  	 
\bibitem[Motor Trucks Replace Trap Cars (1917)]{b13}\label{b13} 	 		\textit{Motor Trucks Replace Trap Cars},  		September 7, 1917. 63 p. .  		 			Railway Age Gazette 		 	 
\bibitem[Latimer (1920)]{b26}\label{b26} 	 		\textit{Motor-Truck. Helps The Railroad, Popular Science},  		 			Wilson Latimer 		,  		 			J 		.  		Jul 1920. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Fitch]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		\textit{Motorizing Terminals, Engineering world; a journal of engineering and construction},  		 			B F Fitch 		.  		p. .  	 
\bibitem[Popular Science (1939)]{b12}\label{b12} 	 	 	 		\textit{Popular Science},  				Dec 1939. p. 90.  	 
\bibitem[Report of Mechanical Advisory Committee to the Federal Coordinator of Transportation: motive power for steam railroads, electrification of steam railroads, freight cars (1935)]{b16}\label{b16} 	 		\textit{Report of Mechanical Advisory Committee to the Federal Coordinator of Transportation: motive power for steam railroads, electrification of steam railroads, freight cars},  		December 27. 1935.  	 	 (freight transport equipment, passenger cars) 
\bibitem[Reuve Generale des Chemin de Fer\nr 6 1936, L'organisation du service par containers sur le Pennsylvania Railroad]{b17}\label{b17} 	 		\textit{Reuve Generale des Chemin de Fer\textbackslash nr 6 1936, L'organisation du service par containers sur le Pennsylvania Railroad},  		p. .  	 
\bibitem[Norris ()]{b11}\label{b11} 	 		\textit{Spatial Diffusion of Intermodal Rail Technologies, PhD Dissertation},  		 			Frank B Norris 		.  		1994.  		 			University of Washington (Geography 		 	 
\bibitem[Survey And Analysis Of Cargo Containers For Cargo Ships United States And Western Europe, The Maritime Administration United States Department Of Commerce Research Contract -Ma (1958)]{b18}\label{b18} 	 		‘Survey And Analysis Of Cargo Containers For Cargo Ships United States And Western Europe, The Maritime Administration United States Department Of Commerce’.  	 	 		\textit{Research Contract -Ma}  		August 25, 1958. 1786 p. .  	 	 (Report By Work Saving International) 
\bibitem[Tackles Road-rail Transport (1940)]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		\textit{Tackles Road-rail Transport},  		20th January 1940. How U.S.A.. p. 39.  		 			Commercial Motor 		 	 
\bibitem[Tankers To Carry 2-Way Pay Loads; Filled Trailer Vans to Form Cargoes for Vessels That Normally Carry Ballast Z. New York Times (1956)]{b27}\label{b27} 	 		‘Tankers To Carry 2-Way Pay Loads; Filled Trailer Vans to Form Cargoes for Vessels That Normally Carry Ballast’.  	 	 		\textit{Z. New York Times}  		April 27. 1956.  	 	 (--Print Headline) 
\bibitem[White and Jr ()]{b24}\label{b24} 	 		\textit{The Magic Box: Genesis of the Container. Railroad History},  		 			John H White 		,  		 			Jr 		.  		Spring 1988.  	 
\bibitem[The Military engineer, Motorized terminals ()]{b19}\label{b19} 	 		\textit{The Military engineer, Motorized terminals},  		1920-1921. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Benjamin and Fitch ()]{b20}\label{b20} 	 		\textit{US Patent 1261504 A, Freight-transfer station and warehouse},  		 			F Benjamin 		,  		 			Fitch 		.  		1918.  	 
\bibitem[US Patent 1437966, Gantry crane, BNF Fitch ()]{b21}\label{b21} 	 		\textit{US Patent 1437966, Gantry crane, BNF Fitch},  		1922.  	 
\bibitem[US Patent 1482604, Removable automobile body, BF Fitch ()]{b22}\label{b22} 	 		\textit{US Patent 1482604, Removable automobile body, BF Fitch},  		1924.  	 
\bibitem[Who's who in railroading in North America ()]{b25}\label{b25} 	 		\textit{Who's who in railroading in North America},  		1946. New York: Simmons-Boardman Pub. Co. p. 233.  	 	 (11th ed.) 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
