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\title{Gender Inequality and Economic, Social and Policy Right: Situational Analysis with Women of De Locality of Velingara-Senegal}
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             \author[1]{Docteur Awa  Gaye}

             \author[2]{Abdoul Aziz  Ndiaye}

             \author[3]{Fatou Omar Sy  Ndiaye}

             \affil[1]{  Unit de Formation et de Recherche Sant et Dveloppement Durable de laUniversit Alioune Diop de Bambey (Sngal)}

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\date{\small \em Received: 9 December 2013 Accepted: 3 January 2014 Published: 15 January 2014}

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\begin{abstract}
        


This study is stating the political and socio-economic rights on the conditions of women in the municipalities of Kounkané and Diaobé-Kabendou Department of Vélingara, Senegal. Method: The study was made during the month of May 2013.After a documentary of policies and guidelines on the political and economic rights of women in terms of women's access to land and water a quantitative and qualitative, aresearch from questionnaire, interview and focus group was made. Depending on the type of research, software Epi- info and SPSS were used to capture, control, validate and analyse data. Results:The study was made with 448 women within the women's promotion group or not, leaders or not, with an age ranging from 18 to 92 years. Pular (69%) constitute the majority ethnic. 85.5% of women were married. 40.60% of women were not educated, 48.80% of women were farmer. However, 35.5% were satisfied with the area. They reported acquire farmland mainly from their husbands (45.40%) and by inheritance (23.6%). Generally, Small businesses (44.4%) and household activities (29.5 %) were women?s occupations. 56.5% of women had a national identity and voter registration card. 60.90% of couples make decisions together. 28.90% of women belonged to decision-making bodies. 57.1% of women had experienced violence, 73.40% of them were aware of the help and assistance structures. However, concerning violence within couples, 64% of abused women within the couple noted a change in attitude after mediation. F a mily (43.1%) and the district chief or notable (32.8%) are the remedies most famous women. Conclusion: Despite the positive development of human rights in Senegal, many actions are to be undertaken in the municipalities of Kounkané and Diaobé-Kabendou for the reality gap is known and fought for and that women enjoy and exercise, like men, fundamental rights recognized for good health to the person regardless of their gender.

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\keywords{women's rights, gender-based violence, broadcast economy, political rights, poverty.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par
he issue of women's rights in Senegal, has seen steady progress with a qualitative change in the last five years. The undeniable political will of the Stategave focal pointsgender. In fact we have resulted in the establishment of mechanisms for the advancement of woman and the adoption of the principle of crosscutting issue of women. Nevertheless, women in Africa plays a primordial role in the economy however she traditionally occupies a secondary place in the distribution of wealth then she is responsible for the management of the family unity. The strong gender disparity disadvantages women. Better, they are still subject to some brutal practices such as female circumcision, early and unwanted pregnancies. Abused women are victims of mental, physical, sexual and reproductive health in particular. Violence during pregnancy was also associated with an increased risk of miscarriage, premature delivery and low birth weight (1, 2). Indeed, violence against women has been described as probably the most shameful violation of human rights and the most common (3) .It is essential to address this issue for the achievement of the Millennium Goal 3 development Goals (MDGs) on women's empowerment and gender equality, as well as MDGs 4, 5 and 6 \hyperref[b1]{(4)}. It is also a vital issue for peace and security. The level of illiteracy in the region remains very high. Studies have shown that violence also limits efforts to improve women's access to education, the education of girls. It was also shown that domestic violence had an impact on the health, welfare and education of children \hyperref[b2]{(5)}. At the end, violence against women is likely to limit efforts The study was made with 448 women within the women's promotion group or not, leaders or not, with an age ranging from 18 to 92 years. Pular (69\%) constitute the majority ethnic. 85.5\% of women were married. 40.60\% of women were not educated, 48.80\% of women were farmer. However, 35.5\% were satisfied with the area. They reported acquire farmland mainly from their husbands (45.40\%) and by inheritance (23.6\%). Generally, Small businesses (44.4\%) and household activities (29.5 \%) were women's occupations. 56.5\% of women had a national identity and voter registration card. 60.90\% of couples make decisions together. 28.90\% of women belonged to decision-making bodies. 57.1\% of women had experienced violence, 73.40\% of them were aware of the help and assistance structures. However, concerning violence within couples, 64\% of abused women within the couple noted a change in attitude after mediation. Family (43.1\%) and the district chief or notable (32.8\%) are the remedies most famous women. 
\section[{Conclusion: Despite the positive development of human rights}]{Conclusion: Despite the positive development of human rights}\par
in Senegal, many actions are to be undertaken in the municipalities of Kounkané and Diaobé-Kabendou for the reality gap is known and fought for and that women enjoy and exercise, like men, fundamental rights recognized for good health to the person regardless of their gender.\par
(Sénégal). e-mails: bdoccoly@yahoo.fr, fatoundiayesy @gmail .com to fight against poverty by reducing the participation of women in the economy. And it becomes urgent to find a radical and definitive solution to these issues. Our study, which will be clear and reliable data to the state of gender inequality faced with political, economic, social on the health of women of Municipalities of Kounkané and Diaobé -Kabendou located in the department of Vélingara, Region of Kolda,Senegal. In order to be more effective, we found important: -Measuring women's access to political and social rights; -Determine the level of access of women to economic rights and economic opportunities existing in the area; -Analyze the constraints of gender equality in political, economic and social rights in the Municipalities of Kounkané and Diaobé-Kabendou. -Make the typology of violence against women in the two towns. 
\section[{II. Methods}]{II. Methods}\par
This study began with the training of investigators, testing tools, information and education authorities, communities, the interest of research. We have three components in this study: -A documentary for the development of policies and guidelines for gender equality in access to political, economic and social rights review. A comprehensive census was conducted to determine the status of the policy, guidelines and standards for gender equality. It was carried out at all levels, including civil society.\par
-A quantitative study, from maintenance and questionnaire to estimate the level of the following indicators in the two communes:  
\section[{b) Sampling}]{b) Sampling}\par
We were inspired by the sampling method used by WHO as part of the assessment of immunization coverage. It was initially to determine the number of clusters, and then divide between the two strata (Kounkané and Diaobé -Kabendou) for the two cities; a number N of women will be questioned.\par
i. 
\section[{Sample Size}]{Sample Size}\par
The following equation was used to calculate the sample size. So a minimum of 400 must be seen with women leaders and spouses, a sample of 450 people were surveyed.\par
ii. 
\section[{Selection method of statistical units}]{Selection method of statistical units}\par
A draw at two levels has been achieved. First, a stratified sampling to determine the number of clusters assigned to each county. Then at each stratum, the cumulative effective method allowed the distribution of clusters among neighborhoods. The concession will be the sampling unit. In each area, depending on number of clusters, one or more sociological centers have been identified for the draw and the first choice of concession to visit. Then, the step by step progression was used to select other concessions to visit. In each concession, all households were visited and a woman in each household selected at random will be questioned. In each cluster at least 10 women were surveyed. For married women, their spouses were also.\par
For the focus group, eight groups were formed; 4 women and 4 men. In each focus group there were 10 participants. Each group of participants came from a village in the resort, chosen at random. c) Data Analysis 450 women were interviewed and 02 incomplete questionnaires were eliminated. The analysis focused on 448 questionnaires.\par
For the quantitative survey, Epi-info software was used for data entry. After validation and control of the database, analysis was performed with SPSS software. Chi-square test will be used to compare proportions with a risk of error of 5 \%.\par
Finally, triangulation was performed for further analysis combining the different results.\par
Collection tools: the technical literature, a survey questionnaire; maintenance guides and VCR for focus groups d) Ethical aspects Protocol was submitted to the National Ethics Committee by Senegal Word vision that allowed him to have the authorization of the Ministry of Health informing the administrative authorities and local communities in the study.\par
Free and informed consent of the participants was a prerequisite to starting the data collection.\par
In case of health problems, the participant was oriented to the structure of the nearest health facility for care. 
\section[{III. Results}]{III. Results}\par
a) Socio-demographic characteristics of the sample. It was clear from our survey a gender inequality in the political and social rights, especially economic. Indeed, the level of women's access to economic rights and economic opportunities existing in the area, although it has improved, is still low; constraints and taboos of gender equality in political, economic and social rights are not always removed. In the National Equality Strategy and Ethics gender 2009-2015 of the Ministry of Women, Family and Solidarity (SNEEG MFFDS 2015), the same observation was made: "The situation analysis highlighted the complexity of the issues which particularly affect women and the magnitude of needs that must be addressed to achieve gender equality " \hyperref[b3]{(6)}.\par
Education was still a problem in this area: 40, 60\% women are not educated. About 3 in 10 women are enrolled while only one in 10 has reached the secondary level. Literacy was concerned by few women: about 1 in 20 women.\par
The pregnancy rate of students because of their teachers is a justification of wastage. Info Kolda in his article in the May 7, 2011 denounced this: One hundred cases reported in schools in 2010 pregnancies continues to be the leading cause of attrition in Fouladou (southern Senegal). Not only socially it is a shame for the family, but economically, it is an additional burden for the family. To cope, families choose the only alternativein their eyes:early marriage. In terms of health, the girl is faced with several problems such as obstetric complications.\par
Women are exceptionally householder, 3 out of 10 are housewives.\par
Women are involved in socio-economic dynamics of production of goods and services locally. Cattle fattening, trade (44.4\%), agriculture and gardening (48.80\%) as their main activities (Table  {\ref I}).\par
Almost all women knew the system of formal financing (Partenariat pour la Mobilisation de l'Epargne et dule Crédit Au Sénégal: PAMECAS, Credit Mutuel ....), But few of them have borrowed money from these institutions for fear of not being able to repay. Indeed, despite their enthusiasm and desire to positively and conscientiously fulfill their socio-economic role, they face problems of access to credit, lack of training for members and / or literacy. Lack of decentralized cooperation could propel the process of economic and social development of the Municipalitytown is also a brake.\par
It is proposed to strengthen the organizational capacity, financial and administrative management of women. Care should be taken to facilitate their access to credit, training in the field of technical agropastorales.de even set up a literacy program, to facilitate their obtaining legal recognition would improve their condition.Accès des femmes aux droits politiques, et sociaux b) Women's Acess to political and social rights More than half of women (56.5\%) reported having a national identity card and a voter Card. In level decision-making groups, women accounted for 45.5\% Female Groups in the local political committee, the villager's management However, only 28.90\% reported belonging to instances of decision-making.\par
Most women know the voting procedures and actively involved in all local and national elections. Yet 56.5\% of them had their identity card and voter card. The choice of the candidate's wife is no longer influenced by the husband. For elective positions, there is almost no candidates, even if they recognize the importance of the presence of women in these places, they are ready to vote for a female candidate's: low education, literacy women was an advanced argument. All participants stressed the importance of education to allow women access to positions of responsibility (Table  {\ref I}).\par
According to the women interviewed, 60.90\% of couples taking all the decisions, even if the woman had only advisory powers. 28.20\% of women have had to seek family planning (FP).\par
Marital conflict found their solution in the family, through the traditional system of reconciliation based on the prioritization of society (leaders, neighborhood leaders, delegates from districts, traditional leaders, religious leaders...). The formal system of dispute resolution by the courts, the police remains a last resort (Table  {\ref II}).\par
The enrollment of girls has experienced some growth. But the main obstacle is the early psychosis and / or unwanted pregnancies, prompting some parents to stop sending their daughters. This also explains the prevalence of early marriage. According to participants, the girls received no education on reproductive health as parents find it difficult to discuss.\par
It was found that most women are active mainly in gardening, sometimes in small businesses. Almost all women knew the system of formal financing, but rare are those that have borrowed money from these institutions for fear of not being able to repay. 
\section[{c) Gender and Violence}]{c) Gender and Violence}\par
Not only women are subject to significant morbidity and mortality due to serious physical and sexual violence, but the violence also exacerbates other health conditions (Table  {\ref II}). 15\% of women in Japan and 71\% of women in Ethiopia have reported experiencing physical violence and / or sex by an intimate partner; 10 to more than 79\% of women worldwide report that they have been beaten or physically abused by an intimate partner at some point in their lives \hyperref[b4]{(7)} Sexual violence: Nearly one in four women said sexual violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime (8) Forced sexual initiation: for comparison, the rate of first sexual activity "forced" are between 7\% in New Zealand and 46\% in the Caribbean. Indeed, the rate of forced marriage was very high because of the willingness of parents to avoid a possible psychosis unwanted by violating mostly pregnancy.Comparative data on the prevalence of violence based on gender (VBG) are difficult to collect because prevalence estimates vary depending on how researchers define the VBG, the questions they ask, the period and the characteristics of the sample \hyperref[b6]{(9)}. Women who survive the violence does not always denounce GBV suffered because of fear, shame and lack of adequate services, among others. However, a study in multiple countries on the prevalence of GBV by the World Health Organization (WHO) has confirmed its magnitude \hyperref[b5]{(8)}.\par
However, there is little depth on thePlus de la moitié des femmes (56,5\%) ont déclaré détenir une carte d'identité nationale et une carte d'électeur. Au niveau des organes de prise de décision, les femmes représentaient 45,5\% dans les Groupements Féminins, le comité politique local, le comité de gestion villageois Cependant, seulement 28,90\% ont déclaré appartenir à des instances de prise de décision.\par
La plupart des femmes connaissaient les procédures de vote et participaient activement à toutes les élections locales et nationales. Pourtant 56,5\% d'entre elles possédaient leur carte d'identité et carte électeur.Le choix du candidat de la femme n'est plus influencé par le mari. Pour les postes électifs, il n'y a presque pas de candidates, même si elles reconnaissent l'importance de la présence des femmes dans ces lieux, elles sont prêtes à voter pour une candidature féminine Le faible taux de scolarité, d'alphabétisation des femmes a été un argument avancé. Tous les participants ont souligné l'importance de l'instruction pour permettre aux femmes d'accéder à des postes de responsabilités(Tableau I). D'après les femmes interrogées, 60,90\% des couples prenaient ensemble les décisions, même si la femme avait seulement un pouvoir consultatif. Les conflits conjugaux trouvaient leur solution au sein de la famille, par le biais du système traditionnel de réconciliation basée sur la hiérarchisation de la société (notables, chefs de quartier, délégués de quartiers, chefs coutumiers, chefs religieux?). Le système formel de règlement des conflits par les tribunaux, la gendarmerie reste un dernier recours (Tableau II). 
\section[{Volume XIV Issue VIII Version I}]{Volume XIV Issue VIII Version I}\par
La scolarisation des filles a connu un essor certain. Mais le principal frein est la psychose des grossesses précoces et /ou non désirées, ce qui pousse certains parents à interrompre la scolarisation de leurs filles. Cela explique aussi la prédominance du mariage précoce. Selon les participants, les filles ne recevaient aucune éducation, sur la santé de la reproduction puisque les parents éprouvent des difficultés pour en discuter.\par
Il a été constaté que la plupart des femmes s'activent essentiellement, dans le maraichage, parfois dans le petit commerce. Presque toutes les femmes connaissaient le système de financement formelmais, rares sont celles qui ont emprunté de l'argent, auprès de ces institutions de peur de ne pouvoir rembourser. 
\section[{d) Genre et violence}]{d) Genre et violence}\par
Non seulement les femmes sont soumises à une morbidité et mortalité sérieuse suite à la violence physique et sexuelle mais la violence aggrave également d'autres conditions de santé (Tableau II). Entre 15\% des femmes au Japon et 71\% des femmes en Éthiopie ont déclaré avoir subi des violences physiques et/ou sexuelles de la part d'un partenaire intime;10 à plus de 79 \% des femmes dans le monde signalent qu'elles ont été frappées ou maltraitées physiquement par un partenaire intime, à un moment donné de leur vie \hyperref[b4]{(7)} Violence sexuelle: Près d'une femme sur quatre indique une violence sexuelle par un partenaire intimedans sa vie \hyperref[b5]{(8)} Initiation sexuelle forcée: à titre de comparaison, Les taux de première activité sexuelle « forcée » se situent entre 7 \% en Nouvelle Zélande et 46 \% dans les Caraïbes. En effet le taux de mariage forcé était très élevé, du fait de la volonté des parents d'éviter la psychose d'une éventuelle grossesse non désirée par viole la plupart du temps.\par
Des données comparatives sur la prévalence de la violence basée sur le genre (VBG) sont difficiles à recueillir car les estimations sur la prévalence varient selon la manière dont les chercheurs définissent la VBG, les questions qu'ils posent, la période observée et les caractéristiques de l'échantillon \hyperref[b6]{(9)}. Les femmes qui survivent de ces violences ne dénoncent pas toujours la VBG subie à cause de la peur, de la honte et du manque de services adéquats, entre autres. Pourtant, une étude faite dans de multiples pays sur la prévalence de la VBG, par l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS), confirme son ampleur \hyperref[b5]{(8)}.\par
Cependant, il existe peu d'études approfondies sur la situation relating to violence against women in the country studies. It is to address this lack of reliable datarelatives aux violences contre les femmes dans l'ensemble du pays. C'est pour répondre à cette absence de données fiables que ONUFEMME had to commission a study inavait eu à commanditer une étude en 2009and inpuis en 2010 \hyperref[b7]{(10)} for the analysis of thepour faire l'analyse de la situation of violence against women, from the data of healthrelative aux violences contre les femmes, à partir des données des services ,de santé, de police andet de justice, in dans les régions de Louga, Saint-Louis, Fatick, Diourbel, Kaolack and Thies, Thiès.\par
We noted thatNous avons noté que 57.,1\% of women reported having experienced violence: verbal abusedes femmes ont reconnu avoir subi des violences : violences verbales (60.,2\%), physical physiques (27.,7\%). Unlike the report we noted ONUFEMME less physical violence in our study Contrairement au rapport de l'ONUFEMME nous avons noté moins de violence physique dans notre population d'étude (27.,7\%) against numbers that exceedcontre des chiffres qui dépasser 67\%. This difference is explained by the fact that, contrary to our study, which took place in the community, the report ONUFEMME was done using data from healthCette différence s'expliquerait par le fait que, contrairement à notre étude qui s'est déroulée dans la communauté, le rapport de l'ONUFEMME a été fait à partir des données de services, de santé, de police andet de justice.\par
73.,40\% of respondents were aware of the help and assistance \% des femmes interrogées connaissaient les structures. In most cases, they cited the family d'aide et d'assistance. Le plus souvent, elles citaient la famille (48.,2\%) and the district chief oret le chef de quartier ou notable (38.,2\%).\par
However, concerning violence within couples, 64\% of women showed the existence of a change in attitude.\par
Moreover, it appears that Cependant, concernant les violences au sein du couple, 64\% des femmes ont noté l'existence d'un changement d'attitude.\par
De plus, il apparaît que 75.,5\% of married women know the supportdes femmes mariées connaissent les structures and support. Familyd'aide et d'assistance. La famille (43.,1\%) and the district chief oret le chef de quartier ou notable (32.,8\%) are the remedies most famous women and most usedsont les voies de recours les plus connues par les femmes et les plus utilisées.\par
It is clear from surveys of communities with a positive change in attitudes towards women, although efforts are needed. These changes are made by the campaigns of Non-Governmental Organizations, the parity law, the education of girls, an undeniable political will.\par
Although the physical domestic violence have decreased significantly, it still persists psychologist's violence (insults...) and especially economic. This violence is most often caused by the difficulties of husbands to fulfill the basic needs of their wives (feed, clothe, heal...) but also by jealousy. All women experiencing financial difficulties in accessing care; this situation is the cause of home births with no birth registration at City Hall.\par
Despite the gains, legally, politically and socially constructed and shared perceptions of women and men do not fully integrated the principle of equality in their behavior. Social roles and traditional values even as barriers to effective gender.\par
Il ressort des enquêtes menées auprès des communautés un changement positif des mentalités visà-vis des femmes, bien que des efforts restent à faire. Ces changements sont apportés par les campagnes de sensibilisation des Organisations Non Gouvernementales, la loi sur la parité, l'instruction des filles, une volonté politique indéniable.\par
Même si les violences conjugales physiques ont notablement baissé, il persiste toujours des violences psychologues (insultes..) et surtout économiques. Ces violences sont le plus souvent occasionnées par les difficultés des maris à honorer les besoins primaires de leurs épouses (nourrir, vêtir, soigner?) mais aussi par la jalousie. Toutes les femmes éprouvaient des difficultés financières pour accéder aux soins ; cette situation serait à l'origine des accouchements à domicile, avec absence de déclaration des naissances à la Mairie.\par
Malgré les acquis, sur le plan juridique et politique, les perceptions socialement construites et partagées des femmes et des hommes n'intégraient pas totalement le principe d'égalité dans leurs comportements. Les rôles sociaux et les valeurs traditionnelles constituaient encore des obstacles à l'égalité effective des sexes.\par
V. 
\section[{Recommendations/Outlook Recommandations/Perspectives}]{Recommendations/Outlook Recommandations/Perspectives}\par
The issue of women's rights in Senegal, has seen steady progress with a qualitative change in the last five years. Political will is undeniable, the state has put in place mechanisms for the advancement of women, it adopted the principle of cross women's issues and created gender focal points. In all relevant departments, the creation of these gender focal points has made progress in terms of visibility of the differences that exist between men and women, particularly in decision-making positions.\par
In the legal status of women, progress has been made but they are not yet fully in line with international standards, as evidenced by the reservations to the United Nations Convention against All Forms of Elimination of Discrimination against Women \hyperref[b8]{(11)}.\par
In the socio-economic and political field, it tends more towards assimilation between domestic law and international law, particularly in regard to social legislation and working conditions.\par
In this regard, the creation of an observatory of gender equality is necessary to monitor the situation of women.\par
The role of media in promoting values of equality remains inconspicuous. Greater awareness of media players to the issue of equality is urgent.\par
It is also important to strengthen the learning culture of equality in schools and to support the application of the Family Code, for a broader training of judges but also of others.\par
Civil society also has a part to play. This is materially support the activities of Non-Governmental Organizations, conducted for women, and more involved, based on a participatory approach in the development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation all projects for women. \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.19999999999999998\textwidth}P{0.011363636363636362\textwidth}P{0.6386363636363637\textwidth}}
Year 2014\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
2 34\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Volume XIV Issue VIII Version I\tabcellsep --\tabcellsep Nous adressons nos vives remerciements à : L'Union Européenne bailleur principal de ce projet, World Vision France which helped fund the study; qui a participé au financement de l'étude,\\
)\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep World Vision Senegal; Sénégal,\\
( C\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep TheLa section Vélingara section ofde World vision\\
Global Journal of Human Social Science -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep Senegal; Sénégal\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US) Gender Inequality and Economic, Social and Policy Right: Situational Analysis with Women of De Locality of Velingara-Senegal} 			\footnote{Gender Inequality and Economic, Social and Policy Right: Situational Analysis with Women of De Locality of Velingara-Senegal} 			\footnote{© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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