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             \author[1]{Ghazal Khalid  Siddiqui}

             \affil[1]{  University of Education, Bank Road Campus, Lahore, Pakistan}

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\date{\small \em Received: 6 December 2013 Accepted: 2 January 2014 Published: 15 January 2014}

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\begin{abstract}
        


A reflective teacher is who not only have mastery in content area but also have good pedagogical and communication skills. During course work, these skills can be groomed, in prospective teachers, by assigning different tasks relevant to their courses such as presentations. The role of metacognitive skills in students learning is promising. Researches in the field of metacognition had identified that students? academic performance in various fields may be improved when teachers apply these skills in class room. This is why the present research was aimed to assess the effect of metacognitive skills on prospective teachers' presentation skills. An experimental study was conducted on B.Ed. honors students. Two intact groups were taken as a sample. Metacognitive awareness inventory (MAI) by Schraw and Dennison (1994) was used to check the metacognitive skills and check list were used to assess presentation skills of prospective teachers. After treatment performance in presentation of prospective teachers was improved.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{metacognitive skills, metacognitive awareness, presentation skills, reflective teachers, prospective teachers.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
he reflective teacher is who not only have mastery in content area but also have good pedagogical and communication skills. She is able to handle various problems related to classrooms, hence, have good classroom management skills, so that she can transmit knowledge in an effective way. Development of such skills is the core element of teachers education. During course work, these skills can be groomed, in prospective teachers, by assigning different tasks relevant to their courses such as assignments and presentations.\par
One of the most essential goal of teachers training is to train students with knowledge and skills that are required to cope with classroom problems, to learn and to transmit the learned lesson to the next generation, and help them to be a reflective teacher. In Pakistan it is commonly observed that prospective teachers often try to solve a problem without thinking. Hence, they are unable to solve classroom situations effectively and the "reflection", which is the core demand of the teaching profession, left in background when they teach in real classroom; even having the essential knowledge and skills necessary to do so. This deficiency may be linked to ineffective metacognitive Author ? ?: University of Education, Bank Road Campus, Lahore, Pakistan. e-mail: ghazalkhalid@ue.edu.pk skills. That is they may not properly, plan, monitor themselves, remove errors, and evaluate their actions.\par
This problem does not start with the instructor but has much deeper roots. The teachers of "today" are the students of "yesterday." What they have learnt and observed during their student life, is now being imparted to the new generations of the students, in the form of rote learning, dictating notes, maintaining strict discipline resulting in passive students. And the prospective teachers are the teachers to be so it's obvious what they will do to the forthcoming generations.\par
This deficiency may be covered by using metacognitive skills and strategies in classrooms. Metacognitive skills are amongst the burning concept since the couple of decade, when John Flavell first introduced it. This notion is commonly describe as "thinking about thinking". Metacognition is sub divided by many researchers, such as \hyperref[b1]{(Brown, 1987;} {\ref Schraw and Dennison, 1994;}; Jacob and Paris 1987) into two main components. First: knowledge about cognition and Second: metacognitive skills, i-e., regulation of cognition.\par
Researchers have proven the dramatic results of these skills on students academic performances in different disciplines. \hyperref[b17]{Lefrancois (1988)} reported that through these skills we are able to monitor our progress during learning a task. These skills not only help full in assessing our efforts and its effects, but also envisage the likelihood of the ability to remember. \hyperref[b19]{Reid (2005)} described the importance of metacognition in learning. Because it is directly related to the learner's awareness of thinking. \hyperref[b16]{Kim (2005)} examined the effects of metacognitive awareness and reflective thinking on performance.\par
He discovered that students' metacognitive awareness was increased by reflective thinking activities. Results also indicated that higher level of reflective thinking in students leads towards higher regulation of cognition.\par
Various studies have revealed that if students use metacognitive skills their learning can be enhanced  {\ref (Baird, 1998;} {\ref Hacker, 1998;} {\ref White \& Gunstone, 1989} as cited by \hyperref[b2]{Conner, 2007)}. Good learners are metacognitively skilled and slow learners' metacognitive skills are deficient Rehman (2011) reported that Myers and Paris (1978) focusing on metacognitive knowledge about reading processes. They found that older children had more knowledge about critical reading parameters as compared to younger children.\par
92\% studies showed that metacognitive knowledge and reading comprehension were related. Significant findings were reported in experimental and non experimental studies \hyperref[b20]{(Paris \& Winograd, P 1990)}.\par
Researches also has proven a direct relationship between metacognition and task performance. The ability to regulate cognition through self monitoring during a task performance is a natural step toward becoming independent, which can only happen when students become change agents and take responsibility for their own actions \hyperref[b13]{(Hanson, 1996)}. The first step in teaching students to regulate themselves is to define a target behavior that is task. The following section discuss the evidences regarding relationship between metacognition a task performance provided by the researchers. \hyperref[b18]{Maqsud (1997)} examined the effects of metacognitive skills and nonverbal ability on academic performance of students. He found that metacognitive ability positively associated with academic performance pupils.\par
Everson; Tobias \& Laitusis (1997) examined the correlation among measures of metacognitive knowledge, learning strategies, and academic achievement in the domains of verbal ability and mathematics. It was found that metacognitive knowledge can be generalized to both domains. A positive correlation was also found between the two monitoring and students' confidence estimates. Furthermore, Tobias; Everson; \& Laitusis (1999) found that knowledge monitoring was significantly related to the school grades. Reflecting that accurate monitoring is an important variable in academic success. \hyperref[b21]{Phakiti (2003)} investigated the relationship between metacognitive strategy used learn English as a Foreign Language and achievement test. Findings of this research revealed that the metacognitive strategies were positively related to the reading test performance. Furthermore, it was also found that high achievers had significantly higher use of metacognitive strategy than the moderate achievers, and moderate achievers had higher use of these strategies than the low achievers.\par
Research indicates that learners who are more metacognitively aware perform better  {\ref (Garner and Alexander, 1989;}\hyperref[b22]{Pressley and Ghatala, 1990;}\hyperref[b0]{Bransford;}\hyperref[b1]{Brown;}\hyperref[b0]{\& Cocking, 2000)}. It is so because that individuals having high metacognitive skills are able to plan, sequence, and monitor their learning. Which leads directly to improve their academic task performance  {\ref (Schraw and Dennison, 1994)}.\par
It is also proved through researches that weaker students get more from such activities as compared to stronger students  {\ref (White and Frederiksen, 1998)}. However, through carefully designed instructional activities students are openly encouraged in metacognitive thinking  {\ref (Bransford, et al., 1999}; as pointed out by \hyperref[b11]{Gama, 2004)}. This means that metacognitive skills can be improved through teaching and hence through metacognitive skills a students may be able to perform better in various academic tasks.\par
Therefore, the purpose of the present research was to assess the metacognitive skills and its relationship with the performance in presentations of the prospective teachers. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Limitations}]{Limitations}\par
Participants of this study are the students of B.Ed. honors program offered by university of education bank road campus Lahore. Additionally, relations between various measures within this study may be confounded by some variables that were not included such as motivation, students' personal time parental qualification and institutional type etc. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Method a) Participants}]{Method a) Participants}\par
Participants of this study are the students of B.Ed. honors program semester V offered by university of education bank road campus Lahore. Two intact groups were selected as sample, one as control group and other as treatment group. 
\section[{b) Variables of the study}]{b) Variables of the study}\par
There are two variables in this study one is metacognitive skills which is independent variable other is performance in presentation. 
\section[{c) Research design d) Instruments}]{c) Research design d) Instruments}\par
Metacognitive awareness inventory developed by  {\ref Schraw and Denison (1994)} was adopted. This is the best inventory to measure metacognitive development of adults and it was easy to administer. For assessing performance in presentation a check list was developed by the researchers. 
\section[{e) Training sessions}]{e) Training sessions}\par
During intervention phase we used multiple strategies to develop or enhance metacognitive skills in students of experimental group regarding presentation skills. At first we gave direct explanation of metacognitive awareness in which we highlight the significance of this concept. Then we divide the students in experimental group into eight small groups. After that intervention was given to the students. The intervention was based on two aspects one is the lecture in which we used modeling technique to enhance metacognitive awareness in prospective teachers. The second one Volume XIV Issue VII Version I Pre test post test qusai experimental design was used. Two intact groups were taken as experimental and control groups. was a work sheet which was given to students for their practice related to each metacognitive skills. Total duration of these sessions varies from 10 to 20 minutes depending upon the skill to be practiced and nature of lectures.\par
IV. V. 
\section[{Results}]{Results} 
\section[{Control}]{Control} 
\section[{Conclusion \& Discussion}]{Conclusion \& Discussion}\par
Through literature we come to know that assignments and presentations are the effective sources to develop higher order thinking in students. It can be commonly observed that prospective teachers who do assignments regularly and with keen interest, and try to perform well in presentations, they outperform in teaching practice. Their lesson planning and delivery is better than those who do not take these task i-e., assignments and presentations seriously. The analysis revealed that before treatment both control and experimental groups were same in every aspect of task performance. Effect sizes confirm that these differences were small. After training both groups were different. Experimental group outperformed the control group in presentations. Within group comparisons revealed that performance in presentation was improved. So it may be concluded that metacognitive skills have impact on performance .\par
These results support many researches such as \hyperref[b3]{Coutinho (2006)} that students with good metacognition tend to be successful students. These results may also support to the idea of promoting metacognition in classroom by \hyperref[b23]{Schraw(1998)}; King (1991); \hyperref[b6]{Kuhn (2000)}; and \hyperref[b14]{Hartman (2001)}. So, it could be concluded that metacognitive skills could be a predictor of academic performance. 
\section[{VI.}]{VI.} 
\section[{Future Researches}]{Future Researches}\par
Although, this research confirmed a probable causal relationship, but further confirmation of these results is required through variety of researchers. Furthermore, it is recommended that qualitative researches should also be done for in depth analysis. Cross sectional and longitudinal researches would confirm these results and importance of application of metacognition in real classrooms.\par
These researches may not only provide a deeper understanding of the concept of metacognition in Pakistani context but also provide a sound proof to include these skills in curriculum policies. In teacher education system, more researches exploring the concept regarding teachers metacognitive skills should be done. Recommendations concerning the application of these findings are necessarily general at this time. Specifically, the education of educators should include training in the use of metacognitive enriching techniques in the classroom.  The above tables revealed that before treatment both groups were same but after training performance in presentations was improved. 
\section[{Volume XIV Issue VII Version I}]{Volume XIV Issue VII Version I}\begin{figure}[htbp]
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 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\bibitem[Phakiti ()]{b21}\label{b21} 	 		‘A closer look at the relationship of cognitive and metacognitive strategy used to EFL reading achievement test performance’.  		 			A Phakiti 		.  	 	 		\textit{Language Testing}  		2003. 20 p. .  	 
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\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
