\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter

\IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}%
  {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}%
  {\RequirePackage{color}}
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex
  \usepackage{fontspec}
  \usepackage{xunicode}
  \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash}
  \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{}
  \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}}
  \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}}
  \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}}
  \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}}
  \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono}
  
\else
  \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}%
   {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
      \PrerenderUnicode{–}
    }%
   {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}}
  \usepackage[english]{babel}
  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage{float}
  \usepackage[]{ucs}
  \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash }
  \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{}
  \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}}
  \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}}
  \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,}
  \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ }
  \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>}
  \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}}
  \def\textJapanese{}
  \def\textChinese{}
  \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{}
\fi
\def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small}
\DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25}
\usepackage{relsize}
\RequirePackage{array}
\def\@testpach{\@chclass
 \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else
  \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else
   \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else
    \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@
   \else \z@
   \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else
   \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}%
   \@chnum
   \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else
    \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else
     \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else
   \z@ \@chclass
   \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else
    \if \@nextchar !6 \else
     \if \@nextchar @7 \else
      \if \@nextchar (8 \else
       \if \@nextchar )9 \else
  10
  \@chnum
  \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else
   \if \@nextchar p4 \else
    \if \@nextchar b5 \else
   \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi
   \fi \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi}
\gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
\def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}}
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\def\abbr{}
\def\corr{}
\def\expan{}
\def\gap{}
\def\orig{}
\def\reg{}
\def\ref{}
\def\sic{}
\def\persName{}\def\name{}
\def\placeName{}
\def\orgName{}
\def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}}
\def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}}
\def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}}
\def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}}
\def\textquoted#1{‘#1’}
\def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}}
\def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}}
\def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}}
\def\titlem{\itshape}
\newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{bibl}{}{}
\newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{rubric}{}{}
\newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par }

\newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}}
\newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}}
\definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75}
\def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@}
\def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}}
\begingroup
\catcode`\_=\active
\gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}}
\endgroup
\mathcode`\_=\string"8000
\catcode`\_=12\relax

\usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry}
\usepackage{framed}

\definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{fancyvrb}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{marginnote}

\renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1}


\renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize}

\def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif}

  \pagestyle{fancy}

\usepackage[pdftitle={Correlations between a New Daily Global Indicator of Human Behavior, Threshold Seismicity, and Solar Activity: Congruence of Energy and Implications},
 pdfauthor={}]{hyperref}
\hyperbaseurl{}

	 \paperwidth210mm
	 \paperheight297mm
              
\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em}
\def\@dotsep{4.5}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
\clubpenalty=8000
\emergencystretch 3em
\hbadness=4000
\hyphenpenalty=400
\pretolerance=750
\tolerance=2000
\vbadness=4000
\widowpenalty=10000

\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large}}
\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
     {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\large}}
\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
     {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize}}
\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
     {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
     {-1em}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}}


\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt}
 \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup
 \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth 
 \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth 
 \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
 \endgroup}
\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
\@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{}
\@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{}
\newif\if@mainmatter 
\@mainmattertrue
\def\chaptername{Chapter}
\def\frontmatter{%
  \pagenumbering{roman}
  \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\roman{section}}
  \def\@chapapp{}%
}
\def\mainmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter}
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \pagenumbering{arabic}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}
  \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}%
  \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}}
}
\def\backmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2}
  \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}%
  \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}}
  \appendix
}
\newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{%
   \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
       {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
        \leftmargin\labelwidth
        \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
        \@openbib@code
        \usecounter{enumiv}%
        \let\p@enumiv\@empty
        \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}%
	}%
  \sloppy
  \clubpenalty4000
  \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
  \widowpenalty4000%
  \sfcode`\.\@m}%
  {\def\@noitemerr
    {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}%
    \endlist}

\def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}}
\parskip0pt
\parindent1em
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\newenvironment{reflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{sansreflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{specHead}[2]%
 {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}%
  \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}%

  \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}%
  \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}%
  }{}
      \def\TheFullDate{2015-10-15 (revised: 15 October 2015)}
\def\TheID{\makeatother }
\def\TheDate{2015-10-15}
\title{Correlations between a New Daily Global Indicator of Human Behavior, Threshold Seismicity, and Solar Activity: Congruence of Energy and Implications}
\author{}\makeatletter 
\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{%
  \clearpage
    \if@twoside
    \ifodd\c@page
      \hbox{}\newpage
      \if@twocolumn
        \hbox{}\newpage
      \fi
    \fi
  \fi
}
\makeatother
\makeatletter
\thispagestyle{empty}
\markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author}
\renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
               \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@
               \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@
               \itemsep 1pt}
}
\makeatother
\fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm}
\fancyhf{} 
\setlength{\headheight}{14pt}
\fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} 
\fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} 
\fancyfoot[RO]{}
\fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID}
\fancyfoot[LE]{}
\fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID}
\hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true}
\fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}}

\date{}
\usepackage{authblk}

\providecommand{\keywords}[1]
{
\footnotesize
  \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1
}

\usepackage{graphicx,xcolor}
\definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81}
\definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9}
\definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70}
\definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} 

\renewenvironment{abstract}{%
   \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
   \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space}
}{%   
   \vskip8pt
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
}

\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos}

\makeatother 
      \usepackage{lineno}
      \linenumbers
      
\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Michael A.  Persinger}

             \author[2]{David  Vares}

             \affil[1]{  Laurentian University}

\renewcommand\Authands{ and }

\date{\small \em Received: 5 September 2015 Accepted: 2 October 2015 Published: 15 October 2015}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


We correlated the daily average energy per earthquake for global seismicity within successive 1 M increments (<1.0 to >6.0 M), solar activity as defined by Solar Flux Units (SFU) and a new indices for Reports of Human Conflict Behavior for the years 2009 through 2013 (1,826 days). Events associated with intent (e.g. mobilization) and preparation for confrontation were positively correlated only with the average energy per event for 0.01 to 1 M seismic events and negatively correlated with SFU. The statistical significance of this seismic-behavior correlation was no longer significant statistically if the shared variance with solar activity was first removed. Actual events of force and confrontation displayed the opposite relation (positive correlation with SFU and negative correlation with only earthquake energies in this magnitude range). The shared variance between the behavioural categories and geophysical variables ranged between 4% to 10%. Lag/lead correlations indicated that the daily concordance expanded to about three days before or after the behavioural events. In particular average earthquake energies peaked ~3 days before the behaviors associated with intent for conflict.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{gdelt project, earthquakes, solar flux units, human conflict behaviour.}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark}
\end{textblock*}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
\end{textblock*}


\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
lthough the direct impact of releases of large magnitudes of seismic energy upon human behaviour have been obvious historically and cross-culturally, the influences of more subtle releases of seismic energy upon human cognition have not been systematically explored. \hyperref[b16]{Persinger (1999)} employed techniques of multiple regression to show an intermediate strength association between yearly estimates of global mortality from "social expenditures" (wars and armed conflicts) and the lagged values for variations in the global release of seismic energy in conjunction with geomagnetic indices. The research was inspired by the original thinking by A. L. Tchijevky from the early 20 th century \hyperref[b11]{(Mikulecky, 2007)} who reported the strong association between peaks in solar activity and major conflicts and the persistent yet infrequently investigated moderate strength between solar activity and global seismicity \hyperref[b7]{(Jakubcova and Pick, 1986;}\hyperref[b14]{Odinstov et al, 2007)}. Recently, Anagnostopolous et al (2013) reported a positive correlation between daily numbers of admissions to psychiatric facilities and the numbers of small (M<3) earthquakes within the region of Crete, Greece. More specifically abrupt increases in the numbers of small earthquakes were followed within two days by increased admissions.\par
A direct real-time coupling between the physical substrates within the human brain that support and generate cognition and environmental events, particularly very low magnitude earthquakes and solar flux density has not been fully considered. Yet the physical potential is feasible. For example the energy associated with the smallest magnitude of earthquakes, 0.01 to 1 M, is in the order of 10 6 to 10 7 J (Joules) per day. For comparison the energy available from the metabolism of 1 Mole of glucose is about 2 x 10 6 J and the average human being utilizes about 2 to 3 M of glucose per day. The brain, as an organ, utilizes about 20 J?s -1 (Watts) or 1.7 x 10 5 J per day. However the total amount of energy associated with one estimate of the electromagnetic substrate of cognition (rather than the supportive cell metabolism) is more likely to be in the order of 10 -13 J per second. This is based upon the assumption that an action potential involves units of energy of \textasciitilde 10 -20 J \hyperref[b17]{(Persinger, 2010)} and that approximately 10 7 neurons are involved with networks associated with "cognition" and awareness.\par
When 10 -13 J per second is divided by the average cross-sectional area of the human cerebral cortices (\textasciitilde 10 -2 m 2 ) the radiant flux density would be about 10 -11 W?m -2 which has been measured as photon emissions in several experimental sittings . Similar flux densities of photons have been measured from hippocampal slices \hyperref[b6]{(Isojima et al, 1995)} and were correlated with the strength of theta (4-7 Hz) activity. During years 2009 and 2013 the daily average numbers of M 0.01 to 1.0 quakes was \textasciitilde 108 per day with a total release of \textasciitilde 8?10 7 J per day. This is equivalent to 10 5 J?s -1 (on average). If the power was distributed equally over the surface of the earth the flux density would be 10 -10 W?m -2 which is well within the range of the value associated with photon emission coupled with cognition. Although this does not prove coupling exists between cerebral energies of all human beings and the temporally and spatially heterogeneous release of seismic energies actually occurs, the coincidence requires at least cursory empirical assessment.\par
Our research group has found that relatively subtle changes in environmental stimuli, such as geomagnetic activity, are positively correlated with discrete and intensity-dependent ?V 2 ?Hz -1 shifts in quantitative electroencephalographic activity for more than 250 subjects sampled over three years \hyperref[b22]{(Saroka et al, 2014)}. Similar intensity-dependent shifts above a threshold of \textasciitilde 20 nT for global geomagnetic activity as measured by the aa (average antipodal) index for subjective experiences in a controlled, quiet experimental setting was reported almost two decades ago \hyperref[b19]{(Persinger and Richards, 1995)}. The magnetic energy induced within the cerebral volume from these global geomagnetic fluctuations (0.6 x 10 -12 J) approached the quantities associated with cognition. The effect primarily involves the right hemisphere of the human cerebrum and can facilitate the intercalation between the two hemispheres at the level of the temporal lobes \hyperref[b12]{(Mulligan et al, 2010)}. The "geomagnetic" effect has been reproduced experimentally in the laboratory by whole body exposure of volunteers to magnetic field configurations whose intensities and frequencies simulate natural conditions  {\ref (Mulligan and Persinger, 2013)}.\par
We reasoned that if the human brain is sensitive to the environmental energies even crude or indirect estimates of group human behaviour over the planet should be associated with global incidence of the small magnitude earthquakes that approach energies generated by the human brain and body. At this level there should be a contribution from solar activity within the GHz range. For example the average daily solar output is \textasciitilde 10 -20 W?m -2 ?Hz -1 (kg?s -2 ). When multiplied by the potential range of 10 9 Hz (s -1 ) the potential flux density near the earth's surface could approach 10 -11 W?m -2 . Although accommodations for impedance must still be verified, this is within the range associated with photon emission from the right hemisphere while subjects sat in hyper-dark settings and imagined white light rather than mundane events . The variations in flux density were strongly correlated (0.9) with beta activity within the left prefrontal region. This region of the brain when activated is associated with self-monitoring and organization behaviors. During period of hypometabolism, the most frequent correlate is severe clinical depression.\par
We \hyperref[b23]{(Vares and Persinger, 2014)} have recently shown a clear inverse correlation between daily solar flux units and the radiated energy for an earthquake of 0.01 to 1 M for the five years 2009 through 2013. We found that for every SFU unit decrease the average energy increase per event between 0.01 and 1 M quake over the surface of the planet would have been about 3.1 x 10 -12 J?m -2 . The change in energy per event within this range rather than the numbers of events was the critical variable. The energy within the soma of a neuron with a cross sectional area of 10 -10 m 2 discharging at an intermediate frequency of about 40 Hz (the primary frequency range associated with consciousness, Llinas and Ribary, 1993) would have been \textasciitilde 1 x 10 -20 J?s -1 , the energy equivalent to a single action potential \hyperref[b17]{(Persinger, 2010)}. Recently two separate groups of researchers have shown experimentally that stimulation of a single neuron affects behavioural responses (Houwelling and   Brecht, 2007) and can shift the activity of the entire cerebral cortices \hyperref[b9]{(Li et al, 2009}). Here we present evidence for the supposition that daily changes in global human behaviours according to a new integrated WEBbased system, small magnitude seismic events and solar activity are correlated and may reveal some degree of temporal connection with implications for future causal connection. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Data Bases}]{Data Bases}\par
Access to one of the world's largest event dataset was made publicly available on May 29th, 2014. The Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone (GDELT) Project website (http://gdeltproject.org/) monitors world news media and compiles hundreds of categories of "events" as used by the DARPA-funded Integrated Conflict Early Warning System (ICEWS) project. Events including riots, protests, and diplomatic exchanges have been utilized for comparative study of political violence \hyperref[b3]{(Hammond \& Weidmann, 2014)}. The events are recorded with details, including the physical location, direction of political intention and comprise the more than a quarter-billion events database, dating back to 1979. As confirmed by the avowal of the database creator \hyperref[b8]{(Leetaru \& Schrodt, 2013)}   {\ref 1} : Means and standard deviations (SD) per day for various codes of behaviour classification as measured by the GDELT Event Database Earthquakes were queried from the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) global composite earthquake catalogue of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for the same N = 1826 dates from 2009 -2013. The total number of recorded Earthquakes and average Earthquake radiated energy were calculated per day for each order of magnitude (0.01-1M, 1.01-2M, etc.). The following table  {\ref (Table 2}) depicts the average daily seismic activity with standard deviations in parentheses.\par
Table  {\ref 2} : Total numbers of events per day for each interval of magnitude of global earthquake events, the numbers of days involving these events, and the average energy in Joules per event Daily solar flux units (10 ?22 W?m ?2 ?Hz ?1 ) were queried from the NOAA Penticton F10.7cm index as measured at local noon (2000 UT).\par
The peak measurement was 2.8 GHz with a 100 MHz band width. For the analysis period the mean and standard deviation were 101.4 and 27.4, respectively.\par
All statistical analyses involved SPSS PC 16 and 17. Spearman rho (non-parametric) and Pearson product moment (parametric) coefficients were obtained and compared to minimize the probability that any effect was due to outliers. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Results}]{Results}\par
The analyses of the correlations between each of the integer magnitude levels of global earthquakes and the different classes of reports of human behaviour demonstrated that only the strength of the association with the average earthquake energy for the magnitude 
\section[{Code Description}]{Code Description}\par
Mean SD 0.01 to 1.0 seismic events were statistically significant (p < .002) and consistent. The results of the correlational analyses between solar and the low magnitude seismic activity with the different classes of reports of social behaviour as defined by the GDELT CAMEO Event Root codes are shown in Figure  {\ref 1}.\par
Figure  {\ref 1} : Spearman Rho correlations between the daily incidence of each of the behavioural categories and the average energy from 0.01 to 1 M earthquakes and solar activity SFU.\par
All of the classes actually associated with active behaviour, particularly aggressive behaviour were positively and significantly correlated with the inference of solar power (SFU) for the same day. The class (code15) associated with intention, such as mobilization, was associated with increased average energy for the seismic events but decreased association with solar activity. The relationship between the daily incidence of code17 through code20, all involving actual behaviours and earthquake energy or solar flux units was opposite to that associated with intention. It is relevant that episodes of reports of simply policy changes were not significantly correlated with either solar flux units or seismic energy within the 0.01 to 1 M interval.   Lag, lead analyses were completed for the SFU and average energy per seismic event for each of the five days before and after the key day (day of report) for the various CAMEO Code categories. The most conspicuous pattern is shown in Figure  {\ref 4} for CAMEO Code 15 reports and our seismic index. The average energy for individual events within the "intent" category increased about 3 days before the behavioral (or reported) occurrence. However a direct test of the difference between the two correlation coefficients if they were treated as parametric values was z = 1.5 (z < 1.96) and was not significant statistically (p < .05). In order to be statistically significant, the sample size (assuming the same effect size) would require a collection of about 10 years of daily data.\par
The "temporal distribution" of the major category associated with SFU fluctuations per day are shown in Figure  {\ref 5}. In this instance the slow increase in strength of association, although very minute, occurred about 2 days after the day of the reports of coerced episodes. Again the apparent difference between -1 and +2 days for this attractive pattern was not statistically significant, that is there are no significant differences between the correlation coefficients (difference about 1\% of the variance). However the shared variance between this category per day and SFUs was about 7\%. Table  {\ref 3} : Zero-order and partial correlation analyses for pairs of variables after the shared variance (with the remaining variable) was removed for solar activity (SFU), average energy per earthquake within the 0.01 to 1 M range and category of reports associated with intent, e.g., alerts, mobilizations of police or military)\par
In order to discern if there was shared variance between the three key variables, partial correlation analyses were completed with the parametric (Pearson r) values. The results are shown in Table  {\ref 3} for the strongest association (Code15, intent and mobilization).\par
The elimination of the statistically significant association between the seismic energies and this  
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
Most biological scientists would concur with the concept that living systems developed interactively on this planet and that ultimately the majority of the energy from which these systems were constructed originated from the Sun. Some researchers who have developed the concept of quantum biology \hyperref[b20]{(Popp, 1979)} have suggested that the photon emissions between cells within living systems may actually involve direct communication of information  {\ref (Dotta et al, 2014)} and that these photons are still virtual representations of the original solar source. If even partially accurate, the implications concerning the direct influence of fluctuations in minute power densities on the earth's surface from the sun may require careful reconsideration.\par
A shared variance of between 4\% and 10\% between the geophysical variables and the behavioural categories may appear minuscule. However, even when controlling for the qualitative nature of the data base and the issues of sampling and ordinal scaling, such shared variance could have significant implications for large populations. Many relevant sociological effects accommodate less than 10\% of the effect size for group or "treatment" differences. The effect sizes (amount of variance explained) for changes in weather \hyperref[b15]{(Persinger, 1987)} are in the order of 10\% with respect to fluctuation in daily estimates of mood. When applied to populations of millions of people, this effect can potentially determine the direction of popular opinion, such as votes, and affect economic productivity. The latter phenomenon, including the multiplier effects noted in many large economic systems, often operates for proportions of variability that are less than 10\% of the central tendency. The strength of the periodic 10 year cycle in the correlation between cerebral indicators of hemispheric dominance and birth year coupled to solar activity (Volcheck, 1995) is within this range.\par
The caveat to any interpretation from these data is that it may reflect the factors responsible for the reporting of the different categories rather than the behaviours themselves. However if this were totally responsible for the correlations one would not have expected the reversal of directions with respect to solar activity and seismic energy for the different categories that effectively differ by intent vs action. In addition, the numbers of CAMEO Code 16 reports which were related to neither intent nor behaviour at the time but a simple report of changes in policy were not significantly correlated in any direction with either the solar or seismic fluctuations.\par
The contribution from changes in GHz output from solar activity upon brain function does not appear to have been considered as a direct influence even though the quantitative solutions are congruent. During the five year period involved with this study the average daily SFU units was 101 SFU with a standard deviation of about 27 units, equivalent to 10 -20 W?m -2 ?Hz -1 . If the central band frequency, 2.8 x 10 9 Hz, were applied, the effective flux density is approximately 2.8 x 10 -11 W?m -2 . Although there is no evidence, primarily because of absence of systematic experiments, to discern the neutral hydrogen frequency in the human cerebrum and its coupling to physical processes, demonstration of this effect would diminish the argument that such small solar variations cannot be cerebrally effective.\par
The association between the increased SFU and increased numbers of reports of human actions associated with intent or planning whereas the actual execution of aggressive behaviors were negatively correlated with increased solar activity suggests that cognitions or some aspect of aggregate of anticipatory (social) behaviour is related to solar perturbations. The mechanisms are clearly not evident at this time and could involve a third factor through which both are related rather than direct causality. From the context of the emerging discipline of quantum biology and the seminal concepts of \hyperref[b20]{Popp (1979)} and the very original thinkers \hyperref[b5]{Hu and Wu (2006)}, the presence of excess correlation between photon interactions within the human brain and the entangled photons originating from the sun would require the consideration of non-locality. That this can occur experimentally at macroscopic and non-traditional distances had been shown by .\par
The potential for energies associated with seismic energy release within the 0.01 to 1 M range is consistent with the concept that systems that exhibit similar magnitudes of unit energy can potential interact directly or by resonance. For example in computer systems voltages within ±5 V are potentially influential and can alter the type of information or its direction within the system. Voltages that are lower or higher are either not effective or destructive to the system's constituents. The total energy from the seismic events per day within the 0.01 to 1 M value would have been in the range of 7 x 10 7 J per day or about 8 x 10 2 J?s -1 and when distributed over the earth (assuming some distribution around homogeneity) would be 1.6 x 10 -12 W?m -2 . This is the same order of magnitude as our measurements of background photon emissions from the earth \hyperref[b18]{(Persinger et al, 2012)} and the magnitudes of changes from the right hemisphere of human volunteers sitting in hyper-dark settings and engaging in imagination . That the latter are not artefacts of metabolism is indicated by the strong positive (0.9) correlation with the photon flux density variations of the photon output from the right hemisphere and the power density of electroencephalographic activity within the beta range over the left prefrontal regions. This region of the human brain is a major locus of neurocognitive processes associated with self-monitoring, planning, and the feeling of intent.\par
Previously we (Vares and Persinger, 2014) found a quantitative relationship between daily SFU variations during the same five year period and energy release from 0.01 to 1 M seismic events. The slope for the application of the energy over the earth's surface was such that for every 1 unit decrease in SFU, the seismic energy from this magnitude interval increased by 3.1 x 10 -12 J?m -2 . This is an important value because when applied to the cross-sectional area of an average neuronal soma (10 -10 m 2 ) the energy is 3 x 10 -22 J. If this fluctuation was around 40 Hz (s -1 ), the band of cerebral cortical activity associated with consciousness and cognition, the power would be about 1.2 x 10 -20 J?s -1 . This equivalent to energy associated with one action potential per second. That a single neuron can affect the state of the entire cerebral cortices has been shown experimentally \hyperref[b9]{(Li et al, 2009)}.\par
There is still the possibility that the actual stimuli, similar to that found by Anagnostopolous et al (2014), were connected to increased seismic events occurring during the days preceding the aggressive events. Those researchers included a wider range (M < 3) of seismic events. The decrease in average seismic event energy on days associated with day of reports of increased actual expressions of aggressive events, if both are partially caused by solar variations in the GHz range, would suggest that the energy is distributed to the processes that ultimately result in either the smallest earthquakes or the cerebral conditions that contribute to aggressive behaviors as measured by the global index. In other words as one class of phenomenon becomes more frequent the incidence of the other diminishes. The observation that the strong correlations occurred with the average energy per seismic event rather than the numbers of events, per se, suggest that there may be an analogue of a "vesicular" or "quantum" of energy coupled so the solar-terrestrial influence that is common to both seismic and cognitive processes.\par
V.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{45}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 4 :Figure 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
, the data are considered as a global 'signal' providing insights into changes on the ground. The GDELT Event Database is available in Google's Big Query Developers Console. Table\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2015 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{Correlations between a New Daily Global Indicator of Human Behavior, Threshold Seismicity, and Solar Activity: Congruence of Energy and Implications} 		 		\backmatter   			 
\subsection[{Acknowledgements}]{Acknowledgements}\par
The authors would like to thank Professor Kalev H. Leetaru for the insightful correspondence. 			  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Persinger ()]{b17}\label{b17} 	 		‘10 -20 J as a neuromolecular quantum in medicinal chemistry: an alternative approach to myriad molecular pathways’.  		 			M A Persinger 		.  	 	 		\textit{Current Medicinal Chemistry}  		2010. 17 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Koutsomitros et al. ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		‘A study of correlation between seismicity and mental health: Crete’.  		 			S T Koutsomitros 		,  		 			S J Baloyannis 		,  		 			G Papadopoulos 		.  	 	 		\textit{Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk},  				2013. 2008-2010.  	 
\bibitem[Houwelling and Brecht ()]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		‘Behavioural report of single neuron stimulation in soma to sensory cortex’.  		 			A R Houwelling 		,  		 			M Brecht 		.  	 	 		\textit{Nature}  		2008.  	 
\bibitem[Li et al. ()]{b9}\label{b9} 	 		‘Burst spiking of a single neuron modifies global brain state’.  		 			C Y Li 		,  		 			M M Poo 		,  		 			Y Dan 		.  	 	 		\textit{Science}  		2009. 324 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Llinas and Ribrary ()]{b10}\label{b10} 	 		‘Coherent 40-Hz oscillation characterizes dream state in humans’.  		 			R Llinas 		,  		 			U Ribrary 		.  	 	 		\textit{Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}  		1993. 90 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Bt and Persinger ()]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		‘Doubling" of local photon emissions when two simultaneous, spatially separated, chemiluminescent reactions share the same magnetic field configurations’.  		 			Dotta Bt 		,  		 			M A Persinger 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Biophysical Chemistry}  		2012. 3 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Mulligan et al. ()]{b12}\label{b12} 	 		‘Effects of geomagnetic activity and atmospheric power variations on quantitative measures of brain activity: replication of the Azerbaijani studies’.  		 			B P Mulligan 		,  		 			M D Hunter 		,  		 			M A Persinger 		.  	 	 		\textit{Advances in Space Research}  		2010. 45 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Mulligan and Persinger ()]{b13}\label{b13} 	 		‘Experimental simulation of the effects of sudden increases in geomagnetic activity upon quantitative measures of human brain activity: validation of correlational studies’.  		 			B P Mulligan 		,  		 			M A Persinger 		.  	 	 		\textit{Neuroscience Letters}  		2012. 516 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Leetaru and Schrodt ()]{b8}\label{b8} 	 		‘GDELT: Global data on events, location, and tone’.  		 			K Leetaru 		,  		 			P A Schrodt 		.  	 	 		\textit{of: Paper presented at the ISA Annual Convention},  				2013. 1979-2012. 2 p. 4.  	 
\bibitem[Saroka et al. ()]{b22}\label{b22} 	 		‘Greater electroencephalographic coherence between left and right temporal lobe structures during increased geomagnetic activity’.  		 			K S Saroka 		,  		 			J M Caswell 		,  		 			A Lapointe 		,  		 			M A Persinger 		.  	 	 		\textit{Neuroscience Letters}  		2014. 560 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Persinger ()]{b15}\label{b15} 	 		‘Human biometeorology: mental processes and disorders associated with geochemical and geophysical factors’.  		 			M A Persinger 		.  	 	 		\textit{Experientia}  		1987. 43 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Dotta et al. ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		‘Increased photon emission from the head while imaging light in the dark is correlated with change in electroencephalographic power: Support for Bokkon's biophoton hypothesis’.  		 			B T Dotta 		,  		 			K S Saroka 		,  		 			M A Persinger 		.  	 	 		\textit{Neuroscience Letters}  		2012. 513 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Volchek ()]{b24}\label{b24} 	 		‘Influence of the cyclicity of the environment on the manifestations of functional asymmetry of the human brain’.  		 			O D Volchek 		.  	 	 		\textit{Biophysics}  		1995. 40 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Vares and Persinger ()]{b23}\label{b23} 	 		‘Inverse correlations between daily average energy of global 0.01 to 1 M earthquakes and solar flux units: possible source of coupling’.  		 			Dae Vares 		,  		 			M A Persinger 		.  	 	 		\textit{International Journal of Geosciences}  		2014.  	 	 (in submission) 
\bibitem[Jakubcova and Pick ()]{b7}\label{b7} 	 		‘Is there a relation between the sun's motion and global seismic activity?’.  		 			I Jakubcova 		,  		 			M Pick 		.  	 	 		\textit{Studia Geophysica et Geodesica}  		1986. 30 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Persinger et al. ()]{b18}\label{b18} 	 		‘Marked increases in background photon emissions in Sudbury, Ontario more than two weeks before the magnitude >8.0 earthquakes in Japan and Chile’.  		 			M A Persinger 		,  		 			G F Lafreniere 		,  		 			B T Dotta 		.  	 	 		\textit{International Journal of Geosciences}  		2012. 3 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Popp ()]{b20}\label{b20} 	 		\textit{Photon storage in biological systems: Electromagnetic Information},  		 			F-A Popp 		.  		1979. N.Y.. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Saroka and Persinger ()]{b21}\label{b21} 	 		‘Potential production of Hughling Jackson's "parasitic consciousness" by physiologically-patterned weak transcerebral magnetic fields: QEEG and source localization’.  		 			K S Saroka 		,  		 			M A Persinger 		.  	 	 		\textit{Epilepsy and Behavior}  		2013. 28 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Odinstov et al. ()]{b14}\label{b14} 	 		‘Solar activity and global seismicity of the earth’.  		 			S D Odinstov 		,  		 			Ivanov-Kholodnyi 		,  		 			Gs 		,  		 			K Georgieva 		.  	 	 		\textit{Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics}  		2007. 71 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Mikulecky ()]{b11}\label{b11} 	 		‘Solar activity, revolutions and cultural prime in the history of mankind’.  		 			M Mikulecky 		.  	 	 		\textit{Neuroendocrinology Letters}  		2007. 28 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Hu and Wu ()]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		‘Thinking outside the box: the essence and implications of quantum entanglement and the story of spin-mediated consciousness theory’.  		 			J Hu 		,  		 			M Wu 		.  	 	 		\textit{Neuro Quantology}  		2006. 1 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Isojima et al. ()]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		‘Ultraweak biochemiluminescence detected from rat hippocampal slices’.  		 			Y Isojima 		,  		 			Ioshimat 		,  		 			K Nagai 		,  		 			K Kikuchi 		,  		 			H Nakagawa 		.  	 	 		\textit{Neuro Report}  		1995. 6 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Hammond and Weidmann ()]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		‘Using machine-coded event data for the micro-level study of political violence’.  		 			J Hammond 		,  		 			N B Weidmann 		.  	 	 		\textit{Research \& Politics}  		2014.  (2)  p. 1.  	 
\bibitem[Persinger and Richards ()]{b19}\label{b19} 	 		‘Vestibular experiences of human beings during brief periods of partial sensory deprivation when geomagnetic activity exceeds 15-20 nanoTesla’.  		 			M A Persinger 		,  		 			P M Richards 		.  	 	 		\textit{Neuroscience Letters}  		1995. 192 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Persinger ()]{b16}\label{b16} 	 		‘Wars and increased solargeomagnetic activity: aggression or change in intraspecies dominance?’.  		 			M A Persinger 		.  	 	 		\textit{Perceptual and Motor Skills}  		1999. 88 p. .  	 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
