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\title{National Wastage Of Natural Gas In Assam Oil Fields Oil India Ltd. Vs Ongcl, The Environmental Issues}
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             \author[1]{Dr. Homeswar  Kalita}

             \affil[1]{  Deptt of Commerce, Gargaon College}

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\date{\small \em Received: 6 June 2012 Accepted: 5 July 2012 Published: 15 July 2012}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


Assam is enriched with Petroleum Mineral  Resources. Out of the total 25 Oil Blocks of India,  15 Blocks are located in Assam. It holds about  20% of the indigenous Crude reserves and 23% of the  total Natural Gas(NG) Reserves of India. If the said  Resources are explored and utilized properly, the state  will be able to register itself as a developed state.  Unfortunately, due to improper utilization of the  Resources, the state remains poor. The Per Capita  Income of Assam was recorded at Rs. 27,197.00 only  against Rs. 46,492.00 of India?s National Average Per  Capita Income  in the year 2009-10. the investment and  production scenario in oil sector is so poor that, the  state is producing only 14% of the total indigenous  crude production and 7% of the total indigenous Natural  Gas ( NG ) Production  in spite of having 23% of total  Crude Reserves and 21% of total NG of India. On the  basis of the Reserve status, the Production of NG of  Assam may be increased to 21.0 Billion Cubic Meters  against the current production of 3.38 Billion Cubic  Meters p.a.   A 

\end{abstract}


\keywords{Petroleum, Mineral, developed}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 \par
Unfortunately, due to improper utilization of the Resources, the state remains poor. The Per Capita Income of Assam was recorded at Rs. 27,197.00 only against Rs. 46,492.00 of India's National Average Per Capita Income in the year 2009-10. the investment and production scenario in oil sector is so poor that, the state is producing only 14\% of the total indigenous crude production and 7\% of the total indigenous Natural Gas ( NG ) Production in spite of having 23\% of total Crude Reserves and 21\% of total NG of India. On the basis of the Reserve status, the Production of NG of Assam may be increased to 21.0 Billion Cubic Meters against the current production of 3.38 Billion Cubic Meters p.a.\par
The state needs more production of NG and Promotion of ancillary and downstream projects in order to eradicate poverty and solve the unemployment problem. The state can produce about 2000 MW of power from the available NG Reserves of it. It is a matter of great concern that, about 25\% of the total NG Produced in Assam oil fields are either flaring or destroying at the sources. Such flaring of NG leads to the destruction natural environment in a number of ways. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY}]{OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY}\par
The primary objective of this study is to carefully examine the extent of natural gas flared by Oil India Limited and Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited and compare the loss occurred to the Natural Environment of the State by the said companies. While discussing about the environmental loss, some of the Author : Associate Professor, Deptt of Commerce, Gargaon College, P.O. Simaluguri, Sivasagar-785 686, Asom. Ph. 94353-56060. E-mail : dr.homeswar.kalita@gmail.com economic contributions to the state of Assam made by the said companies have also been highlighted. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{METHODOLOGY}]{METHODOLOGY}\par
The methodology adopted in this study is quite analytical. Information have been collected from the primary sources and the office of the Directorate of Geology and Mining, Govt. of Assam ( India ), Kahilipara, Guwahati, different books, Ph.D thesis, newspapers etc.. In addition, a field survey was conducted in the Solar Reserve Forest (Manuhmari Range) of Charaideo Sub-division, Sivasagar , Assam. (India). The information so collected have been classified, tabulated, compared and analysed with the help of simple statistical tools and inferences have been drawn. 
\section[{IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY}]{IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY}\par
Environmental pollution in industrial sector has emerged as a vital issue all over the world. Lots of Earth summit have been held on environmental issue like from the UN Conference on the Human Environment 1972, the Kyoto protocol the Earth summit 2002 ''Rio-10'' Johannesburg, to the Copenhagen simmit,2009. Scientists and environmentalists have been raising their voices in such summits. But the political leaders of the world have failed to bring a solutions to the problems.\par
Most of the industries have been releasing carbon dioxide, CFC etc. at every moment of their operations resulting harm to the natural environment. Natural environment, which is a primary need of human civilization as well as to the survival of the biodiversity of this beautiful world, has been seriously threatening by such nonstop emissions such as fine particles, metallic dust, Carbon particles etc. At the same time, it is also true that without industrialization, human civilization cannot walk forward. It is the industry which has enriched the living standard of human being by providing employment, generating revenue to the Govt. exchequer and producing consumer goods.\par
Our country, specially the state of Assam, though not industrially advanced one, too, is going to face such adverse situation in near future. So, time has come to focus on such degradation of environment and A take necessary steps to safe the environment in one hand and safeguard the interest of the industrial sector on the other. 
\section[{INTRODUCTION I.}]{INTRODUCTION I.}\par
V. 
\section[{PERIOD OF THE STUDY}]{PERIOD OF THE STUDY}\par
The period of the study has covered a period of five years from 2000-01 to 2004-05. 
\section[{VI.}]{VI.}\par
A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY OIL AND ONGCL.\par
Oil India Limited and ONGCL are the two major central Government Public Sector Undertakings engaged in the exploration of Crude Oil and Natural Gas in the country. Before discussing their negative impact on environment of the state, it will be justifiable to highlight their socio-economic contributions made to the state. Table \hyperref[tab_1]{1} and Table \hyperref[tab_2]{2} show some of its socioeconomic contributions made to the state of Assam. Source : Field Survey. 
\section[{VII. ANALYSIS OF THE FINDINGS a) Flaring Of Natural Gas}]{VII. ANALYSIS OF THE FINDINGS a) Flaring Of Natural Gas}\par
Keeping the socio-economic contributions made by the two Oil Giants in mind, this paper attempts to examine the extent of harm caused to the natural environment by the two major Oil Companies working in the state. The two oil companies have been flared up a major portion of the natural gas produced in Assam Oil and Gas fields since their perceptions. Table \hyperref[tab_3]{3} shows the amount of unavoidable loss and amount used for Petroleum Mining Operations of Natural Gas by Oil and ONGCL. In the course of production of crude and natural gas in Assam oil fields. From the tables 3 it is learnt that, while under same socio-political situation and geological formation of the heart of the soil of the state, the OIL has recorded its total loss on production of natural gas as 26.63\% , 26,57\%, 25,57\%, 23.51\% and 24.04\% respectively for the said period. On the other hand, the loss so recorded by the ONGCL were 40.21\%, 39.80\%, 43.99\%, 46.22\% and 49.09\% respectively for the same period of its operations. Out of the total loss recorded by the two companies, the amount shown as unavoidable loss have been flared up by the companies in production field of Crude Oil \& Natural Gas. The rates of flaring of Natural Gas by the ONGCL are much higher than that of the OIL. This indicates more inefficiency of the ONGCL in management of its resources. Such gas flaring of Natural Gas has degraded the environment of the region in a number of ways. 
\section[{b) The Environmental Issues}]{b) The Environmental Issues}\par
To take an account of the impact on environment of such irresponsible activities of the ONGCL, a field survey was conducted in the SOLA RESERVE Forest (Manuhmari Range) of Charaideo Subdivision of Sivasagar district, Assam. In the SOLA RESERVE FOREST,there are 28 Oil wells and a GGA(Gas Gathering Station No. 2) out of which one well was found dead.\par
As a result of the Operations of the ONGCL in the said Forest and its neighboring areas, the following problems were noticed -1. During our study it was found that, each well site or drilling site occupied 2.5 to 5.0 Hectors of land area. After successful operation, the well sites were converted into waste land with oil mud and waste pits along with other polluting substances, where plants cannot grow or survive. It destroys the health of the soil by destroying humans, water percolation etc. 2. Flaring of NG has been causing threat to the entire biotic community of the forest area. A study showed that when exposed to diesel exhaust fumes, the cholesterol level in the alimentary canal is reduced significantly. Cholesterol is the only accessory growth factor, which is required by all insects for their natural growth and reproduction. When Silkworms come in contact with chemicals and different gases like Carbon dioxide, Sulphur dioxide ,Ammonia and Formalin etc., their central nervous system paralyses. They lose control over spinning, and hence cocooning does not take place. Another study examined the affect of gas flaring on the biochemical changes of muga feed plants. They found lower moisture, sugar, soluble protein, ascorbic acid and crude fat contents on leaves of muga feed plants situated near the gas flaring points. These chemical contents of leaves of the muga feed plants directly influence the health, growth and survival of muga silkworms. Some pioneering works have also been carried out by the Regional Research Laboratory, Jorhat on the effect of oil field pollution on muga silkworm and its feed plants. These studies have shown that feed plants within 500 meters of oil exploration sites contain several chemicals, Which are detrimental to the proper growth of silkworms. It is reported by the affected rearers that average production of cocoons per acre of land is gradually decreasing in the vicinity of hydro carbon exploring industries. Many of the traditional rearers had given up muga culture forever and destroyed their own muga feed plants.\par
National Wastage Of Natural Gas In Assam Oil Fields : Oil India Ltd. Vs Ongcl, The Environmental Issues VIII. 
\section[{SUGGESTIONS}]{SUGGESTIONS}\par
To maintain a balance between economic development through industrialization based on Natural Gas and ecology of the state, the following suggestions may be offered.\par
i. Flaring of Natural Gas should be reduced to zero P.C. and such gases should be converted into value added consumers' goods. For this purpose, gas based industries should be promoted. ii. A 'Monitoring System' should be introduced by the state Govt. of Assam to take care of the scared resource of its own like Crude Oil and Natural Gas etc. iii. It should be made mandatory for the Oil companies to plant 10 more trees against cutting of one tree in their operational areas. iv. To make the above mentioned suggestions effective, a new portfolio of Petroleum Ministry may be introduced in the cabinet of Govt. of Assam.\par
IX. 
\section[{CONCLUSION}]{CONCLUSION}\par
The relationship between economic development and destruction of nature is a must. But we cannot allow our industries to destroy this globe. Destruction of nature should be kept at minimum. Present situation demands for sustainable economic development. As a responsible corporate citizen, the industries should come forward to protect the environment at their will. Proper legislative action too, are required to combat the environmental challenges created by the industrial sector all over the world.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6121883656509696\textwidth}P{0.07534626038781163\textwidth}P{0.08476454293628809\textwidth}P{0.07770083102493075\textwidth}}
Companies\tabcellsep Direct\tabcellsep Indirect\tabcellsep Total\\
\tabcellsep Employment\tabcellsep Employment\tabcellsep Employment\\
OIL\tabcellsep 8,163\tabcellsep 14,769\tabcellsep 22,932\\
ONGCL\tabcellsep 7,200\tabcellsep 12,960\tabcellsep 20,160\\
Total\tabcellsep 22,157\tabcellsep 62,177\tabcellsep 84,334\\
employment\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Generate by\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Oil Industries\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
of Assam\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Source : Field Survey.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{Besides, the ONGCL spent Rs. 623.24 lakh and OIL spent Rs. 2053.86 lakh during the last five years (from}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{2000-01 to 2004-05) under its Corporate Social Responsibility Agenda.}\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.2145631067961165\textwidth}P{0.10315533980582524\textwidth}P{0.10315533980582524\textwidth}P{0.10728155339805825\textwidth}P{0.10728155339805825\textwidth}P{0.10728155339805825\textwidth}P{0.10728155339805825\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep 2000-01\tabcellsep 2001-02\tabcellsep 2002-03\tabcellsep 2003-04\tabcellsep 2004-05\tabcellsep Total\\
OIL\tabcellsep 329.62\tabcellsep 380.06\tabcellsep 477.75\tabcellsep 622.37\tabcellsep 761.74\tabcellsep 2571.54\\
ONGCL\tabcellsep 185.82\tabcellsep 199.93\tabcellsep 265.98\tabcellsep 319.20\tabcellsep 359.20\tabcellsep 1330.13\\
Total Revenue Generated\tabcellsep 643.89\tabcellsep 763.07\tabcellsep 1008.49\tabcellsep 1290.57\tabcellsep 1777.12\tabcellsep 5483.14\\
By the OIL Industries\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
ONGCL\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{National Wastage Of Natural Gas In Assam Oil Fields : Oil India Ltd. Vs Ongcl, The Environmental Issues January 2012 © 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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