@incollection{,
	
					
					
					E5F117A74450223BC6A3F7F707906FF7
				,
	author={{Crosdel O.Emuedo} and {Western Delta University, Nigeria}},
	journal={{Global Journal of Human Social Sciences}},
	journal={{GJHSS}}2249-460X0975-587X10.34257/GJHSS,
	address={Cambridge, United States},
	publisher={Global Journals Organisation}1552538
}

@incollection{b0,
	
	
		,
	title={{The Boko Haram Uprising and Islamic Revivalism in Nigeria}}
		,
	author={{
			AAdesoji
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Africa Spectrum}}
		
			
			,
	year={2010}
		
	

}

@incollection{b1,
	
	
		,
	title={{Inside Nigeria's Dirty War on Terror}}
		,
	author={{
			JAjani
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Vanguard (Lagos)}}
		
			,
	year={2015. June, 28}
		
	

}

@incollection{b2,
	
	
		,
	title={{Nigerian Army's Season of Courts-martial}}
		,
	author={{
			ATAjobe
		} and {
			TDoki
		} and {
			RMutum
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{Daily Trust (Nig)}}
				
			,
	year={2015. January 10}
		
	

}

@book{b3,
	
	
		,
	title={{Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America}}
		,
	author={{
			JAldrich
		}}
		
			,
	year={1995}
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	publisher={University of Chicago Press}
		
	

}

@book{b4,
	
	
		,
	title={{Boko Haram attacks an air base in Nigeria}}
		,
	author={{
			Aljazeera
		}}
		
			,
	year={2013. December, 3}
		
	

}

@incollection{b5,
	
	
		,
	title={{Iraq: Economic Embargo and Predatory Rule}}
		,
	author={{
			AAlnasrawi
		}}
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{War, Hunger and Displacement: The Origins of Humanitarian Emergencies}}
				,
	editor={
			ENafziger
			;FStewart
			RVayrynen
		}
		Oxford
		
			,
	publisher={Oxford University Press}
			,
	year={2000}
			2
			
		
	

}

@incollection{b6,
	
	
		,
	title={{Nigeria: More than 1,500 Killed in Armed Conflict in North-Eastern Nigeria in Early}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Amnesty International}}
		
			,
	year={2014. 2014}
		
	
	,
	note={Amnesty International}

}

@incollection{b7,
	
	
		,
	title={{Nigerians offer prayers in Kano for suicide bombers' victims}}
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{The Guardian (Lagos)}}
				
			,
	publisher={Associated Press}
			,
	year={2012. January, 23}
		
	

}

@incollection{b8,
	
	
		,
	title={{We 're on Northern Governors Payroll -Boko Haram}}
		,
	author={{
			EAziken
		} and {
			AMuhammad
		} and {
			VOjeme
		} and {
			NMarama
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Vanguard (Lagos)}}
		
			,
	year={2012. January, 24}
		
	

}

@incollection{b9,
	
	
		,
	title={{Terrorism in Nigeria: the Rise of Boko Haram}}
		,
	author={{
			CBartolotta
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and Internatinal Relations}}
		
			5
			1
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@book{b10,
	
	
		,
	title={{When Things Fell Apart: State Failure in Late-Century Africa}}
		,
	author={{
			RBates
		}}
		
			,
	year={2009}
			,
	publisher={Cambridge University Press}
			,
	address={New York}
		
	

}

@incollection{b11,
	
	
		,
	title={{Nigeria: Boko Haram 101}}
		,
	author={{
			JBavier
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Pulitzercenter.org}}
		
			,
	year={2012. January, 15}
		
	

}

@incollection{b12,
	
	
		,
	title={{Nigeria's Kano rocked by multiple explosions}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{BBC}}
		
			,
	year={2012. January, 21}
		
	

}

@incollection{b13,
	
	
		,
	title={{Boko Haram unrest: Gunmen kidnap Nigeria villagers}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{BBC}}
		
			,
	year={2015. January, 3}
			,
	publisher={British Broadcasting Corporation}
		
	

}

@incollection{b14,
	
	
		,
	title={{Nigeria's Boko Haram: Frequently Asked Questions}}
		,
	author={{
			LPBlanchard
		}}
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{Congressional Research Service}}
				
			,
	year={2014. June, 10}
		
	

}

@incollection{b15,
	
	
		,
	title={{}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{BoC (Bureau of Counterterrorism)}}
		
			,
	year={2013}
		
		
			US Department of State
		
	
	,
	note={Country Reports on Terrorism}

}

@book{b16,
	
	
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	title={{Democratic Experiments in Africa}}
		,
	author={{
			MBratton
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			NVan De Walle
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			,
	year={1997}
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	publisher={Cambridge University Press}
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}

@incollection{b17,
	
	
		,
	title={{Formal versus Informal Institutions in Africa}}
		,
	author={{
			MichaelBratton
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Democracy}}
		
			18
			
			,
	year={2007. July}
		
	

}

@incollection{b18,
	
	
		,
	title={{The Durability of Political Goods? Evidence from Nigeria's New Democracy}}
		,
	author={{
			MBratton
		} and {
			PLewis
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		,
	journal={{Commonwealth and Comparative Politics}}
		
			45
			
			,
	year={2007. 1 February}
		
	

}

@incollection{b19,
	
	
		,
	author={{
			JBrock
		}}
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{Special Report: Boko Harambetween rebellion and jihad}}
				
			,
	year={2012. Jan 31, 2012}
		
	

}

@book{b20,
	
	
		,
	title={{Nigerian Army Detains 5 Military Commanders for Fleeing Mubi after Boko Haram Attack}}
		,
	author={{
			BellanaijaNews
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2014. March 3}
		
	

}

@incollection{b21,
	
	
		,
	title={{Who delivers? Partisan clients in the Argentine electoral market}}
		,
	author={{
			ECalvo
		} and {
			MVMurillo
		}}
		
	
	
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			48
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}

@book{b22,
	
	
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	title={{Africa Works: Disorder As Political Instrument}}
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	author={{
			PChabal
		} and {
			JPDaloz
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	year={1998}
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	publisher={James Currey and Indiana University Press}
			,
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}

@incollection{b23,
	
	
		,
	title={{Counting Heads: A Theory of Voter and Elite Behaviour in Patronage-Democracies}}
		,
	author={{
			KChandra
		}}
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{Patrons, Clients and Policies. Democratic Accountability and Political Competition Cambridge}}
				,
	editor={
			HKitschelt
			SIWilkinson
		}
		
			,
	publisher={Cambridge University Press}
			,
	year={2006}
		
	

}

@book{b24,
	
	
		,
	title={{Boko Haram Insurgents Force Soldiers to Flee in Borno as they Reclaim Border. Nationalhelm}}
		,
	author={{
			AChinedu
		}}
		
		
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	year={2015. April 25}
		
	

}

@book{b25,
	
	
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	title={{Patronage, Power, and Poverty in Southern Italy: A Tale of Two Cities}}
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			JChubb
		}}
		
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	year={1982}
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	publisher={Cambridge Univ. Press}
			,
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}

@book{b26,
	
	
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	title={{Boko Haram exploits Nigeria's slow military decline}}
		,
	author={{
			TCocks
		}}
		
			,
	year={2014. May 9}
		
	
	,
	note={Reuters}

}

@incollection{b27,
	
	
		,
	title={{Africa Program at the Council on Foreign Relations}}
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	author={{
			Cofr
		}}
	
	
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	journal={{Nigeria Security Tracker". www. cfr.org. Council of Foreign Relations}}
		
			,
	year={2014}
		
	

}

@incollection{b28,
	
	
		,
	title={{The Rise of Boko Haram in Nigeria}}
		,
	author={{
			DCook
		}}
	
	
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	booktitle={{Combating Terrorism Center}}
				
			,
	year={2011. September 26}
		
	

}

@book{b29,
	
	
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	title={{Programmatic political parties and public sector reform. A Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of America Political Science Association}}
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	author={{
			CCruz
		} and {
			PKeefer
		}}
		
		
			,
	year={2010. September 2-5}
			,
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}

@incollection{b30,
	
	
		,
	title={{Big Men' in Sub-Saharan Africa: How Elites Accumulate Positions and Resources}}
		,
	author={{
			JPDaloz
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Comparative Sociology}}
		
			2
			1
			
			,
	year={2003}
		
	

}

@book{b31,
	
	
		,
	title={{Grant amnesty to Boko Haram, Northern elders tell Buhari}}
		,
	author={{
			SDaniel
		} and {
			JErunke
		}}
		
		
		
			,
	year={2015. May 23}
			
		
	
	,
	note={Vanguard online}

}

@incollection{b32,
	
	
		,
	title={{Boko Haram: Islamism, politics, security and the state in Nigeria}}
		,
	author={{
			MPDe Montclos
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{West African Politics and Society Series}}
		
			2
			
			,
	year={2014}
		
	

}

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	title={{Civic Communities and Predatory Societies', speech delivered to the conference 'Culture Matters: A Forum for Business, Education and Training Professionals}}
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	address={Washington, D.C.}
		
		
			Intercultural Management Institute, American University
		
	

}

@book{b34,
	
	
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	title={{The Democratic Rollback: The Resurgence of the Predatory State' Foreign Affairs}}
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			LDiamond
		}}
		
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}

@incollection{b35,
	
	
		,
	title={{Boko Haram -More Complicated Than You Think}}
		,
	author={{
			RDowden
		}}
	
	
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	journal={{Africa Arguments}}
		
			,
	year={2012. March, 9}
		
	

}

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	title={{Instability and Political Order: Politics and Crisis in Nigeria}}
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			MDuverger
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@incollection{b39,
	
	
		,
	title={{Why Nigeria needs a criminal tribunal and not amnesty for Boko Haram}}
		,
	author={{
			MEwi
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Institute for Security Studies}}
		
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	year={2013. June 2013}
		
	

}

@book{b40,
	
	
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	title={{Violence in Nigeria: The Crisis of Religious Politics and Secular Ideologies}}
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	author={{
			TFalola
		}}
		
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			,
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			University of Rochester
		
	

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		,
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@incollection{b42,
	
	
		,
	title={{The difficult transition from clientelism to citizenship: lessons from Mexico}}
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@incollection{b43,
	
	
		,
	title={{A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Clientelistic Behaviour}}
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			LGraziano
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	title={{Boko Haram insurgents kill 100 people as they take control of Nigerian town}}
		
			,
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}

@incollection{b45,
	
	
		,
	title={{10 Correlates of clientelism: political economy, politicized ethnicity, and post-communist transition}}
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	author={{
			HHale
		}}
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{Patrons, Clients and Policies. Democratic Accountability and Political Competition Cambridge}}
				,
	editor={
			HKitschelt
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		}
		
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}

@incollection{b46,
	
	
		,
	title={{Is Nigeria a viable state}}
		,
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			JHerbst
		}}
	
	
		,
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@incollection{b47,
	
	
		,
	title={{Political Causes of Humanitarian Emergencies}}
		,
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			KJHolsti
		}}
	
	
		,
	booktitle={{War, Hunger and Displacement: Analysis}}
				,
	editor={
			EWNafziger
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	publisher={Oxford University Press}
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	title={{Arguing for the Poor: Elites and Poverty in Developing Countries}}
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	title={{Institute of Development Studies}}
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	title={{Boko Haram Kidnap Dozens of Boys In Northeast Nigeria: Witnesses}}
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	author={{
			HuffingtonPost
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	year={2014}
		
	

}

@incollection{b51,
	
	
		,
	title={{Nigeria: Boko Haram Widens Terror Campaign}}
		,
	author={{
			Hrw
		}}
	
	
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	journal={{Human Rights Watch}}
		
			,
	year={2012. January 24}
		
	

}

@incollection{b52,
	
	
		,
	title={{Nigeria: Victims of Abductions Tell Their Stories}}
		,
	author={{
			Hrw
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		,
	journal={{Human Rights Watch}}
		
			,
	year={2014. October, 27}
		
	

}

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	title={{African Politics in Comparative Perspective}}
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	author={{
			GHyden
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			,
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	publisher={Cambridge University Press}
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@incollection{b54,
	
	
		,
	title={{Curbing Violence in Nigeria: The Boko Haram Insurgency}}
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			Icg
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	journal={{African Report}}
		
			216
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@book{b55,
	
	
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	title={{The Boko Haram terror chief who came back from the dead}}
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		,
	title={{Democratization in Africa after 1989: Comparative and Theoretical Perspectives}}
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	year={1997}
		
	

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	title={{Democracy, credibility and clientelism}}
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	year={2008}
		
	

}

@incollection{b58,
	
	
		,
	title={{What Does Political Economy Tell Us about Economic Development-and Vice Versa?}}
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	year={2004}
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	publisher={Annual Review}
		
	

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@incollection{b59,
	
	
		,
	title={{Clientelism, Credibility, and the Policy Choices of Young Democracies}}
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	journal={{American Journal of Political Science}}
		
			51
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	year={2007. Oct}
		
	

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	title={{The Transformation of the Western European Party Systems}}
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			,
	year={2007}
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	publisher={Cambridge University Press}
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@book{b62,
	
	
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	title={{Latin American Party Systems}}
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@incollection{b65,
	
	
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	title={{Leaders, Elites and Coalitions: The Case for Leadership and the Primacy of Politics in Building Effective States, Institutions and Governance for Economic Growth and Social Development}}
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@incollection{b66,
	
	
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	title={{The Predatory Theory of Rule}}
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	title={{From Prebendalism to Predation: The Political Economy of Decline in Nigeria}}
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	,
	note={Vanguard (Lagos)}

}

@incollection{b71,
	
	
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	title={{Monopoly and monitoring: an approach to political clientelism}}
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	author={{
			LFMedina
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	editor={
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		Cambridge, UK
		
			,
	publisher={Cambridge University Press}
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}

@book{b72,
	
	
		,
	title={{This House Has Fallen: Nigeria in Crisis}}
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	year={2000}
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	publisher={Google Books}
		
	

}

@incollection{b73,
	
	
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	title={{Modernization and the Politics of Communalism}}
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		,
	title={{Old brooms can sweep too!": An overview of rulers and public sector reforms in Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya}}
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}

@book{b76,
	
	
		,
	title={{Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World}}
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	author={{
			JMigdal
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			,
	year={1988}
			,
	publisher={Princeton University Press}
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	address={Princeton}
		
	

}

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		,
	title={{Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World}}
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	author={{
			JrBMoore
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	publisher={Beacon Press}
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}

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		,
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			JrBMoore
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	publisher={Beacon Press}
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	address={Boston}
		
	

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@book{b79,
	
	
		,
	title={{Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt}}
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	author={{
			JrBMoore
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			,
	year={1978}
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	publisher={MacMillan}
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	address={London}
		
	

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		,
	title={{Islamist sect Boko Haram claims Nigerian U.N. bombing". Reuters}}
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	author={{
			IMshelizza
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			,
	year={2011. Aug 29. 30 July 2014}
		
	

}

@book{b81,
	
	
		,
	title={{Boko Haram:Nigerian soldiers flee into Cameroun. National Mirror (Nig)}}
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	author={{
			Ndahi
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	author={{
			SNichter
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		,
	author={{
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	title={{Nigeria tops world terror attack fatality list". defense Web}}
				
			,
	year={2014. July, 29}
		
	

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		,
	title={{Scores Die as Fighters Battle Nigerian Police}}
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	author={{
			ANossiter
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		,
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			,
	year={2009. July 27}
		
	

}

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		,
	title={{Law in the Hands of Urchins. Vanguard (Lagos)}}
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	author={{
			MNwachukwu
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}

@book{b86,
	
	
		,
	title={{Boko Haram: Fleeing Yobe Christians}}
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	author={{
			TObateru
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			GDakat
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			,
	year={2012. January 22}
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	address={Vanguard, (Lagos}
		
	

}

@book{b87,
	
	
		,
	title={{18 female soldiers, Colonel missing after Boko Haram attacks Borno Military base}}
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	author={{
			WOdunsi
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}

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		,
	title={{Boko Haram as ACF military wing. Daily Sun (Nig}}
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	author={{
			GOffoaro
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	year={2012. February 20}
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	address={Monday}
		
	

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		,
	title={{Nigeria Islamists better armed, motivated than army: governor}}
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	author={{
			FOnuoh
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		,
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			,
	year={2014. February 17}
		
	

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@incollection{b90,
	
	
		,
	title={{War on Water: A Clash over Oil, Power and Poverty in the Niger Delta}}
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	author={{
			AAParker
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		,
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			,
	year={2009. April}
		
	

}

@book{b91,
	
	
		,
	title={{Clientelism, Interests, and Democratic Representation: The European Experience in Historical and Comparative Perspective}}
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	author={{
			SPiattoni
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	year={2001}
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	publisher={Cambridge Univ. Press}
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	address={Cambridge, UK}
		
	

}

@book{b92,
	
	
		,
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	author={{
			RPutnam
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	publisher={Princeton University Press}
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		,
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			WReno
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		,
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	year={2002. March}
		
	

}

@book{b94,
	
	
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	title={{Elections for Sale: The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying}}
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	author={{
			FCSchaffer
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	year={2007}
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	address={Boulder, CO; Lynne Rienner}
		
	

}

@incollection{b95,
	
	
		,
	title={{Party and patronage}}
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		,
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@book{b96,
	
	
		,
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	year={1994}
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	publisher={Princeton Univ. Press}
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	address={Princeton, NJ}
		
	

}

@book{b97,
	
	
		,
	title={{Clientelism in Japan: the importance and limits of institutional explanations}}
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	author={{
			EScheiner
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	editor={Kitschelt, H. and Wilkinson, S.I.}
		
			,
	year={2006. 2007}
		
	

}

@book{b98,
	
	
		,
	author={{
			ClientsPatrons
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			Policies
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	title={{Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition}}
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@incollection{b99,
	
	
		,
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			JScott
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		,
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@book{b100,
	
	
		,
	title={{Boko Haram: Army Court-Marshals Officers for Cowardice, others. Punch (Nig)}}
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	author={{
			FSoriwei
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@incollection{b101,
	
	
		,
	title={{Political clientelism}}
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	author={{
			SCStokes
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		,
	booktitle={{The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics}}
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	editor={
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	publisher={Oxford Univ. Press}
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	year={2007}
			
		
	

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@incollection{b102,
	
	
		,
	title={{Religion and Institutions: Federalism and the Management of Conflict over Sharia in Nigeria}}
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			RTSuberu
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		,
	journal={{Journal of International Development}}
		
			21
			
			,
	year={2009}
		
	

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@incollection{b103,
	
	
		,
	title={{Boko Haram: Nigerian troops 'flee' to Cameroon}}
		
	
	
		,
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			,
	year={2014. Aug 25}
		
	

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@book{b104,
	
	
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	author={{
			KTsokar
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	year={2015. May 21}
		
	

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	year={2009. November 4}
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@incollection{b106,
	
	
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	title={{Presidentialism and Clientelism in Africa's Emerging Party Systems}}
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	year={2001. 1979-1999. 2003}
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	publisher={Cambridge University Press}
		
	
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@incollection{b107,
	
	
		,
	title={{Meet the New Boss, same as the Old Boss? The Evolution of Political Clientelism in Africa}}
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	author={{
			NVan De Walle
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		,
	booktitle={{Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition}}
				,
	editor={
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	publisher={Cambridge University Press}
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	year={2007a}
		
	

}

@incollection{b108,
	
	
		,
	title={{The Path from Neopatrimonialism: Democracy and Clientelism in Africa Today}}
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			NVan De Walle
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		,
	journal={{Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies}}
		
			3-07
			,
	year={2007b. June}
		
		
			Cornell University
		
	
	,
	note={Working Paper Series}

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@book{b109,
	
	
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	year={2012. May 28}
		
	

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@incollection{b110,
	
	
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		,
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	year={2015}
		
	

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@incollection{b111,
	
	
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		,
	journal={{Benin. World Politics}}
		
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@book{b112,
	
	
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	title={{Imperial Oil: The Anatomy of a Nigerian Oil Insurgency. Niger Delta Economies of Violence Working paper}}
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	author={{
			MWatts
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			,
	year={2008}
		
		
			Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley
		
	

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@incollection{b113,
	
	
		,
	title={{The New Scramble for Africa}}
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	author={{
			LWeinstein
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		,
	journal={{International Socialist Review, Third World Traveler}}
		
			,
	year={2008. July-August 2008}
		
	

}