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Berries: Methods of Bioactive Potential Preserving} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@ \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@ \itemsep 1pt} } \makeatother \fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm} \fancyhf{} \setlength{\headheight}{14pt} \fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} \fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} \fancyfoot[RO]{} \fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID} \fancyfoot[LE]{} \fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage} \fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID} \hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true} \fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}} \date{} \usepackage{authblk} \providecommand{\keywords}[1] { \footnotesize \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1 } \usepackage{graphicx,xcolor} \definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81} \definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9} \definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70} \definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} \renewenvironment{abstract}{% \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Suhodol Natalia} \author[2]{Viorica Cazac} \author[3]{Eugenia Covaliov} \author[4]{Olga Gutium} \author[5]{Coralia Babcenco} \affil[1]{ Technical University of Moldova} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 1 January 1970 Accepted: 1 January 1970 Published: 1 January 1970} \maketitle \begin{abstract} It is known that cornelian cherry is among the best natural remedies for the human body. For those who do not have access the berries when they are harvested, they can turn to cornelian cherry only as dried fruit. The dried cornelian cherry can be found in the stalls or in stores with organic products. In this sense, the aim of the current research is study how different methods of preserving cornelian cherry berries influence on their bioactive potential in terms of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The paper presents the effect of drying and freezing on the bioactive potential of cornelian cherry berries. \end{abstract} \keywords{cornelian cherry, drying, freezing, phenolic content, antioxidant activity.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{10cm}(1.05cm,3cm) {{\textit{CrossRef DOI of original article:}} \underline{}} \end{textblock*}\let\tabcellsep& \section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par ornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) belongs to the family Cornaceae. In Turkic languages, the word «kizil» (Russian name of berry) means «red». It can be found naturally in the central and south-eastern regions of Europe \hyperref[b7]{(Kazimierski et al., 2019)}. Archaeological finds indicate that cornelian cherry was actively eaten, and literary monuments, in particular Homer's Odyssey, say that pigs were even fattened with this berries \hyperref[b1]{(Bosan?i?, 2009)}. The berries are characterized by oval or oval-oblong shape, with colors ranging from light yellow to dark cherry \hyperref[b14]{(Szczepaniak et al., 2019)}. The taste of the fruit is usually considered to be sweet and sour and in some cases pineapple sweet \hyperref[b3]{(Celik et al., 2006)}. All cornelian cherry varieties have a high biological value, which is mainly related to their antioxidant activity, as well as their phenolic compound and ascorbic acid content \hyperref[b5]{(Hassanpour et al., 2011)}. The main pro-health properties of cornelian cherry are related to the high amount of anthocyanins \hyperref[b9]{(Kucharska et al., 2015)}.\par Cornelian cherry berries ripen in early autumn, and due to their properties, they are often used for therapeutic purposes. Cornelian cherries are consumed for their ant i-inflammatory, antibacterial, cicatrizing, diuretic, astringent and antiviral properties. Thus, the berries are recommended in the diabets nutritionbecause they have a very low glycemic index and actually help lower blood sugar levels \hyperref[b4]{(Dzydzan et al., 2019)}. According to \hyperref[b6]{Kaya et al. (2021)} cornelian cherry berries have a hemostatic effect that helps not only to stop bleeding of any kind, but also to make it disappear \hyperref[b6]{(Kaya and Koca, 2021)}. Thus, in order to benefit from the bioactive effects of cornelian cherry berries throughout the year, people freeze or dry them. In this context, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of drying and freezing on the bioactive potential of cornelian cherry in terms of ascorbic acid ant total phenols content and antioxidant activity. \section[{II.}]{II.} \section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods} \section[{a) Materials}]{a) Materials}\par Cornelian cherry berries used in the research were purchased (harvest 2021) from the local market. All the reactive were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Germany). \section[{b) Methods}]{b) Methods} \section[{i. Cornelian cherry drying and freezing}]{i. Cornelian cherry drying and freezing}\par Cornelian berries were dried by convection at 60 ?C and because in the Republic of Moldova, cornelian cherries grow mostly spontaneously, as a second method was selected natural sun drying. At the same time, the berries were subjected to freezing at -30 ?C. In order to perform the other determinations the dried or frozen samples were milled to a powder status. \section[{ii. Moisture content determination}]{ii. Moisture content determination}\par The moisture content of dried and frozen cornelian cherries was determined according to the standardized AOAC Official Method 934.06 -Moisture in Dried Fruits. \section[{iii. Vitamin C content determination}]{iii. Vitamin C content determination}\par The amount of vitamin C was determined by iodometric titration according to Spinola et al. \hyperref[b13]{(Spínola et al., 2013)}. \section[{iv. Total Phenol Content Determination}]{iv. Total Phenol Content Determination}\par The total phenol content in cornelian cherry samples (dried and frozen) was determined by Folin Ciocalteu method according to \hyperref[b10]{Makkar et al. (2003)} and expressed in mg GAE (Gallic acid)/g product \hyperref[b10]{(Makkar, 2003)}.\par v. Antioxidant activity determination For the evaluation of antioxidant activity, solutions of free radical 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) were prepared in methanol. The ethanolic extracts of cornelian cherry sample solutions at varying concentrations were added to the methanolic solution of DPPH and after 30 min spectrophotometric measurements at 517 nm were done in order to read the absorbance. The antioxidant activity was calculated according to the formula:???? ???????? = ?? 0 ? ?? ?? ?? ,\par where A0 -the absorbance of the DPPH solution at the initial time; Asthe absorbance of the DPPH solution after 30 min of incubation. \section[{vi. Statistical Analysis}]{vi. Statistical Analysis}\par The experiments were performed in triplicate. The results are given as mean ±standard deviation (SD). Student's t-test was used for comparison between two means. \section[{III.}]{III.} \section[{Results and Discussions}]{Results and Discussions}\par The results regarding the influence of the drying or freezing process on the content of moisture and biologically active substances in Cornelian cherry are presented in table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}. The moisture content plays a decisive role in maintaining the quality of the product over time, the higher it is, the more susceptible the product is to microbiological alteration \hyperref[b12]{(Rezaei and VanderGheynst, 2010)}. The data presented in the table indicate that sun drying as a traditional and finance free drying method reduces the moisture content of cornelian cherry by about 66.11 \%, while convective drying at 60 °C ensures a reduction of 75.90 \% of moisture. As for the content of vitamin C, it increases considerably in the dried cornelian cherry samples, which is correlated with the higher content of dry substance in these samples. Numerous authors have researched the content of vitamin C in cornelian cherry, the data being very different from 29 to about 300 mg/100 g \hyperref[b14]{(Szczepaniak et al., 2019)}. In his study, {\ref Brindza et al. (2006)} mentions that the amount of vitamin C in different Slovakian cornelian cherry genotypes ranges within the limits of 16.45 -38.58 mg/100g fresh product \hyperref[b2]{(Brindza et al., 2007)}. In our study, fresh cornelian cherry had a content of vitamin C of 69.00 mg/100 g. Taking in to account the high amount of vitamin C, many authors tried to use the cornelian cherry as a functional ingredient in foods formulations. Topda? et al. (2017) enhanced the ice cream vitamin C content using cornelian cherry paste \hyperref[b15]{(Topda? et al., 2017)}, while {\ref Celik et al. (2007)} used it in yogurt formulations \hyperref[b3]{(Celik et al., 2006)}.\par The polyphenols are considered responsible for some of the health effects provided by a diet rich in fruit and vegetables. In our study the total phenols content was affected by drying process, the maximum content was obtained for the cornelian cherry dried by convection {\ref (11.}51 mg GAE/g). However, considering the high amount of dry matter in this sample and the total phenols content in fresh berries (10.49 mg GAE/g) it can be concluded that during drying some of the phenolic compounds were subjected to oxidation processes. Several researches mention that the total phenos content in cornelian cherries ranges from 219.08 to 976.51mg/100 g of fresh weight \hyperref[b14]{(Szczepaniak et al., 2019)}.\par Many authors mention that both the vitamin C content and the polyphenol content are largely influenced on one hand by the geographical area of the culture and on the other, by the chosen research method, extraction yield, etc.\par Every day, the human body is subjected to an attack by free radicals, which are actually unstable, reactive molecules \hyperref[b8]{(Kryston et al., 2011)}. They interact with the molecules they come into contact with, generating other unstable molecules and thus triggering a cascading process that can profoundly affect the body. Free radicals can appear as a result of all existing forms of pollution (contaminating air, water, food) and unhealthy lifestyles \hyperref[b0]{(Aseervatham et al., 2013)}. To combat the effect of free radicals we need antioxidants, which can be taken from plant food sources \hyperref[b11]{(McCord, 1993)}. Based on these, the ability to inhibit the free radical DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) by cornelian cherry berries was observed. From the data presented in table 1, it is obvious that the frozen berries exhibit the highest antioxidant activity of 87\% and the lowest, of 62.93\% was obtained for fresh berries. \section[{IV.}]{IV.} \section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par Cornelian cherry has a high bioactive potential. The high content of these phenolic compounds and vitamin C provide significant antioxidant potential and \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.20101351351351351\textwidth}P{0.29864864864864865\textwidth}P{0.1206081081081081\textwidth}P{0.11486486486486487\textwidth}P{0.11486486486486487\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Moisture, \% Vitamin C, mg/100g Total phenols content, mg GAE/g AADPPH, \%}\\ Fresh berries\tabcellsep 74.63±1.43\tabcellsep 69.00±0.65\tabcellsep 10.49±0.75\tabcellsep 62.93±0.56\\ berries\tabcellsep 76.18±1.58\tabcellsep 54.30±0.54\tabcellsep 10.67±0.45\tabcellsep 87.00±0.47\\ Sun dried berries\tabcellsep 25.39±0.59\tabcellsep 147.50±1.56\tabcellsep 11.37±0.64\tabcellsep 66.81±0.84\\ \multicolumn{2}{l}{Dried berries at 60 °C 17.98±0.46}\tabcellsep 169.20±1.78\tabcellsep 11.51±0.37\tabcellsep 74.63±0.39\end{longtable} \par \caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{} \end{longtable} \par {\small\itshape [Note: 54( )]} \caption{\label{tab_1}}\end{figure} \backmatter \subsection[{Acknowledgment}]{Acknowledgment}\par The study was done within the State Project 20.80009.0807.17. 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