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\title{Contributions of the Istmian Press in National Development its Beginnings and Times of the Colonies}
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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Garrit Geneteau  Delis}

             \affil[1]{  University of Panama}

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\date{\small \em Received: 1 January 1970 Accepted: 1 January 1970 Published: 1 January 1970}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


The appearance of the written press in Panama dates back to the first half of the 19th century, in the midst of constant political, social and economic debates. This article is a contribution to scientific knowledge, 30 existing newspapers between 1821 and 1903 are listed and systematized. The year of launch, the intention and associated writers are taken into consideration; categorized into 5 periods attending the Justo Arosemena Institute School of Journalism, which had its first graduation in 1956.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{panama, national newspapers, postcolonial era.}

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\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
ccording to the Dictionary of the Royal Academy, the written press is the set of publications printed on paper, with varied periodicity, whose objective is to inform and entertain society. Newspapers are part of the most widely distributed written press. According to Saint Charles in (Arona \hyperref[b0]{Castillo, 2016)}, newspapers "are the best instruments of the history of an era, whatever point of view from which one wants to study it." They are published daily and offer general information on political, social, economic, geographical, cultural, sports, judicial and educational issues of a region, country, territory or state \hyperref[b5]{(Kayser, 1974)}. For UNESCO, newspapers are all printed media published in a certain country, intended for the public, whose publications constitute a continuous series, with the same title, with a certain periodicity not exceeding one year, dated and numbered copies (Arona \hyperref[b0]{Castillo, 2016)}.\par
In Panama, the written press has its origins at the beginning of the 19th century, when José María Goytía imports to the isthmus the first printing press destined for the propagation of liberal doctrines \hyperref[b1]{(Castillero, 1958)}, the first newspaper Miscelánea del Istmo (Luna Vásquez, 2012), edited by Juan José Argote, Manuel María Goytía, Juan José Calvo and Mariano Arosemena. It was a four-page weekly with a small format, which appeared every Sunday. This newspaper supported the independence of the Isthmus from the Spanish crown and its adherence to Colombia \hyperref[b2]{(Candanedo, 2003)}.\par
Despite the wide variety of newspapers that have circulated in Panama, there are few scientific documents, published in Spanish and open access that can demonstrate the contribution of newspapers in the historical development of the national context or, present a systematization or record of these newspapers as a strategy to understand the evolution of the country. In this document we present chronologically the newspapers that emerged, evolved and became extinct from the Isthmian press, during the period of the Unification to Colombia -1821 to 1903, attending the School of Journalism of the Institute Justo Arosemena, located in Panama. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Developing}]{Developing} 
\section[{First Period}]{First Period}\par
In the period of union between Panama and Colombia, the government created in 1823 an organ of information: The Official Gazette of the Department of the Isthmus which, towards the end of 1825, was called Gaceta del Istmo de Panamá (Del Rosario, 1968) in (Estrella de Panamá, 2021). Published the administrative acts of the Government of Colombia. In 1823, the first official newspaper of the Department under the name of Gaceta Del Gobierno Independent of Panama. Apparently it is not a new newspaper but a name change of the Gazette founded the previous year. He is followed in order by The Prosecutor and The Law and later The Panamanian \hyperref[b1]{(Castillero, 1958)}.  
\section[{Second Period}]{Second Period}\par
Researchers of the matter place this stage between the 1830s and the mid-19th century, in which economic conditions, the California gold mines, the construction of the Panama railroad, among others, facilitated the proliferation of approximately 30 newspapers, Table \hyperref[tab_1]{2}, characterized by their political ideal, their euphoria for having achieved their "own virtue". His primary desire was the permanent validity of these ideals, fighting at all costs the contrary outbreaks.  
\section[{Among the most prominent newspapers}]{Among the most prominent newspapers}\par
The Union dedicated itself to fighting and fighting for the integrity of the Isthmus under a democratic government. The war on Press Censorship made itself felt with the closure of all printing presses and the suspension of the Union, which, because it has such an ephemeral and important life, is classified as the first victim of a tyranny in the territory of the Isthmus.\par
The Isthmus Constitutional was created for government acts. After the movement of General Espinar was suffocated and the Isthmus returned to the bosom of Gran Colombia, other newspapers with very different tendencies arose, perhaps less conservative and more broad-minded.\par
The Commercial Trade, founded by Mr. Mariano Arosemena to defend the Department's fiscal affairs. Colonel Tomás Herrera founded the Civic Society Los Amigos del País in January 1831 and to sustain their patriotic brotherhood, they founded a newspaper with the same name, whose publication lasted until 1841. With this newspaper, the first outbreak of informative journalism appeared on the Isthmus, since local and foreign news and daily incidents and armed conflicts that occurred in other provinces were published in its columns.\par
The Star of Panama "La Estrella de Panamá" centennial newspaper, founded in 1853 It was born from a need for information for gold prospectors heading to the legendary California, and a century later it continues to be published, fulfilling an admirable function, a newspaper that places it among the most prestigious from the Continent and even from the Old World. Since its foundation, this newspaper kindly cared about the social and cultural improvement of the isthmus.\par
The Star of Panama "La Estrella de Panamá", in force today, has been a true champion of Spanish-American interests, an eager propagator of whatever could redound to the good of the various sections, a defender of their rights and the disseminator of all the information it could procure on its immense natural resources. 
\section[{Third Period}]{Third Period}\par
This third period opens with the Aspin Wall Courier, published in English in the city of Colón, although with a small section in Spanish. Due to the work on the Trans-Isthmic Railroad, something that publicists took advantage of to found this body that has been published for more than a year.\par
Subsequently, a series of jocular-style newspapers burst into national life. From their titles it is clear that a wave of humor had invaded the Isthmus and that things were taken half jokingly and half seriously. The content of its columns is a valuable source of information to learn about the customs of that time. Some of the titles that are known are: The Triangle, The La Nueva Era began publication in February 1861 to strongly oppose the government of General Santiago de La Guardia. and closes this third period El Istmeño, published in 1867, organ of the Conservative Party and during the validity of the Constitution of Rio Negro, which, despite being "an organized anarchy", enshrined the rights of the law on printing and advocated because it was the press that assumed the responsibilities of their actions. 
\section[{Fourth Period}]{Fourth Period}\par
In this time of a true literary awakening, we must include the first journalistic organs that appeared in the interior provinces, thus demonstrating that humanistic concerns were spreading beyond the valleys and mountains of our countryside. We have to mention in the foreground The Torch "La Antorcha", a handwritten newspaper that circulated in David, Chiriquí, around the years of 1854. Then appears El Coclesano, in Penonomé, written by the illustrious Simeón Conte and Manuel de Jesús Quijano. In Santiago de Veraguas, El Republicano is published. La Voz De Chitré made its first edition in 1882.\par
The Isthmus was also distinguished by its literary effervescence, a latent restlessness animated the intellects and the newspapers flourished with different tendencies. El Cefiro was published to collect the literary production of a romantic generation that throbbed poetry and emotion. 
\section[{Fifth Period}]{Fifth Period}\par
This period is known as the pre-independence period and The chronicler "El Cronista trail" opens. Then follows The Republican Union "La Unión Republicana" in 1884, a political newspaper founded to support the candidacy of Dr. Justo Arosemena for president of the Sovereign State of Panama. The Idea "La Idea" in 1888 with a fighting spirit and fight for independence. Finally, The Regeneration "La Regeneración" appears in 1897, advocating for an immediate separation from Colombia, in order to organize The Isthmians "El Istmeños", a free and sovereign government. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
It is concluded that, during the post-colonial period, there was an ephemeral proliferation of newspapers with national circulation, newspapers that supported the expressions of liberal thought, politics and the separatist movements of Panama from Colombia. Only the Star of Panama remains today.\par
Volume XXII Issue XI Version I 30 ( )\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.298731884057971\textwidth}P{0.5173913043478261\textwidth}P{0.033876811594202895\textwidth}}
Name of the Newspaper\tabcellsep Year\tabcellsep Description\\
THE OFFICIAL GAZETTE OF THE\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{1823 Sole Interest of its Publishers it accepted subscriptions to cover the}\\
DEPARTMENT OF THE ISTHMUS\tabcellsep expenses of paper.\tabcellsep \\
THE COMET OF THE ISTHMUS\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{1823 It presented as its motto the following thought of Rousseau: "When}\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: Legislation Weakens, Customs Degenerate; But then the judgment of the censors will do what the force of the laws has not done".( ) Global Journal of Human Social Science -Year 2022 A Author: Faculty of Social Community, University of Panama, Panama-Republic of Panama. e-mail: gdelis06@gmail.com Garrit Geneteau Delis THE PROSECUTOR AND THE LAW 1824 Printed Fortnightly.]} 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.11277886497064579\textwidth}P{0.022622309197651663\textwidth}P{0.7145988258317025\textwidth}}
Name of the Newspaper\tabcellsep Year\tabcellsep Description\\
THE UNION\tabcellsep 1830\tabcellsep Edited by the company of José Ángel Santos and company. Its printing\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep was prohibited by General Espinar, whom he frequently lashed out.\\
THE CONSTITUCIONAL OF THE\tabcellsep 1831\tabcellsep Weekly. Promoted the publication of information on the latest\\
ISTMUS\tabcellsep \tabcellsep administrative provisions and others of public interest. The annual\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep subscription cost ten pesos and was distributed at home.\\
FREE TRADE\tabcellsep 1834\tabcellsep By Mariano Arosemena. Circulation was free and he defended what\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep was called the greatly plan of free transit trade.\\
THE WATCHMAN OF\tabcellsep 1834\tabcellsep Sunday publication. He was greatly concerned about the prosperity of\\
THE ISTHMUS\tabcellsep \tabcellsep the Isthmus, as stated in one of his slogans.\\
THE FRIENDS OF THE COUNTRY\tabcellsep 1834\tabcellsep Published by Arosemena, Obaldía and Arango. He was a tireless\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep defender of the progress of Panama.\\
THE POLITICAL MONKEY\tabcellsep 1836\tabcellsep Printed by Jaime Bousquet. Small format and only two pages. Its\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep content of a satirical nature offered intentional parables and business\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep epigrams.\\
THE CLADY FOX\tabcellsep 1836\tabcellsep Posted by José Ángel Santos. Sunday. It was one of the most\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep important political humor publications of the time.\\
THE POLITICAL MONKEY\tabcellsep 1836\tabcellsep It happened to the POLITICAL MONKEY, which had caused a great\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep impact in the political circles of the Isthmus. It had the same\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep characteristics of the previous publication.\\
TELESCOPE OF BOTH SEAS\tabcellsep 1841\tabcellsep It appeared when there was important news to communicate, the\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep monthlysubscription costing four reales (Four Five-cents) at the time.\\
THE POPULAR PRIMER\tabcellsep 1843\tabcellsep Fortnightly, He dealt preferentially with the problems of the people and\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep the isthmian education. The annual subscription cost six reales at the\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep time.\\
THE NEWS OF THE\tabcellsep 1847\tabcellsep It reported on the most recent independence events and the latest\\
AMERICAN ISTHMUS\tabcellsep \tabcellsep commercial note.\\
THE MAIL WITCH\tabcellsep 1848\tabcellsep His concern for current politics was evident. The achievement was\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep accompa-nied by the following explanation: "This newspaper will come\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep out when convenient and is distributed in the store of the lady, María\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep José Paredes."\\
THE PANAMANIAN\tabcellsep 1849\tabcellsep Weekly. Posted by José Ángel Santos. It is distinguished for being one\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep of the most prestigious and important newspapers during the last\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep century.\\
THOSE WISHING FOR\tabcellsep 1849\tabcellsep Published by the students of Panama Higj School (Colegio Panamá),\\
INSTRUCTION\tabcellsep \tabcellsep who declared it "Literary and News".\\
OFFICIAL CHRONICLE\tabcellsep 1849\tabcellsep Due to its official status and its relative duration. Crónica Oficial is\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep considered one of the most important publications of the mid-19th\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep century.\\
THE STAR OF PANAMA\tabcellsep 1853\tabcellsep Published by The Star Editors (Editorial La Estrella). General\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep newspaper, standard size, currently in circulation.\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}}\end{figure}
 		 		\backmatter  			 			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Estrella De Panamá]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		\textit{},  		 			La Estrella De Panamá 		.  		 	 	 (5 de septiembre de 2021) 
\bibitem[Castillero ()]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		\textit{},  		 			E Castillero 		.  		1958.  		 			Origen de la Imprenta en Panamá. Departamento de Bellas Artes y Publicaciones, Ministerio de Educación 		 	 
\bibitem[Miró]{b7}\label{b7} 	 		\textit{Apuntes sobre la literatura panameña},  		 			Rodrigo Miró 		.  		 		 			Curso dictado por el escritor en la Universidad de Panamá 		 	 
\bibitem[Kayser (ed.) ()]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		\textit{El Diario Frances},  		 			J Kayser 		.  		Barcelona. A.T.E (ed.)  		1974.  	 
\bibitem[El Heraldo del Istmo': un punto en nuestra evolución literaria. Agustín del Rosario ()]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		 \url{https://www.laestrella.com.pa/nacional/publicando-historia/210905/nacional-heraldo-istmo-punto-nuestra-evolucion}  		\textit{El Heraldo del Istmo': un punto en nuestra evolución literaria. Agustín del Rosario},  				1945-2010.  	 
\bibitem[Castillo ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		\textit{La Historia del Periodismo, los periodistas y los periódicos panameños-un compromiso de por vida},  		 			Arona Castillo 		,  		 			E 		.  		2016.  		 			Universitaria Carlos Manuel Gasteazoro 		 	 
\bibitem[Rodríguez De ()]{b8}\label{b8} 	 		‘Orígenes de la Prensa y Aspecto Evolutivo en Hispanoamérica y Panamá’.  		 			Arias Rodríguez De 		.  	 	 		\textit{Segunda Edición}  		1988.  	 
\bibitem[Candanedo ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		\textit{Periodismo sin tembladera},  		 			R Candanedo 		.  		2003.  	 
\bibitem[Vásquez ()]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		‘Sistema de medios de comunicación en Panamá y su relación con el poder económico y político ¿Qué contribuciones para la consolidación de la democracia’.  		 			Luna Vásquez 		,  		 			C 		.  	 	 		\textit{Revista Panameña de Política}  		2012. 13 p. .  	 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
