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\title{Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Poverty Alleviation in Rivers State: A Sociological Perspective}
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             \author[1]{Dr. Eze  Wosu}

             \affil[1]{  University of Port Harcourt}

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\date{\small \em Received: 10 December 2013 Accepted: 1 January 2014 Published: 15 January 2014}

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\begin{abstract}
        


The paper examined the eradication and/or reduction of poverty in Rivers State through the targets and indicators of MDGs objectives. The paper posited that through the institutional agencies in the state, MDGs one (1) and two (2) achieved up to 70% deliverables. The scenario analysis method was deployed in line with MDG assessment indicator framework which provided information and reference items to measure specific goals and progress in terms of poverty alleviation â??" (A 3 days training workshop held in Port Harcourt). The workshop dovetailed into syndicate groups were critical analysis and inputs were made by participants. The finding is that goal 1 and 2 achieved up to 70% success in alleviating poverty in the state through Rivers State Sustainable Development Agency (RSSDA), Rivers Microfinance Agency (RIMA) etc. The government has projected a more comprehensive reduction package come 2015.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{mdgs; poverty; alleviation; rssda, new response approach (NRA); rima.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
he philosophy underlining the MDGs initiative is to eradicate and/or reduce poverty. Kaman (2013), asserted that 13 years ago the world settled on a set of goals that at first appeared to have no political support and no popular resonance. He said they only appealed to the UN's funds and programmes and, even when they got international endorsement, were thought to address themselves only to poor developing countries. In response to these concerns, government and international development agencies started to reexamine and re-focus the way they operate as to reduce or alleviate poverty.\par
This brought 189 countries including Nigeria to sign the Millennium Declaration that led to the adoption of the MDGs. Overtime, the MDGs took on a life of their own and a centrality to multilateral development action that was unprecedented. The MDGs is a set of eight goals, 18 numerical targets and over 40 quantifiable indicators. The goals are: The above table shows the general overview of MDGs, targets and indicators. This paper only examined goal 1 and 2, Rivers State scenario. However, other goals were examined, but we decided to focus on the two due to their relevance in basic human life existence. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{The Problem}]{The Problem}\par
In conceptualizing poverty, it is imperative to make a clear distinction between that state in which "men are helpless pawns at the mercy of nature itself, and that in which men are reduced to penury or poverty by the actions of men"; Haswell cited in \hyperref[b0]{(Anikpo, 1995)} There are plethora and generic definition and description of poverty. Some literatures have described poverty in terms of having little money, not having and not being able to get the basic necessities of life.\par
Poverty as a condition in which income is insufficient to meet subsistence needs (Ibid). The emphasis here is on material deprivation. Similarly, African Leadership Forum -Farm House Dialogue (No 18 of Sept. 1995) identifies three broad types of poverty, namely:Poverty of material well-being, Poverty of Ideas, Poverty of courage.These are distinct but have interconnecting ideas that cuts across them. Thus, poverty is a relationship between the rich and the poor. For the purpose of this paper, poverty is viewed as being sick and not being able to see a Doctor. Poverty is not having access to school and not knowing how to read and write. Poverty is not having a job; is fear for its future, living one day at a time. Poverty is losing a child to illness brought about by unclean water. Poverty is about powerlessness, lack of representation in decision making in the society and lack of freedom to express oneself, UNDP report 2006. Poverty is multi-faceted; changing from place to place and time and season. It means therefore that poverty is a call for action from the poor and the wealthy alike, a call to change the world so that many more may have enough to eat, adequate shelter, access to education and health, protection from violence and voice in what happens in their communities, Ravallion and Chen 2004 cited in Gbarabe, 2009. It is in the light of the above challenges or problems that created the interventionist scheme of MDGs globally. Especially, the high rate of poverty in Rivers State in 1996 was alarming. So the entire concept of poverty alleviation or reduction to end extreme poverty through a reform package of socio-economic policies comes 2015. Therefore, the paper focussed on the MDGs goals 1 and 2 in Rivers State as that portend the drive to peoples need. What did the government do differently to reduce poverty and achieve MDGs 1 and 2? III. 
\section[{Methodology}]{Methodology}\par
The paper was an extract from a 3 days' workshop organised for staff of MDAs, officers of IPs and CSOs in Rivers State. It combined plenary and syndicate session. The plenary took the form of interaction, lectures, questions and answers. Some topics handled covered the following: concept definition and technicalities of Needs Response approach; relevance of MDGs in poverty alleviation, identify strategies and mechanism for achieving MDGs in Rivers State. Participants carried out practical exercise on skill areas like scenario analysis and priority ranking. The workshop had more than 30 participants in various organisations and parastatals. The paper only appraised MDGs 1 and 2. It considered these two goals as the basic to human development and how it affected the poor in the urban and rural areas in the state. 
\section[{IV.}]{IV.} 
\section[{Findings}]{Findings}\par
In a critical appraisal of the MDGs number 1 and 2 in poverty alleviation in Rivers State, the paper found the following:\par
The Rivers State government established effective and efficient agencies, ministries, and parastatals to address or combat the problem of hunger and poverty. Responsibilities were given to Rivers State Sustainable Development Agency (RSSDA) and RIMA to address the issues.\par
V. 
\section[{Agriculture}]{Agriculture}\par
RSSDA has acquired 314 hectares of land for agriculture in Bunu-Tai for Songhai farm which attracted some number of small scale businesses around the area. This attracted massive employment of able bodied youths (men and women respectively). Also, 50 persons employed for the Songhai farm at Bunu-Tai. 104 Rivers Youths trained in various skills in agriculture in Port -Novo in Benin Republic. 18 persons out of the 104 beneficiaries are already managing their own business.RSSDA supported 130 farmers from Bunu-Tai and Ban-Ogoi with farm inputs. While 66 practicing farmers trained at Ubima; 300 persons trained at Degema, Aluu, and Ebubu Hatcheries. Some of the trained youths have established their own farm e.g. Johnson Nzaorko fish farm at Koroma in Tai and Justice Akawo and 4 others in Egberu in Oyigbo Local Govt. Area. They distributed 5,00 pools of flinted pumpkin to 50 women groups for planting in Gokana, 22,000 seed yams were handed over to 110 yam farmers at Gokana, 500,000 bundles of improved cassava cuttings were distributed to farmers across the state. 10 power tiller machines delivered to Kana L.GA for distribution to farmers. And 34,000 farmers registered -male and female respectively. Below are number of projects carried out:  
\section[{Source: Gbarabe 2009}]{Source: Gbarabe 2009}\par
These are government effort to alleviate poverty in the various local government areas. And there is a process of monitoring and evaluation to ensure sustainability and the provision of markets for the sale of the produce by agency staff.Besides, RIMA (Rivers State Micro FinanceAgency) an agency by the government has provided 7,000 micro entrepreneurs with micro credits (over 65\% of beneficiaries are women).\par
The goal 2 of the MDGs targets is to achieve Universal Primary Education for all children by 2015. The goal strives that children everywhere both boys and girls will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling. Since the advent of democracy in 1999, successive government of Rivers State have strived to achieve this noble goal which is the hub of development. In Rivers State, the net enrolment ratio in primary education as recommended by UNESCO is well above 80\%. The enrolment ration of boys to girls is 1:1, while the pupils to teachers' ratio 1:35. The illiteracy level has tremendously increased based on model facilities and recruitment of teachers. The table below shows the number of LGAs, number of schools and the enrolment of male and female ratio. The above table showed the ratio rate of boys to girl's enrolment in schools in 2007. It revealed that the gap between the boys and the girls has drastically reduced; unlike the era when the girl child was not allowed to go to school by their parents. Furthermore, the 140 model primary and secondary schools built in all the Local Government Areas by the Rivers State Government did not only reduce the gap ratio between the boys to girls, but alleviated poverty in the areas. It created employment at different cadres -cleaners, gardeners, office staffs etc. More so, the employment of 13,000 teachers and posted to various schools reduced poverty and unemployment and the target or ratio of teachers to pupil. Also, the government enacted a policy of free education, free books, sandals etc.at both primary and secondary level. This is to give access to the less privileged ones and avoid the abuse of rights of education to children.\par
In The above information and data explained the degree to which MDGs goal 1 and 2 have been met in Rivers State. Therefore, the paper affirmed that the MDGs are achieved in the state. 
\section[{VI.}]{VI.} 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
The fact that poverty is multi-faceted, poverty alleviation is an action for a change -enough food to eat, access to education, adequate shelter, health, protection from violence etc. means that the MDGs goals 1 and 2 in Rivers State have being achieved to a significant degree. The lives of people in the rural areas have been touched.\par
However, there are some bottlenecksinfrastructure mainly urban based, communal and political conflict hinders effective service delivery, corruption. Also, there is steady influx of people from Niger Republic into Rivers State who brings in children of school age; these children are used as hawkers, beggars within school period and capturing these groups into the school system pose a serious challenge. Thus, some experts have argued that the MDGs is elite based and have not touched the lives of the rural populace. The paper opined that MDGs is laudable framework for development to strife, but concerted efforts and commitments must be in place to achieve future global development agenda. Similarly, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will constitute the heart and minds of the global accountability framework that will come into its own after 2015. African countries, like all countries of the world, will need to be responsive to this framework. Africa must therefore play\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
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1\tabcellsep MDGs\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Targets\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Indicators\tabcellsep Rivers Scenerio\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{1 Eradicate}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{a) Halve b/w 1990 \& 2015, the}\tabcellsep i) Proportion of population below US \$1\tabcellsep Acquisition of land\\
\tabcellsep extreme\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{population whose income is}\tabcellsep per day\tabcellsep or\tabcellsep mechanized\\
\tabcellsep poverty and\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{less than \$1 per day}\tabcellsep ii) Poverty gap ration\tabcellsep farming (Songhai\\
\tabcellsep hunger\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{b) Halve b/w 1990 \& 2015, the}\tabcellsep iii) Share of poorest quartile in national\tabcellsep farm) Access to\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{proportion of people who}\tabcellsep consumption\tabcellsep credit -RIMA\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{suffer from hunger}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep iv) Prevalence of underweight children\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep under five yrs., of age\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep v) Proportion of population below minimum\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep level of dietary energy consumption\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{2 Achieve}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Ensure that by 2015, children}\tabcellsep i) Net enrolment in primary education\tabcellsep Built model primary\\
\tabcellsep Universal\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{everywhere will be able to}\tabcellsep ii) Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who\tabcellsep and\tabcellsep secondary\\
\tabcellsep Education\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{compete a full course of primary}\tabcellsep reach grade 5\tabcellsep schools in all LGAs\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep schooling\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep iii) Literacy rate of 15-24 years old\tabcellsep Mass employment\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep of teachers\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{3 Promote}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Eliminate gender disparity on}\tabcellsep i) Ration of girls to boys in primary,\\
\tabcellsep gender\tabcellsep primary\tabcellsep and\tabcellsep secondary\tabcellsep secondary and tertiary education\\
\tabcellsep equality and\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{education preferably 2005 and at}\tabcellsep ii) Ration of literate females to males for\\
\tabcellsep empower\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{all levels of education not later}\tabcellsep 15-24 yr. old\\
\tabcellsep women\tabcellsep than 2015\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep iii) Share of women in wage employment in\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep the non-agricultural sector\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep iv) Proportion of seat held by women in\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
UNDP Report -2006\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.03451127819548872\textwidth}P{0.12206766917293231\textwidth}P{0.12078947368421052\textwidth}P{0.32785714285714285\textwidth}P{0.024285714285714285\textwidth}P{0.07605263157894737\textwidth}P{0.07030075187969924\textwidth}P{0.07413533834586467\textwidth}}
s/n\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Raw Material}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Locations\\
1\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Banana}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Abua/Odual Oyigbo, Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni, PH. Obio/Akpor, Emuoha}\\
2\tabcellsep Poultry\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Mainly upland LGAs\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
3\tabcellsep Fish\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Adoni, Akuku-Toru, Asari-Toru, Bonny, Degema,Okirika etc.}\\
4\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Cassava}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Ahoada East/West, Abua/Odual, Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni, Emuoha, Etche, Eleme,}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Khana, Gokana, Oyigbo, Obio/Akpor, Ikwerre, Tai and Omuma}\\
5\tabcellsep Yam\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{As above, except Abual/Odual}\tabcellsep \\
6\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Palm Produce}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{All upland except Degema LGAs}\tabcellsep \\
7\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Plantain}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Ahoada East/West, Abual/Odual, Ikwerre, Oyigbo, Obio/Akpor, Emuoha, Degema,}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Ogbia, Egbema, Omuma, Etche, Eleme, Tai}\\
8\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Pineapples}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{4}{l}{Abua/Odual, Oyigbo, Ikwerre, Omuma, Etche, Khana, Gokana, Eleme}\\
GOAL 2:\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{Achieve Universal Primary Education.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{s/n Names of L.G.A}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{No. of Schools}\tabcellsep Male\tabcellsep Female\tabcellsep Total\\
\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep ABUAL/ODUAL\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 3879\tabcellsep 3750\tabcellsep 7629\\
\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep AHOADA-EAST\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 8247\tabcellsep 7747\tabcellsep 15994\\
\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep AHOADA WEST\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 6084\tabcellsep 5737\tabcellsep 11821\\
\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep ANDONI\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 5214\tabcellsep 3891\tabcellsep 9105\\
\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep AKUKU-TORU\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 1535\tabcellsep 2104\tabcellsep 3639\\
\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep ASARI-TORU\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep 2963\tabcellsep 3672\tabcellsep 6635\\
\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep BONNY\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 1134\tabcellsep 1970\tabcellsep 3104\\
\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep DEGEMA\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 3886\tabcellsep 4207\tabcellsep 8093\\
\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep ELEME\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 3313\tabcellsep 3229\tabcellsep 6542\\
\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep ETCHE\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 10511\tabcellsep 10264\tabcellsep 20775\\
\tabcellsep 11\tabcellsep EMOHUA\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep 10395\tabcellsep 11330\tabcellsep 21725\\
\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep GOKANA\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 21710\tabcellsep 6944\tabcellsep 28654\\
\tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep IKWERRE\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 13\tabcellsep 10097\tabcellsep 8489\tabcellsep 18586\\
\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep KHANA\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 13672\tabcellsep 13592\tabcellsep 27265\\
\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep OBIO/AKPOR\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 14540\tabcellsep 29765\tabcellsep 44305\\
\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{OGBA/EGBEMA/NDONI}\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 1046\tabcellsep 1278\tabcellsep 2324\\
\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep OGU/BOLO\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 1367\tabcellsep 1359\tabcellsep 2726\\
\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep OKIRIKA\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 3667\tabcellsep 2886\tabcellsep 6553\\
\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep OMUMA\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 4542\tabcellsep 3144\tabcellsep 7686\\
\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep OPOBO/NKORO\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 6036\tabcellsep 6124\tabcellsep 12160\\
\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep OYIGBO\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 7218\tabcellsep 7036\tabcellsep 14254\\
\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{PORT HARCOURT}\tabcellsep 15\tabcellsep 70694\tabcellsep 72039\tabcellsep 142733\\
\tabcellsep 23\tabcellsep TAI\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 12688\tabcellsep 11996\tabcellsep 24634\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep TOTAL\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{245}\tabcellsep 224438\tabcellsep 222553\tabcellsep 446991\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Source: Post Primary Schools Board, Ministry of Education, R/S 2007}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.68\textwidth}P{0.04722222222222222\textwidth}P{0.07555555555555556\textwidth}P{0.04722222222222222\textwidth}}
addition,\tabcellsep RSSDA\tabcellsep enrolled\tabcellsep 1,916\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{undergraduate and post graduates students between}\\
2008 and 2013.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}}\end{figure}
 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\bibitem[Anikpo ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		\textit{Poverty and The Democratic Process: The new face of mass poverty in Nigeria},  		 			M Anikpo 		.  		1995. University of Port Harcourt Press.  	 
\bibitem[with the following team of consultants Dr. Steve Wordu -lead consultant, Dr. Eze Wosu, and Mrs]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		\textit{with the following team of consultants Dr. Steve Wordu -lead consultant, Dr. Eze Wosu, and Mrs},  				Minabo Austin Okoroafor.  	 
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\end{document}
