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\title{Factors Influencing the Choice of Subject Specialisation by Students at Teacher Training Institutions in Eswatini}
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             \author[1]{A. F.  Tsikati}

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\date{\small \em Received: 1 January 1970 Accepted: 1 January 1970 Published: 1 January 1970}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Existing literature is incomprehensive on the factors influencing the choice of subject specialisation by students at teacher training institutions in Eswatini. Thus, there was a need to investigate factors influencing the choice of subject specialisation by students enrolled for Primary Teachers? Diploma (PTD) in Eswatini. The study was a descriptive survey research triangulating a desk review, modified Delphi technique and a survey questionnaire in data collection.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{applied sciences; languages, pure sciences, social studies, subject specialisation; and teacher training, institutions.}

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\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
hoosing a college major is one of the most important decisions to be made by a college student \hyperref[b4]{(Begs, Bentham \& Tyler, 2008;}\hyperref[b5]{Burchett, 2002)}. Most institutions provide information to guide them in making correct decisions to an area of specialisation \hyperref[b4]{(Begs, Bentham \& Tyler, 2008;}\hyperref[b25]{and Schuster \& Costantino, 1986)}. The Guidelines and Regulations for Colleges Affiliated to the University of Swaziland  {\ref (2002)} indicate that there are three teacher training public institutions offering Primary Teachers' Diploma (PTD) in Eswatini: Ngwane Teacher Training College, William Pitcher Teacher Training College and Nazarene Teacher Training College (currently known as Southern Africa Nazarene University). The choice of a subject specialisation is done either at the end of the second year or just before the commencement of the third year in these teacher training institutions. Student teachers choose from four options: Applied Sciences; Languages; Pure Sciences and Social Studies. \hyperref[b26]{Soria and Stebleton (2013)} observed that external / extrinsic motivations for selecting a major tend to be negatively associated with students' satisfaction and sense of belonging while intrinsic / internal extrinsic motivations tend to be positively related. Intrinsic factors were reported as the reasons for pursuing a programme of study and enrolling in tertiary institutions in Swaziland  {\ref (1993)}. Similarly, \hyperref[b29]{Tsikati (2014)} found that student interest, attitude and impression, related exposure, and the nature of subject specialisation were the influential factors for student's choice of a specialisation prior to enrolment into a teacher training institutions in Swaziland. \hyperref[b36]{Wilhelm (2004)} reported that subject instructors have significant influence on how students perceive the usefulness of a particular subject. Such instructor's influence is associated with students' subject preference \hyperref[b7]{(Curran \& Rosen, 2006}) and instructional style  {\ref (Babad \& Taybe, 2003)}. Similarly, \hyperref[b22]{Omodi (2013)} found that the teachers and schools were the main responsible for students' choice of Science subject in Kenya. On the other hand, in Nigeria students' attitudes influenced the choice of Geography subject \hyperref[b0]{(Akintade, 2012)}. While in Eswatini, attitudes and beliefs were reported having an influence on the success of the Pre-vocational programme \hyperref[b20]{(Mndebele \& Dlamini, 1999;} {\ref National Curriculum Centre, 2010)}.\par
Different studies reported the following as factors influencing the choice of a specialisation in agriculture or agricultural Education: curriculum (subject combination) offered for a subject specialisation \hyperref[b13]{(Dube \& Habedi, 1989)}, job consideration \hyperref[b35]{(Wildman \& Torres, 2001}), student's interest  {\ref (Cannon \& Broyles, 2002)}, prior student exposure \hyperref[b12]{(Donnermeyer \& Kreps, 1994}), student's grade  {\ref (Whiteley \& Porter, 2000)}, nature of subject specialisation \hyperref[b35]{(Wildman \& Torres, 2001)}, professionals (Jackman \& Smith-Attisano, 1992), significant others \hyperref[b35]{(Wildman \& Torres, 2001)}, beliefs and attitudes \hyperref[b28]{(Sutphin \& Newsom-Stewart, 1995)}, and background information and demographic characteristics  {\ref (Begs, Bantham \& Tylor, 2008;}\hyperref[b11]{Dlamini, 1993)}. Rampold (2015) observed that parents/ guardian, professionals and college or departmental factors were influence the students' choice on agriculture academic major. \hyperref[b1]{Bathemi (2010)} found that sex was influential on student choice in Home Economics. Similarly, Samela (2010) reported that sex influence the enrolment of students in Physics or Physical Science. Sex was also influential in the choice of Accounting major at college \hyperref[b4]{(Begs et al., 2008)}. Dalc, Arasl, Tümer and Baradarani (2013) revealed that financial, employment and referent factors were the determinants of Iranian students' decision to choose accounting major. Student's location, and parental education and occupation status are also considered factors when choosing a subject specialisation \hyperref[b4]{(Begs et al., 2008;}\hyperref[b21]{Mokalake, 2005;} {\ref Whiteley \& Porter, 2000)}.\par
Tsikati, Dlamini and Masuku (2016) revealed that students' interest, department's image, sex and professionals were predictors for the choice of an Agriculture option offered by the colleges in Swaziland. Owino and Odundo found that in selection of History was determined by personal interests, parental guidance, career guidance and influence of lecturers. Tsikati (2019a conducted a similar study on the "Factors influencing choice of a subject specialisation by prospective teachers at teacher training college in Eswatini." Tsikati (2019b) published another study on the "Factors influencing the changing of subject specialisation by students at teacher training institutions in Eswatini." However, the existing literature is silent on the factors influencing the choice of subject specialisation by students at teacher training institutions in Eswatini. Thus, there was a need to investigate factors influencing the choice of subject specialisation by students at teacher training institutions in Eswatini. 
\section[{a) Theoretical and Conceptual framework}]{a) Theoretical and Conceptual framework}\par
The study was framed by the Classification Schema model developed by \hyperref[b16]{Hodges and Karpova (2010)}. Initially, this model was designed for fashion, but fit in this study as caters for the job related factors. It is an extension of the Self-determination Theory which defines intrinsic and varied extrinsic sources of motivation \hyperref[b9]{(Deci \& Ryan, 1985}. Self-determination theory distinguishes between two different types of motivation-intrinsic and extrinsic \hyperref[b9]{(Deci \& Ryan, 1985)}. Thus researchers have used the theory to describe the career decision making of undecided students \hyperref[b14]{(Gordon 2007;}\hyperref[b15]{Guay, Mageau, \& Vallerand, 2003)}. The Classification Schema model opines that the choice of a college major rest of three variables: inter-personal, personal and environmental variables. The personal factors correspond to the intrinsic factors while the interpersonal and environmental factors correspond to the extrinsic factors of the Self-determination theory. The inter-personal factors refer influence from parents/ guardian, friends / peers, high school teachers and college instructors. The personal characteristics factors relate to objective / demographic variable (e.g. sex, age, race and socio-economic status) and subjective / psychographic variables (e.g. interest, aptitude, personality traits and work values). Lastly, the environmental factors entail the influence college related (e.g. class size, quality of instruction and reputation of programme / department) and occupational variables (e.g. employment opportunities, earnings potential, and occupation dynamics. Thus, Figure \hyperref[fig_0]{1} presents the conceptual framework of the study adapted from the Classification schema model and the self-determination Theory.  
\section[{b) Purpose and objectives of the study}]{b) Purpose and objectives of the study}\par
The purpose of the study was to identify factors influencing the choice of subject specialisation by students at the teacher training institutions in Eswatini. The specific objectives of the study were to: 1. Describe student teachers enrolled in a Primary Teachers' Diploma programme by subject specialisation. 
\section[{Describe student teachers enrolled in a Primary}]{Describe student teachers enrolled in a Primary}\par
Teachers' Diploma programme by factors influencing the choice of a subject specialisation. 
\section[{Describe student teachers enrolled in a Primary}]{Describe student teachers enrolled in a Primary}\par
Teacher Diploma programme by their background and demographic characteristics. 4. Compare the choice of a subject specialisation by selected background and demographic variables.\par
II. 
\section[{Methodology}]{Methodology}\par
The study was a descriptive survey research. A triangulation of desk review, modified Delphi technique and a survey questionnaire were used for data collection. The outcomes from the desk review and modified Delphi technique were used to develop the survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was used for data collection to determine factors for the choice of subject specialisation by PTD student teachers.\par
The College. An up-to-date population frame was obtained from the administrative offices of the three teacher training institutions to control frame error. Selection error was controlled by thoroughly checking of the register of students to avoid duplication of names. The instrument was validated by educators involved in the teaching of the PTD who were used during the Delphi process. The overall reliability coefficient of the study was found to be .83 which effectively means the instrument was 83\% reliable. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Non-response error was controlled by comparing the means of early and late respondents \hyperref[b19]{(Miller \& Smith, 1983}). The data were analysed using descriptive statistics (such as means, standard deviations, frequencies and percentages) and nonparametric statistics such as chi-square.  \hyperref[tab_1]{2} indicates that student interest (? =4.51, ? =.81) was the major factor for the choice of subject specialisation for final year PTD students at the teacher training institutions. These findings on interest affirmed numerous studies on the choice of subject specialisation. Houser and Yoder (1992) concluded that interest was important in the selection of a specialisation in a college or university. \hyperref[b27]{Stokes (2007)} studying factors influencing the decisions of university students to choose a specialisation to teach at high school found that interest was the main factor. Most students claimed that interest on a specialisation was aroused by many a factor amongst which was an interesting job. Interest was of course, very personal, and two people may be interested in the same activity for quite different reasons \hyperref[b28]{(Sutphin \& Newsom-Stewart, 1995)}. \hyperref[b11]{Dlamini (1993)} believed that opportunities for further training aroused student interest towards a specialisation. Interest as a factor for the choice of subject specialisation was reported by \hyperref[b30]{Tsikati (2019a)}  Attitudes and impressions (?= 3.62, ?=1.48) held by the respondents towards lecturers and the specialisation was another variable influential on the choice of a subject specialisation by PTD students at teacher training institutions. \hyperref[b20]{Mndebele and Dlamini (1999)} reported that parent's attitude could either enhance or discourage the choice of a specialisation in a Pre-vocational programme in Swaziland. The findings on the influence of attitude on the choice of a specialisation was also reported by \hyperref[b0]{Akintade (2012)} when studying factors the determinants of selecting Geography in Nigeria.  \hyperref[tab_2]{3} presents the background and demographic variables of the respondents. About two thirds (n=219 or 64.0\%) of the respondents were females. Most of the respondents were aged between 20-25 years (n=166, 48.5\%). Similarly, a majority of the student teachers (56.1\%) spent less than four year before they enrolled into the teacher training institutions. A majority of the respondents (84.5\%) were not married and 80.4\% were living in rural areas. Few respondents (17.5\%) had done short term teaching contract before enrolling into the teacher training institutions. A majority of the student teachers (66.7\%) were influenced by the subject combination in choosing a specialisation at the teacher training institution. Similar, findings that a majority of student teachers female, single and had not done teaching practice were reported by Tsikati, Dlamini and Masuku (2016). Student teachers' interest and attitudes and impressions were the main factors influencing their choice of subject specialisation at the teacher training institution in Eswatini. Another conclusion drawn was that choice of a subject specialisation differed in terms of student's sex and number of years between completing high school (Grade 12) and teacher training institution. The findings of the study provide support for using the classification schema developed by Hodges and Karpova (2010) to summarize and systematize the various factors influencing the choice of a subject specialisation at teacher training institutions in Eswatini. Therefore, study recommended that administration at the teacher training institutions should always put student interest first in choosing a specialisation. Also, the subject combination making-up a subject specialisation should be reviewed to cate for the interest of the student teachers. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Results and Discussion}]{Results and Discussion} 
\section[{a) Distribution of respondents by subject specialisation}]{a) Distribution of respondents by subject specialisation} 
\section[{Literature Cited}]{Literature Cited}\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
   \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.41119133574007216\textwidth}P{0.055234657039711185\textwidth}P{0.055234657039711185\textwidth}P{0.055234657039711185\textwidth}P{0.055234657039711185\textwidth}P{0.03682310469314079\textwidth}P{0.06444043321299639\textwidth}P{0.061371841155234655\textwidth}P{0.055234657039711185\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{NTTC}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{SANU}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep WPC\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Total}\\
Subject Specialisation\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{N=149}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{N=135}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{N=58}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{N=342}\\
\tabcellsep f\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep F\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep f\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep f\tabcellsep \%\\
Applied Sciences\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep 24.2\tabcellsep 48\tabcellsep 35.6\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 29.3\tabcellsep 101\tabcellsep 29.5\\
Languages\tabcellsep 39\tabcellsep 26.2\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 20.0\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 15.5\tabcellsep 75\tabcellsep 21.9\\
Pure Sciences\tabcellsep 39\tabcellsep 26.2\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep 26.7\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 27.6\tabcellsep 91\tabcellsep 26.6\\
Social studies\tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep 23.5\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 17.8\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 27.6\tabcellsep 75\tabcellsep 21.9\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{b) Factors influencing choice of subject specialisation}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Table\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.39104116222760293\textwidth}P{0.3128329297820823\textwidth}P{0.022639225181598062\textwidth}P{0.06585956416464891\textwidth}P{0.0576271186440678\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Factors}\tabcellsep ?\tabcellsep ?\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Student interest}\tabcellsep 4.51\tabcellsep .81\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Student grades}\tabcellsep 3.31\tabcellsep 1.28\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Outside college experience}\tabcellsep 3.95\tabcellsep 1.19\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Nature of specialisation}\tabcellsep 3.51\tabcellsep 0.92\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Professionals}\tabcellsep 2.80\tabcellsep 1.26\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Significant others}\tabcellsep 2.31\tabcellsep 1.22\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Attitude and impressions}\tabcellsep 4.29\tabcellsep 1.27\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Note: 1 = No influence; 2 = Low influence; 3 = Slightly low influence; 4 = High influence; 5 = Slightly high influence;}\\
6 = Very high influence.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
c) Respondents'\tabcellsep background\tabcellsep information\tabcellsep and\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{demographic characteristics}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Table\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.24868995633187774\textwidth}P{0.0692867540029112\textwidth}P{0.08042212518195051\textwidth}P{0.06804949053857351\textwidth}P{0.09279475982532752\textwidth}P{0.0581513828238719\textwidth}P{0.07918486171761281\textwidth}P{0.0754730713245997\textwidth}P{0.07794759825327512\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Institutions}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Variables\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{NTTC (N=149)}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{SANU (N=135)}\tabcellsep WPC (N=58)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Total (N=342)}\\
\tabcellsep f\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep f\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep f\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep f\tabcellsep \%\\
Sex\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Female\tabcellsep 93\tabcellsep 62.4\tabcellsep 92\tabcellsep 68.1\tabcellsep 34\tabcellsep 58.6\tabcellsep 219\tabcellsep 64.0\\
Male\tabcellsep 56\tabcellsep 37.6\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 31.9\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 41.4\tabcellsep 123\tabcellsep 36.0\\
Age\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
20 -25\tabcellsep 78\tabcellsep 52.3\tabcellsep 65\tabcellsep 48.1\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 29.7\tabcellsep 166\tabcellsep 48.5\\
26 -30\tabcellsep 51\tabcellsep 34.2\tabcellsep 57\tabcellsep 42.2\tabcellsep 31\tabcellsep 53.7\tabcellsep 139\tabcellsep 40.6\\
31 -35\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 11.4\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 8.9\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 5.2\tabcellsep 32\tabcellsep 9.4\\
36 -40\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 2.0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0.7\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 1.7\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 1.5\\
Range\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep \\
Mean\tabcellsep 26.0\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 26.4\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 26.4\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 26.2\tabcellsep \\
SD\tabcellsep 3.39\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 3.30\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 3.36\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 3.35\tabcellsep \\
Marital status\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Single\tabcellsep 132\tabcellsep 88.6\tabcellsep 109\tabcellsep 80.7\tabcellsep 48\tabcellsep 82.8\tabcellsep 289\tabcellsep 84.5\\
Married\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 11.4\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 19.3\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 17.2\tabcellsep 53\tabcellsep 15.5\\
Home location\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Urban\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 18.1\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 22.2\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 17.2\tabcellsep 67\tabcellsep 19.6\\
Rural\tabcellsep 122\tabcellsep 81.9\tabcellsep 105\tabcellsep 77.8\tabcellsep 48\tabcellsep 82.8\tabcellsep 275\tabcellsep 80.4\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Father's highest level of education}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Uneducated\tabcellsep 41\tabcellsep 27.5\tabcellsep 29\tabcellsep 21.5\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 24.1\tabcellsep 84\tabcellsep 24.6\\
Primary\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 10.7\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 11.1\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 12.1\tabcellsep 38\tabcellsep 11.1\\
Secondary\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 12.8\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep 17.0\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 19.0\tabcellsep 53\tabcellsep 15.5\\
Certificate\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 16.8\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 18.5\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 13.8\tabcellsep 58\tabcellsep 17.0\\
Diploma\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 17.4\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 20.0\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 13.8\tabcellsep 61\tabcellsep 17.8\\
First Degree\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep 11.4\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 5.9\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 13.8\tabcellsep 33\tabcellsep 9.6\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5919220055710307\textwidth}P{0.13259052924791087\textwidth}P{0.03788300835654596\textwidth}P{0.08760445682451252\textwidth}}
Variables\tabcellsep X 2\tabcellsep df\tabcellsep p\\
Sex\tabcellsep 21.39\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep .00\\
Age\tabcellsep 3.29\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep .95\\
Marital status\tabcellsep 3.65\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep .30\\
Home location\tabcellsep 7.76\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep .25\\
Institution\tabcellsep 2.64\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep .45\\
Father's education\tabcellsep 36.02\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep .02\\
Mother's education\tabcellsep 34.66\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep .03\\
Father's occupation\tabcellsep 14.52\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep .11\\
Mother's occupation\tabcellsep 10.02\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep .35\\
Subject combination\tabcellsep 3.77\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep .29\\
Short-term teaching contract\tabcellsep 4.42\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep .22\\
Interval between Grade 12 and\tabcellsep 7.67\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep .05\\
college\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
p?.05\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
IV. Conclusions and Recommendations\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
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