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\title{Influence of Socio-Economic Background on Social Adjustment Development of Adolescents with Hearing Impairment in Oyo State}
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             \author[1]{Vitalis Ugochukwu  Eke}

             \affil[1]{  University of Calabar}

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\date{\small \em Received: 12 June 2015 Accepted: 5 July 2015 Published: 15 July 2015}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


This paper investigated the influence of socioeconomic background on social adjustment development of adolescents with hearing impairment in Oyo state. The study used 48 participants comprised of 24 males and 24 females who were purposely selected for the study. The research was based on simple descriptive survey research method. Two research instruments were used to gather data for the study. The two sets of questionnaire are Socio-Economic Questionnaire (SEQ) and Social Adjustment Questionnaire (SAQ). One hypothesis was tested and the result showed that adolescents with hearing impairment from high socioeconomic background socialized and adjusted well than their counterparts from low socio-economic background. The paper recommended among others that awareness program should be mounted on the news media to parents and other stakeholders by professionals on the care and needs of the adolescents with hearing impairment.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{socio-economic, social adjustment, development, adolescent, hearing impairment.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
mong the variables constituting in environmental settings, the home is the most important for early development and shaping of the child's personal characters. The home environment is a subset of the total environment. it is a sub-environment that needs to be stimulating, explorative, interactive, mobile, acceptable and encouraging especially during the early years of life \hyperref[b4]{(Ogunniyi, 2001)}.\par
Socio-economic status of individuals in a society is factored by the income, educational achievement, occupational level of the family, all which are related to one another. Virtually all societies are stratified according to socio-economic indices and are marked by differences in almost all facets of life-be it environmental conditions child care interactions, value, attitudes and expectations. Furthermore, the status of socio-economic variables begins to affect children even prior to their entrance into the world. The child's physical care, parental teaching, family interaction and opportunities for development vary with the socioeconomic position of the family.\par
Many people have in time past and recently expressed their concern about poor social and psychological adjustment of the children with hearing impairment. It is then, important to remember that, it is difficult to maintain or attain an ideal child when parents appear to be neglectful, disinterested in his child and also fail or unable to provide the basic necessities of life that will enhance his level of adjustment. Further, it should be noted that a child starts life in the social and economic position of his/her family. In fact, physical care, medical, type of education, food and other opportunities for development vary with the socioeconomic position of the family.\par
Consequently, the social adjustment of the children with hearing impairment will be duly affected either positive or negatively \hyperref[b0]{(Aderibigbe, 1995)}. Individuals in our society are generally social creatures that need to interact with others to meet their emotional, social and biological needs. In situations where we cannot readily communicate our needs and aspirations to people we desire to relate with, our days would turn out to be colourless and lonely, devoid of the basic necessities of the warmth and nurturance that social contacts and relationships bring to our lives. Such is the plight of person that is hearing impaired. They have problems of coping with the challenges of daily living. This is because they find it difficult to express themselves affectively to their families at home, peer groups in school, as well as friends and relatives at social gatherings. An individual that is hearing impaired and unable to communicate effectively his/her feeling and desires to others will find enjoyment of life to be limited and become more vulnerable to physical or emotional sufferings \hyperref[b4]{(Ogunniyi, 2001;}\hyperref[b2]{Eze, 1994)}.\par
The social adjustment of the hearing impaired suggests a smooth relationship between the individual and the environment. In this sense, the adjusted individual interacts in a harmonious way with the world in which he or she lives. Fundamentally, the term, social adjustment is often used to refer generally to harmony in the interpersonal relationships. An individual's level of social development depends always on how such a person understands and perceives the world around the individual. In the same way, the individual's; cognitive level is a product of the person's perception of solidarity A Egaga, Patrick I. ? \& Aderibigbe, S. Akinwumi ? III. The table shows that the calculated t-value of 2.06 is less than the critical t-value of 2.08 at 0.05 alpha level of significance. Therefore the hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference between the social adjustment development of hearing impaired adolescents from high socio-economic background and low socio-economic background is hereby rejected. The result showed that the participants in the low socioeconomic background are disadvantaged and need help. This is because they were not adequately exposed to social activities while their peers in the high socioeconomic background were encouraged to interact well with the environment. 
\section[{Results}]{Results} 
\section[{IV.}]{IV.} 
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
The result reveals a significant difference in the social adjustment development of students with hearing impairment. The hypothesis was thus rejected. The result was consistent with that of \hyperref[b1]{(Adeyemi (2014;}\hyperref[b4]{Ogunniyi, 2001;}\hyperref[b0]{Aderibigbe, 1995)}. Students from educated and wealthy homes seem to have better social adjustment capability. They are exposed to different types of recreational facilities and activities than their peers from illiterate and poor homes. They attend picnics with other members of the family.\par
V. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
This study has revealed that the socioeconomic background of parents has been found to be a factor influencing the social adjustment of adolescents with hearing impairment. Students from high socioeconomic background have opportunities to socialize and adjust well in the society than the students from low socio-economic background. 
\section[{VI.}]{VI.} 
\section[{Recommendations}]{Recommendations}\par
Professionals should counsel the parents of adolescent with hearing impairment to give affection, love, understanding, adequate nutrition, medical attention, access to education to their children. Awareness programmes should be mounted on the news media on the care and needs of the adolescent with hearing impairment.\par
Regular Parents Teachers Association meetings should incorporate counselling session to inform parents on how to care and provide the basic with a certain social system and its requirements \hyperref[b1]{(Adeyemi, 2014;} {\ref Lieshort and Ingram, 1997)}.\par
The child who is loved and adequately cared for learns to look on the world as a friend, loving place in general. The child who is neglected and unloved views the world in a very different way, becoming withdrawn or timid, or he may fight back become aggressive. Sensitivity to social expectations develops as children experience reciprocity in the family, school, neighbourhood and peer group \hyperref[b4]{(Ogunniyi, 2001;} {\ref Aderibogbe, 1995)}.\par
This paper therefore examined the influence of socio-economic background on social adjustment development of adolescents with hearing impairment. 
\section[{a) Hypothesis}]{a) Hypothesis}\par
The null hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of significance. There is no significant difference between the social adjustment development of hearing impaired adolescents from high socio-economic background and low socio-economic background. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Methodology}]{Methodology}\par
The target population comprised of students with hearing impairment from Ijokodo High School, ibadan and Durbar Grammar School, Oyo. Purposive sampling technique was used for the selection of fortyeight (48) participants comprised of 24 males and 24 females. The research was based on simple descriptive survey research method. 
\section[{a) Instrument}]{a) Instrument}\par
Two research instruments were used to gather data for the study. The two sets of questionnaire are Socio-Economic Questionnaire (SEQ) and Social Adjustment Questionnaire (SAQ). 
\section[{b) Procedure}]{b) Procedure}\par
The questionnaire was personally administered by the researcher to the students at their schools on different days of the week. It was administered under normal classroom conditions. necessities of life to adolescents with hearing impairment.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.47542372881355927\textwidth}P{0.03601694915254237\textwidth}P{0.06483050847457628\textwidth}P{0.07203389830508473\textwidth}P{0.0288135593220339\textwidth}P{0.06483050847457628\textwidth}P{0.07923728813559322\textwidth}P{0.0288135593220339\textwidth}}
Variables\tabcellsep N\tabcellsep X\tabcellsep SD\tabcellsep DF\tabcellsep T-cal\tabcellsep t-value\tabcellsep P\\
High socio-economic\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 49.6\tabcellsep 6.82\tabcellsep 96\tabcellsep 2.06\tabcellsep 2.08\tabcellsep .05\\
background\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Low socio-economic\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 47.5\tabcellsep 6.03\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
background\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Eze ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		\textit{Influence of socio-economic background on the school adjustment of hearing impaired students in Ibadan. An unpublished M},  		 			J C Eze 		.  		1994.  		 			University of Ibadan 		 	 	 (Ed Thesis Dept) 
\bibitem[Ogunniyi ()]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		‘Parental background influences educational achievements among disabled children’.  		 			G M Ogunniyi 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Special Education}  		2001. 9  (1)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Adeyemi ()]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		‘Socio-economic status and social adjustment skills of adolescent with visual impairment in selected integrated schools in South Western Nigeria’.  		 			C K Adeyemi 		.  	 	 		\textit{The Journal of Advocacy and Rehabilitation in Special Education (JARSE)}  		2014. 13  (1)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Liveshort and Ingram ()]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		\textit{Stimulation of social development in school: Suets and Zeotlinger Co},  		 			C Liveshort 		,  		 			D Ingram 		.  		1997. Amsterdam.  	 
\bibitem[Aderibigbe ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		\textit{The impact of socioeconomic background and environmental state of parents on their hearing impaired children in Ibadan Oyo State. Unpublished B.ED project},  		 			S A Aderibigbe 		.  		1995.  		 			Dept. of Special Education, University of Ibadan 		 	 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}