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\title{Land Information System (LIS) as an Effective and Efficient Residential Layout Management Strategy}
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             \author[1]{Idowu Innocent  Abbas}

             \affil[1]{  Federal University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 14 December 2013 Accepted: 31 December 2013 Published: 15 January 2014}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Land Information System (LIS) can provide us a better and more efficient system for land management. This was used to develop an efficient system for the management of Tsaunin Kura residential layout in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. The study used topographical maps of Kaduna with sheet numbers 111 and 112 obtained from Kaduna state ministry of Land survey and town planning. The maps were scanned and geo-referenced to UTM-32 projection in a GIS environment and using the four procedures of reality, conceptual design, logical design and physical design. Using Arc GIS 9.2, the study was able to achieve the efficient and effective management of the land of the study area with the ability to identify the layout parcels, map it then generate data to provide a database that will enhance data collection, storage, manipulation, retrieval and dissemin- ation of information at precise and short time and eventually been able to query the database.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{LIS, database, layout, query.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par
and is the ultimate resource of the biosphere which refers to a specific area of the earth surface with physical entity in terms of its topography and spatial nature, and one of the characteristics of space that is widely recognized as a significant for planning and management purposes  {\ref (Abbas et al., 2010)}. Land Information Management System (LIMS) is defined as the combination of human and technical resources, together with a set of organizing procedures that produce information on land in support of a broad range of managerial requirements  {\ref (FIG, 1995)}. Data are raw collection of facts. Data relating to land may be acquired and held in alphanumeric form (for example books), or graphically (for example, as maps or aerial photographs), or digitally (for example, using electronic methods). To become information, the raw data must be processed so that it can be understood by a decision maker. Land information management system may be designed to serve one primary function or they may be multifunctional for supporting strategic planning. The focus is on determining organizational objectives and on the resources employed to achieve them. Some provide for management control and are concerned with the effective use of resources so as to accomplish an organization's objectives. Others are designed for operational control so that specific tasks can be carried out effectively and efficiently. Each requirement dictates a special set of information criteria and hence a special type of information system. Land information has been used in a variety of systems over the years; from register of deed, tract indexes to surveyors tie sheets or soil surveys. Today many organizations are moving land information into GIS.\par
Land information is an integral part of government, non-profit, and private sector activities. Adopting LIS technique can advance broader social purposes by making more effective public decisions and by using natural resources in a more optimal way. LIS supports spatial analysis and modelling procedure for solving complex planning and management problem. Information management system is an integrating technology where resources and activities are brought together to support the decision making process of an organization. By taking the advantage of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, Land Record Information Management System for cadastral mapping was developed by integrating digital cadastral map and land record database. The fast development of society has been hastening the application of technologies especially LIS and technology in land administration. As an important facet of nature and society, land is attracting people's attention. The most attractive point which captures the interest of professionals and administrators is the changing policy of government about natural resources management and the application of technologies especially GIS in resources administration. The last decade has seen moves towards establishment of fully digitized land information systems throughout the world. It is recognized that cadastral systems are not ends in themselves. It is also recognized that digital cadastral systems must be tailored to facilitate an efficient land market as well as effective land-use administration and thereby, more generally, promote economic development, social cohesion and sustainable development.  {\ref (Enemark, 2007)}.L 33 ( B )\par
According to  {\ref Dele and Mclaughlin (1998)}, land forms the basis for all forms of human activity, "from it we obtain the food we eat, the shelter we need, the space to work and the room we relax". The usefulness of land is enormous; therefore man has to guard it jealously considering its scarce nature. For this reason, conflicts most often arise in the sharing of resources or right of ownership of the land. This of course, is due to the rapid population growth of man on earth and his desires to explore land in myriad of ways. Partitioning of land therefore often generates anxiety among the beneficiaries; be it for administrative, economic hazards, environmental degradation and population growth for policy making in sharing of land parcel or resources thereon.\par
The resources of land are neither inexhaustible nor indestructible. The importance of land to human existence and the need to survey and manage effectively and efficiently for the use and good of mankind is very crucial. Therefore, for Nigeria's sustainable development, information relating to the location, size, use  {\ref (residential, commercial, agricultural, industrial, educational, recreational, and cultural etc)}, contents/value, ownership and state of land must be aggregated as a system so that its administration would be less cumbersome and people driven. This means, land information is a pre-requisite for land administration  {\ref (Molen, 2001)}.\par
According to UN-ECE (  {\ref 2005}) "Land information System (LIS) is defined as a tool for legal, administration and economic decision making and an aid for planning and development which consist on one hand a database containing spatially reference land related data for a defined area, and on the other hand procedures and techniques for the systematic collection, updating, processing and distribution of data. The base of a land information system is a uniform spatial referencing system for the data in the system which also facilitates the linking of data and within the system with other land related data". A land information system for state administration on land is expected to consist of the following components.\par
? Geospatial data ? Software and programs ? Hardware system (data server, workstation, computers, scanners, printers, ? plotters, computer network: LAN, WAN, UPS etc) ? the operators (surveyors, land officers etc) ? the integrated approaches and methods Several advanced countries have pioneered system for using new technology in land information, which is receiving a wide acceptability in most developing countries like Nigeria. This acceptability in information technology on land is due to the fact that the uses of new information technology on land are receiving a wider awareness which the analogue system of land management are gradually been phased out. It is due to the fact that the new information technology has a variety of manipulation capacities, high accuracy, time saving and aids decision making.\par
This study intends to in Tsaunin Kura residential layout of Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria and it lies within latitude 10 0 25 1 to 11 0 00 1 and longitude 07 0 00 1 to 8 0 00 1 . It covers an area of 6.088 Hectares. 
\section[{II. Materials and Method}]{II. Materials and Method}\par
The layout coordinates reading were carried out using the GPS while other details about the land parcels and owners were obtained from the Kaduna state ministry of lands, survey and town planning. The set of 1:50,000 topographic maps of Kaduna with sheet numbers 111 and 112 that were used for this study were also acquired from Kaduna state ministry of land survey and town planning. The topographic maps were scanned and geo-referenced using the coordinate obtained from the field. The coordinates obtained were UTM coordinates and the map geo-referenced in the UTM zone 32. The database was created using the four levels of reality, conceptual design, logical design and physical design. 
\section[{a) Reality Articulation}]{a) Reality Articulation}\par
Reality Articulation refers to the phenomena as it actually exist, including all aspect that may or may not be perceived by individuals 
\section[{b) Conceptual Design}]{b) Conceptual Design}\par
This is the human conceptualization of reality and how each object is to be represented so as to satisfy the information requirement. Three types of representation exist and these are tessellation, vector and object oriented. The vector base conceptual design was used for this study due to the ability of this approach to capture and store X, Y coordinates as shown in table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}.  
\section[{c) Logical Design}]{c) Logical Design}\par
The logical aspect of the database design is the representation of the data model designed to reflect the recording of the data in computer system, it is often referred to as data structures that translate the conceptual data model using a relational data structure  {\ref Ojigi et al, (2011)}. 
\section[{d) Physical Design}]{d) Physical Design}\par
The physical design is the representation of the data structure in the format of the implementation Land Information System (LIS) as an effective and efficient residential layout management strategy 34 ( B )\par
software and this was done at the beginning of the database creation as seen in figures 1 and 2.  
\section[{Database Creation}]{Database Creation}\par
The database was created by inputting the spatial data and attribute data into the computer system. The attribute data were inputted and stored in a tabular form. The spatial data were acquired by scanning the hard copy map using A3 scanner with photo-plus, geo-referenced and digitized on-screen in Arc map environment under the following layers: point, line and polygons. The graphics were linked with the created spatial database after editing and GIS operation and analysis carried out. 
\section[{III. Results and Discussion}]{III. Results and Discussion}\par
According to Uluocha (2007), "Querying or searching a database is a common function of LIS. This involves probing the database to see if certain specified relationships or conditions exist among some features or data items". Spatial query was carried out to get information about parcels. Different information can be accessed or realized depending on what the user wants. These can be realized with the help of queries as carried out and shown in figure  {\ref 4}.\par
Roads were extracted separately, parcels with certificate of ownership were sorted out, development area were sorted out, land use of the study area was classified and all the result shown. It is possible to even do more by showing the attribute data of the of layout plan for easy identification of parcel owner, area, status of development, address etc.  \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{12}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1 :Figure 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3456}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 3 :Figure 4 :Figure 5 :Figure 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{7}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 7 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{figure5}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{figure6}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{figure7}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.23906249999999998\textwidth}P{0.6109375\textwidth}}
Entitles\tabcellsep Attribute\\
Road\tabcellsep ID, class, name\\
Parcel\tabcellsep ID, owner, use, Beacon\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 		 		\backmatter   			 \par
man's success may be another's beginning of the journey. There is need for projects like this to be carried out and improvements made upon.  
\subsection[{References Références Referencias}]{References Références Referencias} 			  			 \par
This study was carried out employing Geographic Information System (GIS) in developing a Land Information System (LIS) for the management of Tsaunin kura residential layout in Chikun Local Government area of Kaduna state, Nigeria. In order to achieve this, the study captured geographic data (coordinates) using Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver so as to provide geographic location for the layout plan. The study also provided a database of Tsaunin Kura residential area and linked the database to the layout plan.\par
The study was able to generate the map of the layout and the exact location of the plots located at Tsaunin Kura residential layout (figure  {\ref 3}); was able to create a database for the area (figure  {\ref 4}). The study was also able to run a spatial analysis on the plots of land to query plots owners and status of development (figures 5, 6, 7 and 8). 
\subsection[{IV. Conclusion}]{IV. Conclusion}\par
Land Information System (LIS) can provide us a better and more efficient system for land management. A LIS is a digital system having spatial (graphical) and attribute data for each land holding since the two are maintained in a digital form, it is possible to edit, maintain, rectify and keep the record up to data with least efforts. It can give reprieve to both land owners as well as the Government, which requires information for planning and implementation whereas people have access to information regarding their own holdings; the government will be able to extract information for the entire area of interest. It will also be able to maintain and track changes, detect errors, make online correction, and make land management a process dependent activity rather than people dependent.\par
Advancement in the information communication technology has lessened the burden of carrying about large paper in the name of maps or plans; one must also not trouble himself with searching through old and dusty cupboards for worn out or form hard copies of maps or plans which may only take the grace of God to find at the end of the day.\par
From the database, other derived maps are possible due to the existence of the spatial database it is possible to get result of both spatial and non spatial question with ease from the database.\par
Currently in Nigeria, cadastral surveys are tied to different origins and the scale at which the plans are charted may vary from state to state. In order to have data compatibility, for a seamless database of our cadastral maps, there is need for national coordination in order to harmonies the origin, scale and accuracy of our plans.\par
There is need for awareness to be created at all level of government towards deriving the benefits of GIS technology in Kaduna state and Nigeria as a whole.\par
There is also the need for amendment of existing survey laws to accommodate the existence of new technologies.\par
A beginning has to be made and the first step in this direction is to provide the basic infrastructure. This can be done by making cadastral maps digital and also by taking the exercise of converting all record of rights in one language and again making the database available. Success is a journey not a destination therefore one Global Journals Inc. (US) Guidelines Handbook 2014 www.GlobalJournals.org			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}

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