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\title{Impact of Flood and Siltation on Socio-Economy: A Case Study of Dhemaji Revenue Circle, District Dhemaji, Assam}
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             \author[1]{Mandira Bura  Gohain}

             \author[2]{Monimugdha  Bhuyan}

             \affil[1]{  delhi university}

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\date{\small \em Received: 7 December 2014 Accepted: 1 January 2015 Published: 15 January 2015}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Dhemaji district of Assam is very prone to flood and siltation because of various hydrometeorological and topographical characteristics of the basin in which it is situated. Jiadhal the main river of Dhemaji district has long been considered as a problematic river in the history of Assam due to recurrent and extensive flooding and siltation. Flood and siltation in the Jiadhal basin is characterized by their extremely large magnitude, high frequency and extensive devastation. An extensive field study has been done along the river Jiadhal. Household survey was carried out with detailed and exhaustive questionnaire. Statistical methods were applied to understand the intensity of impact of the river on socioeconomic activities of the population. It has been found that the extensive flood and siltation in the basin has changed their socio economic status and have adapted and coped with the new environmental change in the riverine areas of the Dhemaji district. These hazards posed threat to the local people who lived along the river. Losing of residential and agricultural land are main issue and problematic issue. The exploitation of the land, proper management and control of water resources are of vital importance for bringing prosperity in the pre dominantly agro based economy of this district.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{flood, siltation, socio-economic, hazards, vulnerable.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
atural devastation event are which cannot be prevented from occurring but their impact can be minimised if effective step of measure are taken to reduce their severity and frequency. Flood and siltation are dynamic and natural process which adverse impact on livelihood as homesteads are destroyed, cultivated land are wiped out the employment opportunities are reduced. Agriculture is the main source of Dhemaji district of Assam. It is very well known to everyone that half of the population of the Dhemaji live in rural areas and directly depend on the agriculture. So any loss of land, house is devastating. The Unpredic-Author ? ?: M.sc Anthropology, Asst. professor, department of anthropology, Delhi University, North Lakhimpur College (Autonomous). e-mails: mandiraburagohain@yahoo.in, monimugdhabhuyan@yahoo.com table and abnormal floods which cause siltation are seriously abrupt human settlement and activities. Siltation, displacement, food security, waterborne disease, agriculture loss etc has adverse socio economic impact on people by the river Jiadhal are very much subject matter to study which has much evident in the area. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Objectives}]{Objectives}\par
? To understand the cause of flood and siltation by the river Jiadhal. ? To put stress and light upon the socio economic impact of the flood and siltation ? To understand how the local people used to mitigate and to protect flood. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Methodology}]{Methodology}\par
The research is based upon both primary and secondary data. The primary data are collected through interview with local people and by flood mapping with the local people. The secondary data are collected from certain government offices like DDMA Dhemaji. 
\section[{IV.}]{IV.} 
\section[{Result and Discussion}]{Result and Discussion}\par
Assam is the land of river. Rivers are the one of the main resource of human living nearby. River has a much potential threat to human population and property through flood drought and siltation. Therefore they have potential social and economic as well as physical relevance. Flood is probably the most recurring, wide spread, frequent natural hazard of Assam. It is a very much important matter of concern that every year Assam suffers extensively due to flood and siltation. Flood is considered as the biggest cause of lass of life and property in Assam. The Jiadhal basin in Dhemaji district has a challenge in term of long and recurring flood hazard. Flood in the Jiadhal basin characterized by the extremely large magnitude, high frequency and extensive devastation.  Bor dhekara Dhemaji Dhemaji\par
The severe impact of flood and siltation is the loss of homestead that makes the people more vulnerable to live. So for better livelihood the displaced people usually moved to nearby areas, but migration to distant places are also common. Displacement is the immediate impact of flood and siltation. Field study reveals that due to flood the villagers of Barman goan, Dihiri are now shifted to side of the new place.\par
ii. Loss of Agricultural land and home Loss of agricultural land and home is a very common effect of flood and siltation destroys a vast land of cultivation. Farmer can cultivate only two to three crops in a calendar year with subsistence homestead gardening.\par
iii. Psychological effect Flooding and siltation effect people in a multiple ways. The loss of home, property land and sometime human life create financial burden and cause emotional hardship. 
\section[{iv. Poor transportation system}]{iv. Poor transportation system}\par
As the areas are frequently affected by flood and siltation, therefore the road networks are not well developed. 
\section[{v. Problem of education}]{v. Problem of education}\par
Almost all the village have primary and secondary school. But the inundation and destruction of school building by flood and siltation are annual phenomenon. Due to these problem irregularities in the classes, scarcity of essential infrastructure etc hampers the education system. 
\section[{vi. Medical problem}]{vi. Medical problem}\par
During the hazards, people generally shifted to other places which are not very hygienic because of the high concentration of people in a limited area. Mosquitoes carry many diseases and due to flood create ideal condition for them to breed. Various waterborne like malaria, dengue, skin disease etc are very common among the villagers. Again an affected area does not get adequate medical facilities. Sometimes primary medical centre are also affected by these natural disaster. 
\section[{b) Flood Management in the Basin}]{b) Flood Management in the Basin}\par
The Jiadhal basin in the Dhemaji is highly vulnerable to the management strategies. The government of Assam has taken up a number flood measure where the Jiadhal strategies taken up so far the government like: construction of embankment c) Survival strategies As flood and siltation are natural processes, therefore it is not possible to provide complete protection from these hazards. Beside the various structural measures, local people can minimize the adverse effect of flood and siltation by adopting various local techniques. They cope with the some could significantly reduced their vulnerability without outside assistance. The villager adopts the following strategies:\par
? Most of the houses raised the lowest floor above the possible flood level. ? Shifting of the houses out the flood prone areas.\par
? Guard wall by bamboo on the sides of the river to minimize the effect of the erosion as well as siltation. ? Construction of raised platform.\par
? Change in the crop calendar.\par
? Installation of flood early warning system with the help of local agency like NGO. ? Mass education. 
\section[{d) Suggestion}]{d) Suggestion}\par
? Sustainable embankment construction and its proper maintenances ? Flood plain zoning is essential to minimize the vulnerability of flood ? Flood forecasting ? The flood level during the rainy season attain endangering heights with silting of the river bed, so large scale a forestation particularly in the increase infiltration of the surface water to ground the reducing sediment load to the stream. ? Heavy guard wall on the both the side of the river should be erected so that the effect of flood could be minimized. ? A forestation in the village can minimize the vulnerability of flood and siltation. ? By stopping boulder mining in the hill top can minimize the siltation. ? Lastly unity of the people is very much necessary to work out these suggestions.\par
V. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
Flood and siltation are one the common and quite problematic in nature. Therefore they need strategies for their control in favour of the sustainable development of the concerned area. Hazards particularly flood and siltations are very common in the Dhemaji district of Assam, This lead to huge socioeconomic loss. These hazards are now becoming the main cause of shortage of a agriculture land. As flooding and siltation continues to effect major portion of the growing population in the area, people with persistent flood and erosion problem are seeking method to flood and siltation damages.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.0841876629018245\textwidth}P{0.35225890529973936\textwidth}P{0.20677671589921806\textwidth}P{0.20677671589921806\textwidth}}
1.\tabcellsep Kesukhona Koch\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
2.\tabcellsep Kesukhona kochari\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
3.\tabcellsep Misamari\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
4.\tabcellsep Laormuri\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
5.\tabcellsep Kopatoli\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
6.\tabcellsep No 1; norawathan\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
7.\tabcellsep No 2; norawathan\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
8.\tabcellsep No 3; norawathan\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
9.\tabcellsep Ghuguha\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
10.\tabcellsep Puwa saikia\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
11.\tabcellsep Sokola dolongi\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
12.\tabcellsep Laktokiya\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
13.\tabcellsep Kuwari beel\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
14.\tabcellsep 1 no; tengapur\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
15.\tabcellsep 2 no; tengapur\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
16.\tabcellsep Kesukhana par\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
17.\tabcellsep Maj dihiri\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
18.\tabcellsep Ujani dihiri\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
19.\tabcellsep Namoni dihiri\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
20.\tabcellsep Dihiri lopong\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
21.\tabcellsep Dihiri sapori\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
22.\tabcellsep Dihiri kochari\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
23.\tabcellsep Kekuri sapori\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
24.\tabcellsep Namoni kekuri\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
25.\tabcellsep Ghuguha sapori\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
26.\tabcellsep Kesukhona sapori\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
27.\tabcellsep Nora beel\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
28.\tabcellsep Kahikusi\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
29.\tabcellsep Khalihamari\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
30.\tabcellsep Pehioti\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
31.\tabcellsep Gohain chapori\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
32.\tabcellsep Bothadoi\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
33.\tabcellsep Ruptoli\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
34.\tabcellsep Potholiya\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
35.\tabcellsep Nepali khuti\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
36.\tabcellsep Dhuba bari\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
37.\tabcellsep 2 no; Samorajan\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
38.\tabcellsep Changmai doloni\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
39.\tabcellsep Rotuwa.\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
40.\tabcellsep Tin ghoriya kekuri\tabcellsep Dhemaji\tabcellsep Dhemaji\\
41.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2015 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
