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\title{Development of an Absorption Refrigeration System Powered by Solar Energy to Extract Fresh Water from Humid Air in Saudi Arabia}
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             \author[1]{Ghassan  Al-Hassan}

             \author[2]{Ghassan  Al-Hassan}

             \author[3]{Naif K. Al  Shammari}

             \author[4]{Mohammed  AL-Meshaal}

             \affil[1]{  Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 10 February 2015 Accepted: 4 March 2015 Published: 15 March 2015}

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\begin{abstract}
        


The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extraction of fresh water from humid air in Saudi Arabia by direct solar absorption system using aqueous ammonia 0.45 mass fractions (ammonia-water). In the system, ammonia is boiled out of the water then condensed in an air cooled condenser. The refrigerant is then expanded and evaporates in the evaporator exists inside a tunnel where humid air flows, and therefore the temperature of humid air is reduced beyond its dew point temperature so a process of water separation from humid air starts.To analyze the performance of the system, first a comprehensive mathematical model describing the entire processes accomplished within the major components in the cycle is introduced based on heat and mass conservation balancing considering steady flow processes. The results of calculations are to find out the actual real sizes of all involved major components within the system based on simulation analyzing. The amount of the extracted fresh water from humid air is determined for certain operation conditions in the Kingdome of Saudi Arabia, it was found for real atmospheric conditions to be and the efficiency of the system is 1.369.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{absorption, refrigeration, humid air, solar energy, fresh water, aqua ammonia.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
he next challenge to human life in the world is how to solve the future problems that appeared in the world. The most three critical problems that face human life are energy crisis, water crisis and pollution \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. Fresh water supply and sustainable energy sources are of the most important topics on the international environment and development plans. They are also, critical factors that govern the lives of humanity and promote civilization. The history of mankind proves that water and civilization are two inseparable entities. This is proved by the fact that all great civilizations were developed and flourished near large sources of water. Rivers, seas, oases and oceans have attracted mankind to their coasts because water is the source of life \hyperref[b1]{[2]}.\par
Saudi Arabia is facing a water scarcity due to the prevailing weather conditions especially for remote areas caused to over population, industrialization and agricultural expansion. The problem of providing remote areas with fresh water can be solved by using three techniques \hyperref[b2]{[3]}, a) Transportation of water from other location. b) Desalination of saline water (ground, or underground. c) Extraction of water from atmospheric air.\par
Water transportation from other locations is usually expensive and of high initial cost to those remote areas. The desalination of saline water (ground and underground) is also expensive, high initial cost and related to water existence in zone.\par
Atmospheric air is a huge and renewable reservoir of water. This endless source of water is available everywhere on the earth surface. The amount of water in atmospheric air is evaluated as 14000 3  Km , where as the amount of fresh water in rivers and lakes on the earth surface is only about 1200 3  Km \hyperref[b3]{[4]}. The extraction of water from atmospheric air can be accomplished by different methods, the most common of these methods are cooling moist air to a temperature lower than the air dew point \hyperref[b4]{[5]}, and absorbing water vapor from moist air using a solid or a liquid desiccant  {\ref [6,}\hyperref[b6]{7]}.Choice of methods is an engineering decision dependent on local climatic conditions and economic factors such as capital, operating, and energy costs.\par
The first major project on an all solar absorption refrigeration system was undertaken by \hyperref[b7]{Trombe and Foex (1964)} \hyperref[b7]{[8]}. Ammonia-water solution is allowed to flow from a cold reservoir through a pipe placed at the focal line of a cylinder-parabolic reflector. Heated ammonia-water vaporized in the boiler is subsequently condensed in a cooling coil. The evaporator is a coil surrounding the container used as an ice box. In the prototype trials, the daily production of ice was about 6 to 4 kilograms of ice per square meter of collecting area Year 2015 
\section[{( H )}]{( H )}\par
for four-hour heating. The design by Trombe and Foex is very promising and should be studied further although modifications may be necessary on the solar collector, boiler, and condenser. \hyperref[b8]{Farber (1970)}  \hyperref[b8]{[9]} has built the most successful solar refrigeration system to date. It was a compact solar ice maker using a flat-plate collector as the energy source. It was reported that an average of about 42,200 kJ of solar energy was collected by the collector per day and ice produced was about 18.1 kilograms. This gave an overall coefficient of performance of about 0.1 and 12.5 kilograms of ice per 2 m of collector surface per day.\par
Swartman and Swaminathan (1971) \hyperref[b10]{[10]} built a simple, intermittent refrigeration system incorporating the generator-absorber with a 1.4 2 m flat-plate collector. Ammonia water solutions of concentration varying from 58 to 70 percent were tested. Tests were relatively successful; evaporator temperatures were as low as -12°C, but due to poor absorption, the evaporation rate of ammonia in the evaporator was low. Staicovici \hyperref[b11]{[11]} made an intermittent single-stage H2O-NH3 solar absorption system of 46 MJ/cycle (1986). Solar collectors heat the generator. Installation details and experimental results were presented. The system coefficient of performance (COP) varied between 0.152 and 0.09 in the period of May-September. Solar radiation availability and the theoretical (COP), also applicable to the Trombe-Foex system, were assessed. Reference was made to evacuated solar collectors with selective surfaces. Actual (COP) system values of 0.25-0.30 can be achieved at generation and condensation temperatures of 80°C and 24.3°C respectively. In 1990 Sierra, Best and Holland \hyperref[b12]{[12]} made a laboratory mordent of absorption refrigeration. Using ammonia -water solution at 52\% concentration by weight and the total weigh is 38 kg. this system was operated intermittently using this heat source .A heat source at temperature no higher than 80 °C was used to simulate the heat input to an absorption refrigeration from solar pond. In this system the temperatures of generator was as high as 73°C and evaporator temperatures as low as -2 °C. Tap water was used to remove the heat generated from the condensation of the ammonia vapor and the absorption of the refrigerant in the water. The temperature of the tap water was near the ambient laboratory temperature of 28°C. The COP for this unit working under such condition was in the range 0.24 to 0.28. In 2000 Hammad and Habali \hyperref[b13]{[13]} made a steel sheet cabinet of 0.6 m x 0.3 m face area and 0.5 m depth. The cabinet was intended to store vaccine in the remote desert area, away from the electrical national grid. A solar energy powered absorption refrigeration cycle using Aqua Ammonia solution was designed to keep this cabinet in the range of required temperatures. The ambient temperatures reached about 45°C in August. A computer simulation procedure was developed to study the performance and characteristics of the cooling cycle. The simulation included MATLAB computer programs for calculation the absorption cycle. In this system using a cylindrical solar concentrator extended the daily operating time to about 7 h and increased the output temperature up to 200 °C and the range of the COP was between 0.5 to 0.65 .While the temperature which gives optimum condition (of COP =0.65) was 120 °C. For this study a solar absorption refrigeration unit was constructed. The working fluids employed was aqueous ammonia (25wt\% NH3 -H2O). The system was operated during the months of June and July (2009) for a period of 8 hours per day (8 am to 4 pm).\par
II. 
\section[{Ammonia Absorption System}]{Ammonia Absorption System}\par
The absorption cycle is a process by which refrigeration effect is produced through the use of two fluids and some quantity of heat input, rather than electrical input as in the more familiar vapor compression cycle \hyperref[b14]{[14]}. Both vapor compression and absorption refrigeration cycle accomplish the removal of heat through the evaporation of refrigerant at a low pressure and the rejection of heat through the condensation of the refrigerant at a higher pressure. The method of creating the pressure difference and circulating the refrigerant is the primary difference between the two cycles. The vapor compression cycle employs a mechanical compressor to create the pressure differences necessary to circulate the refrigerant. In the absorption system, a secondary fluid or absorbent issued to circulate the refrigerant. Because the temperature requirements for the cycle fall into the low -to -moderate temperature range, and there is significant potential for electrical energy savings, absorption would seem to be a good prospect for cooling application \hyperref[b15]{[15]}.\par
Thus, the purpose of this paper is to utilizing an absorption refrigeration system driven by solar energy in order to generate a cold surface with which extract water from moisture air passing though the generated cold surface. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Cycle Description}]{Cycle Description}\par
Figure \hyperref[fig_0]{1} illustrates the main components of the absorption refrigeration cycle and the humid air tunnel. High-pressure liquid refrigerant from the condenser (2) passes into the evaporator (4) through an expansion valve (3) that reduces the pressure of the refrigerant to the low pressure existing in the evaporator, which is located in the humid air tunnel and where the process of water separation from the moisture air stream begins due crossing the cooling coil and reaching a temperature beyond its dew-point temperature. The liquid refrigerant evaporates in the evaporator by absorbing heat from the humid air being cooled and the resulting low-pressure vapor of ammonia passes to the absorber, where it is absorbed by the week solution coming from the generator (1) through an expansion valve \hyperref[b4]{(5)}, and forms the strong solution. The strong solution is pumped to the generator pressure, and the refrigerant in it is boiled off in the generator due of solar energy. The remaining solution flows back to the absorber and, thus, completes the cycle. By weak solution is meant that the ability of the solution to absorb the refrigerant vapor is according to the ASHRAE definition \hyperref[b4]{[5]}. In order to improve system performance, a solution heat exchanger is included in the cycle. I order to remove water vapor from the refrigerant mixture leaving the generator before reaching the condenser a rectifier is added into the cycle. For the current study, it is assumed that the refrigerant vapor contains 100\% ammonia for compatibility of the results for NH3-H20 cycle. i. The cooling capacity of the system (the heat absorption from the humid air passing within the tunnel by the R717 during the evaporation process) considering that the volume of the generator is more 15\% bigger than the calculated value, thus the required volume of the generator and collector isa pa a a o T C m Q Q ? = = ? ? ? . . W h Kj X X X Q Q a o 501 / 6 .3 25806cm V G =\par
, therefore the sizes of the generator and collector are Assuming that the humid air passing through the evaporator and after lossing part of its humidity will be used to accomplish two functions, first absorbs the generated mixing heat (mixing the saturated ammonia vapor coming from the evaporator and the weak solution returned from the collector) formed in the absorber and second also absorbs rejected heat from the condenser, therefore, assuming that the temperature of cooled air stream entering the condenser is 25 C    
\section[{The Efficiency of the System}]{The Efficiency of the System}\par
Basically, the efficiency of the absorption refrigeration unit powered by solar energy to produce a cooling effect in order to absorb heat from domestic water tank is determined based on the coefficient of performance as refrigeration reverse cycle. COP=Cooling Effect /Heat aborted from solar radiation  
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
This project presents, a study of absorption refrigeration system for water extraction from humid air in Saudi Arabia is carried out by designing the components of the cycle through establishing a comprehensive mathematical model describing the entire processes accomplished within the major components of the unit based on heat and mass conservation balancing considering steady flow processes. The sizes of major components involved within the system have been determined. The amount of the extracted fresh water from humid air is determined for certain operation conditions in the Kingdome of Saudi Arabia, it was found for real atmospheric conditions to be h Kg / 942 . 0 and the efficiency of the system is 1.369. The designed system can be widely used for water production from moisture air for remote regions.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Fig. 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}.,}\end{figure}
     			\footnote{© 2015 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[ International Solar Energy Society Conference ()]{b9}\label{b9} 	 		\textit{},  	 	 		\textit{International Solar Energy Society Conference}  		1970. 58.  	 
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\end{document}
