@incollection{,
	
					
					
					C0255C262E4F2CD6FBA8D42EC14D1042
				,
	author={{Xiaoxia A.Newton} and {Rebecca C.Poon} and {University of Massachusetts Lowell}},
	journal={{Global Journal of Human Social Sciences}},
	journal={{GJHSS}}2249-460X0975-587X10.34257/GJHSS,
	address={Cambridge, United States},
	publisher={Global Journals Organisation}1572742
}

@incollection{b0,
	
	
		,
	title={{Beginning science teacher cognition and its origins in the preservice secondary science teacher program}}
		,
	author={{
			PEAdams
		} and {
			GHKrockover
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Research in Science Teaching}}
		
			34
			6
			
			,
	year={1997}
		
	

}

@book{b1,
	
	
		,
	title={{Knowing and teaching elementary mathematics}}
		,
	author={{
			RAskey
		}}
		
			,
	year={1999}
			
		
	

}

@incollection{b2,
	
	
		,
	title={{The mathematical understanding that prospective teachers bring to teacher education}}
		,
	author={{
			DLBall
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Elementary School Journal}}
		
			90
			
			,
	year={1990}
		
	

}

@incollection{b3,
	
	
		,
	title={{Knowing mathematics for teaching: Who knows mathematics well enough to teach third grade, and how can we decide?}}
		,
	author={{
			DLBall
		} and {
			HCHill
		} and {
			HBass
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{American Educator}}
		
			29
			3
			14
			,
	year={2005}
		
	

}

@incollection{b4,
	
	
		,
	title={{Content knowledge for teaching: What makes it special}}
		,
	author={{
			DLBall
		} and {
			MHHoover
		} and {
			GPhelps
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Teacher Education}}
		
			59
			5
			
			,
	year={2008}
		
	

}

@book{b5,
	
	
		,
	title={{}}
		,
	author={{
			JBaumert
		} and {
			MKunter
		} and {
			WBlum
		} and {
			MBrunner
		} and {
			TVoss
		} and {
			AJordan
		} and {
			UKlusmann
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
			,
	year={2010}
		
	

}

@book{b6,
	
	
		,
	title={{Mathematical Knowledge, Cognitive Activation in the Classroom, and Student Progress}}
		
	

}

@incollection{b7,
	
	
		,
	title={{}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{American Educational Research Journal}}
		
			47
			1
			
		
	

}

@book{b8,
	
	
		,
	title={{The priority of knowledge and understanding in teaching}}
		,
	author={{
			MBuchmann
		}}
		,
	editor={J. Raths and L}
		
			,
	year={1984}
		
	

}

@book{b9,
	
	
		,
	author={{
			Katz
		}}
		,
	title={{Advances in teacher education}}
				Norwood, NJ
		
			,
	publisher={Ablex}
			1
			
		
	

}

@book{b10,
	
	
		,
	title={{}}
		,
	author={{
			EBBurger
		} and {
			DJChard
		} and {
			EJHall
		} and {
			PAKennedy
		} and {
			SJLeinwand
		} and {
			FLRenfro
		} and {
			BKWaits
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
		,
	editor={Holt, Rinehart and Winston}
		
			,
	year={2007}
		
	

}

@incollection{b11,
	
	
		,
	title={{Relationships of knowledge and practice: Teacher learning in communities}}
		,
	author={{
			MCochran-Smith
		} and {
			SLLytle
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Review of Research in Education}}
		
			24
			
			,
	year={1999}
		
	

}

@book{b12,
	
	
		,
	title={{Algebra 1: Integration Applications Connections}}
		,
	author={{
			WCollins
		} and {
			AGFoster
		} and {
			LJWinters
		} and {
			WLSwart
		} and {
			GJCuevas
		} and {
			JRath
		} and {
			BGordon
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
		,
	editor={Glencoe/McGraw-Hill}
		
			,
	year={1998}
			,
	address={New York}
		
	

}

@book{b13,
	
	
		,
	title={{}}
		,
	author={{
			RLarson
		} and {
			LBoswell
		} and {
			TDKanold
		} and {
			LStiff
		}}
		
		
		
		
			,
	year={2004}
			,
	publisher={McDougal Littell}
			1
			,
	address={Evanston, IL}
		
	

}

@book{b14,
	
	
		,
	title={{Algebra 1: Concepts and skills}}
		,
	author={{
			RLarson
		} and {
			LBoswell
		} and {
			TDKanold
		} and {
			LStiff
		}}
		
		
		
		
			,
	year={2004}
			,
	publisher={McDougal Littell}
			,
	address={Evanston, IL}
		
	

}

@book{b15,
	
	
		,
	title={{Schoolteacher: A sociological study}}
		,
	author={{
			DLortie
		}}
		
			,
	year={1975}
			,
	publisher={University of Chicago Press}
			,
	address={Chicago}
		
	

}

@book{b16,
	
	
		,
	title={{The 2013 Brown Center Report on American Education: How well are American students learning? With sections on the latest international tests, tracking and ability grouping, and advanced math in 8th grade}}
		,
	author={{
			TLoveless
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2013}
		
	

}

@book{b17,
	
	
		,
	title={{Knowing and teaching elementary mathematics: Teachers' understanding of fundamental mathematics in China and the United States}}
		,
	author={{
			LMa
		}}
		
			,
	year={1999}
			,
	publisher={Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc}
			,
	address={Mahwah, NJ}
		
	

}

@incollection{b18,
	
	
		,
	title={{Can slope be negative in 3-space? Studying concept image of slope through collective definition construction}}
		,
	author={{
			DMoore-Russo
		} and {
			AConner
		} and {
			KIRugg
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Educational Studies in Mathematics}}
		
			76
			1
			
			,
	year={2011. 2015}
		
	

}

@book{b19,
	
	
		,
	title={{PISA 2012 Results in Focus: What 15-year-olds know and what they can do with what they know}}
		,
	author={{
			Oecd
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2014}
		
	

}

@incollection{b20,
	
	
		,
	title={{Student difficulties with linearity and linear functions and teachers' understanding of student difficulties (Doctoral dissertation)}}
		,
	author={{
			VPostelnicu
		}}
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses}}
				
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@incollection{b21,
	
	
		,
	title={{Do teachers know what their students know?}}
		,
	author={{
			VPostelnicu
		} and {
			CGreenes
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{National Council of Supervisors of Mathematics Newsletter}}
		
			42
			3
			
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@book{b22,
	
	
		,
	author={{
			WHSchmidt
		} and {
			RHouang
		}}
		
		,
	title={{Curricular coherence and the Common Core State Standards}}
				
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@incollection{b23,
	
	
		,
	title={{}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Mathematics. Educational Researcher}}
		
			41
			8
			
		
	

}

@incollection{b24,
	
	
		,
	title={{Preparing future math teachers}}
		,
	author={{
			WHSchmidt
		} and {
			RHouang
		} and {
			LSCogan
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Education Forum}}
		
			332
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	
	,
	note={Science}

}

@book{b25,
	
	
		,
	title={{Why schools matter: A cross-national comparison of curriculum and learning}}
		,
	author={{
			WHSchmidt
		} and {
			CCMcknight
		} and {
			RTHouang
		} and {
			HWang
		} and {
			DEWiley
		} and {
			LSCogan
		} and {
			RGWolfe
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
		
			,
	year={2001}
			,
	publisher={Jossey-Bass}
			,
	address={San Francisco}
		
	

}

@book{b26,
	
	
		,
	title={{Toward a theory of proficiency in teaching mathematics. International handbook of mathematics teacher education}}
		,
	author={{
			AHSchoenfeld
		} and {
			JKilpatrick
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2008}
			2
			
		
	

}

@incollection{b27,
	
	
		,
	title={{Those who understand: Knowledge growth in teaching}}
		,
	author={{
			LSShulman
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Educational Researcher}}
		
			15
			2
			
			,
	year={1986}
		
	

}

@book{b28,
	
	
		,
	title={{Forward. In Knowing and teaching elementary mathematics: Teachers' understanding of fundamental mathematics in China and the United States (Liping Ma)}}
		,
	author={{
			LSShulman
		}}
		
			,
	year={1999}
			,
	publisher={Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc}
			,
	address={Mahwah, NJ}
		
	

}

@book{b29,
	
	
		,
	author={{
			RRSkemp
		}}
		,
	title={{Relational understanding and instrumental understanding. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School}}
				
			,
	year={1976/2006}
			12
			
		
	
	,
	note={Originally published in Mathematics Teaching}

}

@incollection{b30,
	
	
		,
	title={{Conceptualizations of slope: A review of state standards}}
		,
	author={{
			MStanton
		} and {
			DMoore-Russo
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{School Science and Mathematics}}
		
			112
			5
			
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@incollection{b31,
	
	
		,
	title={{Secondary mathematics teachers' knowledge of slope}}
		,
	author={{
			SLStump
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Mathematics Education Research Journal}}
		
			11
			2
			
			,
	year={1999}
		
	

}

@incollection{b32,
	
	
		,
	title={{Developing preservice teachers' pedagogical content knowledge of slope}}
		,
	author={{
			SLStump
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Mathematical Behavior}}
		
			20
			
			,
	year={2001a}
		
	

}

@incollection{b33,
	
	
		,
	title={{High school precalculus students' understanding of slope as measure}}
		,
	author={{
			SLStump
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{School Science and Mathematics}}
		
			101
			2
			
			,
	year={2001b}
		
	

}

@book{b34,
	
	
		,
	author={{
			DTeuscher
		} and {
			REReys
		}}
		
		,
	title={{Slope, rate of change, and steepness: Do students understand these concepts? Mathematics Teacher}}
				
			,
	year={2010}
			103
			
		
	

}

@incollection{b35,
	
	
		,
	title={{Teachers' personal agency: Making sense of slope through additive structures}}
		,
	author={{
			JGWalter
		} and {
			HGerson
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Educational Studies in Mathematics}}
		
			65
			2
			
			,
	year={2007}
		
	

}

@incollection{b36,
	
	
		,
	title={{The mathematics teachers should know}}
		,
	author={{
			HSWu
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{Talk given at}}
				Lisbon, Portugal, on
		
			,
	year={2010a. January 29, 2010}
		
	

}

@book{b37,
	
	
		,
	title={{Introduction to school algebra}}
		,
	author={{
			HSWu
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2010b}
		
	

}

@book{b38,
	
	
		,
	title={{The miss-education of mathematics teachers. Notices of the}}
		,
	author={{
			HSWu
		}}
		
			,
	year={2011a}
			,
	publisher={American Mathematical Society}
			58
			
		
	

}

@book{b39,
	
	
		,
	title={{Understanding numbers in elementary school mathematics}}
		,
	author={{
			HSWu
		}}
		
			,
	year={2011b}
			,
	publisher={American Mathematical Society}
			,
	address={Providence, Rhode Island}
		
	

}

@book{b40,
	
	
		,
	title={{Professional development and Textbook school mathematics}}
		,
	author={{
			HSWu
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2011c}
		
	

}

@incollection{b41,
	
	
		,
	title={{Bringing the Common Core State Mathematics Standards to life}}
		,
	author={{
			HSWu
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{American Educator}}
		
			35
			3
			
			,
	year={2011d}
		
	
	,
	note={Phoenix rising}

}

@book{b42,
	
	
		,
	title={{The Mathematics Early Grade Teachers Need to Know| and What It Means to Know It. Talk given at Rio de Janeiro}}
		,
	author={{
			HSWu
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2011e}
		
	

}

@incollection{b43,
	
	
		,
	title={{Potential Impact of the Common Core Mathematics Standards on the American Curriculum}}
		,
	author={{
			HSWu
		}}
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{Mathematics Curriculum in School Education: Advances in Mathematics Education}}
				,
	editor={
			YLi
			GLappan
		}
		Dordrecht
		
			,
	publisher={Springer}
			,
	year={2014. 2014}
			
		
	

}

@book{b44,
	
	
		,
	title={{Textbook School Mathematics and the preparation of mathematics teachers}}
		,
	author={{
			HSWu
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2015}
		
	

}

@book{b45,
	
	
		,
	title={{From Pre-Algebra to Algebra, Volumes I and II}}
		,
	author={{
			HSWu
		}}
		
	
	,
	note={forthcoming}

}

@incollection{b46,
	
	
		,
	title={{Being sloppy about slope: The effect of changing the scale}}
		,
	author={{
			OZaslavsky
		} and {
			HSela
		} and {
			ULeron
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Educational Studies in Mathematics}}
		
			49
			1
			
			,
	year={2002}
		
	

}