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\title{Measuring Public Opinion Regarding Peaceful Solution of Palestine Issue: An Experimental Study of University Students in Pakistan, Iran and United Arab Emirates}
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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Muhammad  Asim}

             \affil[1]{  Government Postgraduate College Asghar Mall, Rawalpindi (Pakistan)}

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\date{\small \em Received: 9 December 2013 Accepted: 5 January 2014 Published: 15 January 2014}

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\begin{abstract}
        


This study aimed to measure public opinion in the Pakistan, Iran and United Arab Emirates regarding peaceful solution of Palestine issue Data (N=276) was collected from two universities, one postgraduate college and one degree college in Pakistan, two universities in Iran and two universities in United Arab Emirates. Although, Pakistan and Iran have theocratic environment and we got anti-Israel replies but there were 77 Pakistani and 41 Emirati students who presented their rational views about peaceful solution of this conflict. There is a brief debate on One-State Solution, Two-States Solution, Three-States Solution and the status of Jerusalem. The plan of forming union among the territories of Israel and Palestine, single currency and Rail-Road plan for secular transportation from one region to another is also discussed in this study. During comparing such public opinion with other previous international proposals for resolving this issue, recommendations from the author are presented in the last.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{uae, i-p union, religiosity, eu, state of judea.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
he basic aim of this study was to measure public opinion in Muslim society regarding finding peaceful solution of Palestine issue. For this purpose, three countries were selected in which Pakistan and Iran has theocratic culture while United Arab Emirates has liberal Muslim society  {\ref (Coughlin, 2006, PP.89-159)}. Madrid Conference of 1991, Oslo Peace Accords 1993, Camp David Summit 2000 and different other proposals regarding resolving Palestine-Israel conflict became the reason of investigating public opinion in Muslim society on this issue. This was a pilot study conducted on a small sample of 180 students of Pakistan, 41 students of United Arab Emirates and the 55 students of Iran. This study was much more exploratory in kind to understand some core assumptions and to see whether the findings could lead to the development of some better theoretical framework in order to do some large scale work in the future.\par
To measure public opinion, firstly we have to highlight historical background of the Palestine-Israel Conflict. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Historical Background}]{Historical Background}\par
Conflict among Israel and Palestine started from the declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. Arab countries considered it a threat for them and began Arab-Israel war of 1948  {\ref (Wolfman, 2007, PP.110-112)}. In result, Israel captured more areas than the areas allocated in the declaration of its establishment. While, Jordan captured West bank and Egypt captured Gaza Strip where Palestine Government was declared by Arab league in September 22, 1948. But, these areas were captured by Israeli forces during Six Day War 1967 and Palestine Government firstly shifted in Jordan then Lebanon. In 1993, through Oslo Accords, Palestine Liberation Organization of Yasser Arafat allowed to establish its control over Gaza Strip and West Bank. So, Palestine National Authority was established  {\ref (Ross, 2004, PP.06-10)}. This was the time of emerging new conflict within Palestine where Hamas and Fatah had different point of views. Hamas was strongly anti-Israel while Fatah was controlling Palestine National Authority. Conflict among both groups raised in governing in Gaza Strip while Fatah's Palestinian National Authority is governing over West Bank  {\ref (Schanzer, 2008, PP.50-53)}. Palestinian Authority tried to gain UN membership in 2011 as a sovereign state but failed. But, in 2012, United Nations declared it a nonmember observer state. This time, State of Palestine is recognized by 134 countries  {\ref (Boyl, 2013, PP.189-190)}.\par
In 2011, Hebrew University conducted a survey of measuring public opinion regarding tow-state solution Israelis and Palestinians. This plan was supported by 58\% Israelis and 50\% Palestinians. Similarly, 70\% Israelis and 63\% Palestinians supported an end of violence (The Jerusalem Post, August 25, 2013). This was one aspect but there are since several other plans like One-State Solution and Three-States Solution for resolving this issue. So, there was a plan to judge public opinion in other Muslim countries about this issue that what their educated population considers best. So, we choose students of different higher education institutions in Pakistan, Iran and United Arab Emirates. The basic purpose of choosing students of higher education institutions was to avoid uncivilized and immature answers. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Sample}]{Sample}\par
The sample of the study  {\ref (N= 276)}   
\section[{Instrument}]{Instrument}\par
As Pakistan and Iran are theocratic societies while United Arab Emirates have liberal Islamic environment, firstly, it was decided to verbally ask the questions about status of Israel as an independent state individually to each student. This helped to differentiate among reactional and rational opinion. At this stage, there was a questionnaire for those who accepted Israel as an independent state and considered that war is no solution of any conflict. Their opinion was considered as rational opinion for the solution of this issue in peaceful meanings. So, the designed questionnaire was filled by these students for measuring public opinion regarding One-State Solution, two-state solution or three-state solution.\par
V. 
\section[{Results}]{Results}\par
During interview, 103 students in Pakistan and all the 55 students in Iran showed anti-Israel sentiments and gave reactional views against the status of the Israel as an independent state. On the other hand, there was no student in United Arab Emirates who found as an anti-Israel. Even these 103 Pakistani and 55 Iranian students directly or indirectly found war as a solution of this conflict but they could not reply of this question that which country will go for the war against Israel. There were ambiguity answers. Some says that all the Muslim world should united against Israel while some says that Israel-neighboring Arab countries should fight against Israel. They became again confused when a question was asked that how Israel-neighboring Arab countries will go for a war against Israel when they are militarily weak than Israel and most of the Arab countries have accepted Israel as an independent state. This was the reason that we called such opinion as reactional opinion.\par
The remaining 77 Pakistani and all the 41 Emirati students accepted Israel as an independent state and considered that war is not a solution of any conflict. They argued that Israel is a reality and the problems of Palestinians are due to lack of unity and ideological differences among Hamas and Fatah. They also argue that we must find a solution of this conflict through mutual understanding of both the stake holders. This is a reason that their opinion can be considered as rational opinion.\par
Data collected from these students was in favor of establishing one, two and three states within the territory of Israel and Palestine. The following There was the difference in opinion regarding administrating two units of Palestine. The following table is showing percentage of difference in opinion among 29 (37.7\%) Pakistani and 41 (100\%) Emirati students regarding political structure of these two units of Palestine. 
\section[{OPINION OF THE SUPPORTERS OF TWO-STATES SOLUTION Pakistan}]{OPINION OF THE SUPPORTERS OF TWO-STATES SOLUTION Pakistan}\par
United Arab Emirates There should be two provinces. Each province should be governed by the provincial government. 
\section[{72.4\%}]{72.4\%}\par
68.3\%\par
There should be unitary system and both units should be divided into districts. Each district should be governed by the district administration. 
\section[{27.6\%}]{27.6\%}\par
31.7\%\par
There were 23 (29.9\%) Pakistani students who were in favor of Three-States Solution. Their opinion is judging through following table given below. 
\section[{OPINION OF THE SUPPORTERS OF THREE-STATES SOLUTION Pakistan}]{OPINION OF THE SUPPORTERS OF THREE-STATES SOLUTION Pakistan}\par
There should be three state; East Palestine (West Bank), West Palestine (Gaza Strip) and Israel. 100\% East Palestine (West Bank) should be a secular state due to Jewish, Muslim and Christian population 69.6\% East Palestine should also be a Muslim State. Muslim community will be happy with this decision.\par
39.1\%\par
On question about status of Jerusalem to all the 77 Pakistani and 41 Emirati students who have rational opinion, we collected two different views. 
\section[{STATUS OF JERUSALEM}]{STATUS OF JERUSALEM} 
\section[{Pakistan}]{Pakistan}\par
United Arab Emirates It should be a neutral city state like Vatican City, having its own administration, political structure and security force. 
\section[{84\% 37\%}]{84\% 37\%}\par
It should be a part of West Bank or Eastern Palestine. 13\% 0\% Eastern Jerusalem should be capital and part of Palestine while Western Jerusalem should be capital and part of Israel according to PLO's current position. 
\section[{03\% 63\%}]{03\% 63\%}\par
During discussion about political system in Palestine with the 29 (37.7\%) Pakistani supporters of Two-States Solution, 21 (72\%) argued that there should be two provinces, called Eastern Palestine and Western Palestine. On the other hand, 8 (28\%) students said that there should be unitary system and both the wings of Palestine should be divided into districts. But, all the other 23 (29.9\%) Pakistani supporters of Three-States Solution and 41 (100\%) Emirati supporters of Two-States Solution preferred unitary system in both the states; Eastern Palestine and Western Palestine.\par
In case of two or three states solution, RAIL-ROAD PLAN was discussed with the students. This plan was designed to generate harmony among both the stake holders. And, this plan would be a cause of secular transportation among both or all the three wings within the territory of Palestine and Israel. The table below is highlighting views of all the 77 Pakistani and 41 Emirati students on this plan that had rational opinion. 
\section[{RAIL-ROAD PLAN Pakistan}]{RAIL-ROAD PLAN Pakistan}\par
United Arab Emirates There should be secular transportation among all the regions within the territory of Palestine and Israel. 
\section[{82\% 100\%}]{82\% 100\%}\par
There should be separate transportation in each region to avoid any socio-political conflict.\par
18\% 0\%\par
An idea of union among the territories of Israel and Palestine welcomed by all the 77 Pakistani and 41 Emirati students who had rational opinion. The table given below is showing their interest in this idea regarding betterment and welfare of the people within the territories of Israel and Palestine. 
\section[{AN IDEA OF UNION AMONG THE TERRITORIES OF ISRAEL AND PALESTINE LIKE EUROPEAN UNION (EU) Pakistan}]{AN IDEA OF UNION AMONG THE TERRITORIES OF ISRAEL AND PALESTINE LIKE EUROPEAN UNION (EU) Pakistan}\par
United Arab Emirates There should be a union of all the regions of Israel and Palestine like European Union (EU), either there will be two states, three states or three states and one city state. 
\section[{91\% 76\%}]{91\% 76\%}\par
Union of Israel and Palestine will eliminate Islamic, Arab and Palestinian ideology because Israel is socially and culturally strong country. 
\section[{09\% 24\%}]{09\% 24\%}\par
There should be single currency for all the regions of Israel and Palestine like Euro in European Union. It will facilitate to stabilize weak Palestinian economy and this region would become another emerging economy of the Middle East. 
\section[{94\% 100\%}]{94\% 100\%}\par
There should be separate currency for each region but the currency of one region should be accepted in the other regions of the Israel and Palestine. 
\section[{06\% 0\%}]{06\% 0\%}\par
There should be mutual defense and one army in case of foreign threats. But, each region should have its own police department. 
\section[{78\% 0\%}]{78\% 0\%}\par
There should not be a single army or mutual defense because religiously and ideologically, there is a huge difference among both the nations. 
\section[{22\% 100\%}]{22\% 100\%}\par
During data collecting from the students of Al-Mustafa International University Qom, rather than the 44 Iranian students, we interviewed the 20 students of Somalia and 07 students of Uganda who were enrolled here. Their opinion was not different from any Iranian and they also did not accept the status of Israel as a legal state. All these students said that Israel is an illegal state and it must be wiped out from the world map through war. But, they are silent and confused on the question that who will fight against Israel. So, we can include this opinion also in the category of reactional opinion. 
\section[{VI.}]{VI.} 
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
This study was done in the Pakistan, Iran and United Arab Emirates mainly to investigate the public opinion about peaceful solution of Palestine issue without any war or militancy. During data analyzing, we mainly focused upon the opinion of those students who had rational views and dislike war or militancy. Therefore, questionnaire was filled by just 77 Pakistani and 41 Emirati students out of 276 students of Pakistan, Iran and United Arab Emirates.\par
As Pakistan and Iran have theocratic environment, there are a lot of anti-Israel sentiments. Even educated population has a rich dogmatic and militant attitude. The study of \hyperref[b7]{Liaqat (2012)} showed very high dogmatic religiosity in the Pakistani sample and 87\% population is religiously conservative  {\ref (Liaqat, 2012, P.147)}. Similarly, another study of  {\ref Asim and Liaqat (2013)} highlighted culturally conservatism and militant attitude in the Pakistani society. This study showed that 83\% population of Pakistan has militant attitude  {\ref (Asim, 2013, PP.09-10)}. This is the reason that we got reactional views from the 103 Pakistani students.\par
Similarly, anti-Israel sentiments are supported by state level in Iran. During prayers or any other religious ceremonies, Imam or host always raised the slogans against United States of America, United Kingdom and Israel like ????(? ???? ????????? ). So, the views against Israel were as usual from the 55 Iranian students. As environment and culture effects thinking and philosophy, we should not be afraid from the views of other 20 students of Somalia and 07 students of Uganda who were studying in Iran. Their anti-Israel sentiments were due to two reasons. Firstly, they had been inspired by Iranian culture and theocratic environment. Secondly, Uganda and Somalia are also suffering from militancy and having conservative environment  {\ref (Kumar, 2006, PP.97-98)}.\par
On the other hand, United Arab Emirates is a gateway for West Asia and Africa. Its local population is just 1.4 million while there are 7.8 million foreigners. All the foreigners are usually here for business and trade but essentially associated with any Emirati citizen due to the law of United Arab Emirates. This is the reason that the "Badow" culture of the United Arab Emirates has converted into economic-oriented culture. This conversion also changed the thinking and attitude of the Emirati citizens  {\ref (King, 2008, PP.135-139)}. Therefore, during collecting data, we found them religiously liberal and rational in their opinion.\par
During judging rational opinion of the Pakistani and Emirati students, we came to know that Two-States Solution was preferred by majority of Pakistani and Emirati students. Similarly, majority was in favor of Jerusalem as a city state like Vatican City. On the other hand, Rail-Road Plan for secular transportation among the territories of Israel and Palestine was also appreciated by the majority. At the same time, an idea about EU-type union among the territories of Israel and Palestine with having single currency also got high value. 
\section[{VII.}]{VII.} 
\section[{Recommendations}]{Recommendations}\par
As this study is presenting several opinions regarding peaceful solution of Palestine conflict, we compared it with other peace proposals that have been presented before in different times. And, we concluded some recommendations as a solution of this conflict. These are as follows: January 1989. But, there is a huge criticism on each plan. Opponents of One-State Solution argue that this solution will follow the Jewish rule over the Palestinian Muslims. Similarly, Opponents of Two-States Solution called that the two wings of a country cannot be administrated when there is a strong enemy in the middle. They highlight the example of Pakistan which had two wings since its formation in 1947; East Pakistan and West Pakistan. Both the wings have the distance of 1000 miles approximately and the territory of India was in the middle of the wings. Indian supported insurgency in the East Pakistan could not be controlled by the Pakistani Government which was stationed in the west wing and Bangladesh was formed in 1971. At the same time, opponents of Egyptian-Jordanian Solution argue that if Gaza Strip will be under control of Egypt and West Bank will be under control of Jordan, it will eliminate the Palestinian identity. Allon Plan is also opposed by the majority of Muslims in the world because it will legitimize Israeli occupations in most of the Palestinian territories. The plan of establishing State of Judea is even from the Jewish community which is illegally settled in the West Bank but some scholars are accepting this as a secular state. To observe these plans and to judge public opinion during this study, we concluded that there should be three sovereign states within the territories of Israel and Palestine. . But, all this is useless until there will not be any agreement regarding secular transportation or formation of any union which also accept by the people of all the territories of Israel and Palestine. So, there is a solution of introducing single currency for all the territories of Israel and Palestine like EURO in the European Union. As single currency will facilitate economic development in the Palestinian territories, people of Palestinian territories will automatically be agreed for secular transportation from one region to another. Same impact will be generated on Israeli companies and they will prefer secular transportation for promoting their products and getting market access. Therefore, we can say that an agreement regarding union and single currency can generate harmony among the population of both the territories, And then, they can linked through rail-road infrastructure. 4. All the militant organizations should be banned in the territories of Palestine and Israel even there are Jewish organizations or Muslim Organizations. 5. There should be foreign investment in the territories of Palestine for stabilizing their economic conditions. A strong economy of any society always saves its population to adopting militant or aggressive attitude. This was a pilot study that basic aim was to measuring public opinion regarding peaceful solution of Palestine conflict and we presented all the ideas which we collected with respect and care. Moreover, this is an essential duty of international community, especially United Nations to establish peace in the Palestinian territories and find out the peaceful solution of this conflict with sincerity. Because, this is not an issue of occupying territories. This is a problem of humanity and innocent lives are most important than occupying any territory or formation any state.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
students from Government Postgraduate College\\
Asghar Mall Rawalpindi. Similarly, in Iran, there were 44\\
(15.9\%) students from Al-Mustafa International\\
University Qom and 11 (04\%) students from Research\\
Center for Islamic Culture and Civilization Qom. At the\\
same time in United Arab Emirates, there were 32\\
(11.6\%) students from British University in Dubai and 9\\
(03\%) students from Michigan State University Dubai\\
Campus. Total number of Pakistani students was 180\\
while there were 55 Iranians and 41 Emirati students\\
IV.\\
Science, History, Islamic Studies, Project Management,\\
Business Administration, Education, Chinese Studies\\
and Persian Studies. In Pakistan, there were 65 (23.5\%)\\
students from Government Boys Degree College\\
Lodhran, 25 (09\%) Students fron National University of\\
Modern Language Islamabad, 50 (18\%) students from\\
Sargodha University Bhakkar Campus and 40 (14.5\%)\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5240601503759398\textwidth}P{0.12781954887218044\textwidth}P{0.06390977443609022\textwidth}P{0.13421052631578947\textwidth}}
REACTIONAL OPINION\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Pakistan\tabcellsep Iran\tabcellsep United Arab\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Emirates\\
Israel is an illegal state. It should be eliminated through war.\tabcellsep 63.1\%\tabcellsep 100\%\tabcellsep 0\\
\tabcellsep 36.9\%\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6426204819277108\textwidth}P{0.12289156626506023\textwidth}P{0.08448795180722891\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep RATIONAL OPINION\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Pakistan\tabcellsep United Arab Emirates\\
One-State Solution\tabcellsep 32.5\%\tabcellsep 0\\
Two-States Solution\tabcellsep 37.7\%\tabcellsep 100\%\\
Three-States Solution\tabcellsep 29.9\%\tabcellsep 0\\
Egyptian-Jordanian Solution\tabcellsep 0\%\tabcellsep 0\%\\
Allon Plan\tabcellsep 0\%\tabcellsep 0\%\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Among 25 (32.5\%) supports of One-State}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Solution, 16 (64\%) Pakistani students gave the name}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{"Israel-Palestine Union or I-P Union" to new state while}\tabcellsep \\
09 (36\%)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}}\end{figure}
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\end{document}
